'Ole a me ka hana o ka DNA, a RNA (Table)

He mea maopopo loa i nāʻano a ola mea, mai nā mea hoʻomaʻi a pau kiekie holoholona (me kānaka) i kekahi hanana hereditary i hoʻomākaukauʻia. He ua poe ma nā lātoma o nā 'ano o nāʻakika nukelea: deoxyribonucleic a me ka ribonucleic. Ma kēia mau ke aloha waiwai encoded 'ike i ua hala aku mai ka makua i ke keiki kakou kanaka i loko o nā'ōlelo. Ma keia pepa, ua hoʻopaʻa haʻawina pehea ka 'ole a me ka hana o ka DNA a me RNA i loko o ka halepaahao, e like me ka pono i noonoo i ka maomeka e underlie na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka EYI o hereditary waiwai o ola mea.

E like me ka mea huli mai, i ka waiwai o nukelea nāʻakika, eia nae ka mea, i kekahi mau hiʻona, nae, oko loa mawaena o lakou iho. No laila mākou e hoohalike ai i ka DNA a me ka RNA oihana lawe mai ma ka poe biopolymers ma keena o kekahi pūʻulu o meaola. I ka papaʻaina i hōʻikeʻia i loko o ka pepa, e kōkuaʻoe maopopo mea i ka pono kīvila kanakaʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou.

Nukelea nāʻakika - luna 'biopolymers

Discoveries i loko o ke kula o ka hakakino kālaimeaola i mai ai i loko o ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua o ke kenekulia, me ka nui, transcript o ka 'ole o deoxyribonucleicʻakika, ka impetus no ka hooulu ana i ke kālā no cytology, aaiaoe?, Biotechnology a aaiaoe wilikî. Mai ka viewpoint o ke aloha kemika DNA a me ka RNA mea kiʻekiʻe hakakino waiwai oia hoi o repetitive naehana - monomers, i kapaʻia nucleotides. Ua ua ikeia ia mea e interconnected e hana i kekahi kaapuni hiki o māhele ka hoʻoponopono-hui.

Oia DNA macromolecules i pinepine me ka ho'ākāka 'ia i nā polokina me kekahi waiwai, a kapa histones pili. Nucleoprotein eiiieaenu kuahene kūikawā hale - nucleosomes, a, ma ka huli, i kekahi hapa o ka chromosome. Nukelea nāʻakika paha e nā loko o ka nucleus, a ma ka cytoplasm o aeee, i noho i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o kekahi o kona organelles, e like me mitochondria paha chloroplasts.

I ka māhele 'ole o ka waiwai nā kūpuna mai

E maopopo i ka hana o ka DNA a me ka RNA, ia mea pono e ike i ka au mamuli o ka 'o kā lākou' ole. E like me nā polokina, nukelea nāʻakika wehewehe aku ma kekahi mau pae o ka hui ana o macromolecules. Ka mea, iniiaiie 'ole ua poe polynucleotide kaulahao, kiʻekiʻe, a tertiary AEI samouslozhnyayutsya i kupu mai ma covalent pili type. A kūikawā kūlana ma ka malama ana i ka māhele kinona o na nā lātoma no hydrogen paa ana, van der Waals koa a me nā hana kūleʻa. Ka hopena o ka olelo hoopomaikai 'ole o ka DNA, kapaʻia superspiral.

Monomers nukeleaʻakika

'Ole a me ka hana o ka DNA, RNA, nā polokina, a me ka' ē aʻe ke aloha polymers hilinaʻi nā ma ka qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele 'ana o ko lākou mau macromolecules. He mau 'ano o nukelea nāʻakika i i i ka mall hehee wale kapa nucleotides. Like, ua ike mai ke ala o ka kemika, me nā hale o ka mea pono kona kuleana pili i aloha ia. DNA a RNA nō i koe. Ua huli mai ia ma luna o ka haku mele 'ana nucleotide hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke kino o kaʻakika ia iho a me kona kūlana i loko o ka halepaahao. Kēlā me kēia lātoma ninoieo o ekolu māhele: he nitrogenous kumu, he carbohydrate a me ke koena o orthophosphoricʻakika. Aia nō i nā meaʻehā o nitrogenous kumu o ka DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine a me ka cytosine. Ma RNA nā lātoma, ka mea e, niioaaonoaaiii, adenine, guanine, cytosine a me ka uracil. Carbohydrate poe ma nāʻano likeʻole o ka pentose. Ke ribonucleicʻakika mea ribose, a ma ka DNA - kona deoxygenated palapala, kapa deoxyribose.

Hiʻona o deoxyribonucleicʻakika

Mua mākou e nānā i ka 'ole a me ka hana o ka DNA. RNA i loaa i ka mea māhele hoʻonohonohoʻia, e e hookolokolo aku la ia i loko o ka lalo nei. No laila, ua paʻa mau polynucleotide kaula makalii ma waena o ka pinepine ae la oia recurring hydrogen paa ana i hanaʻia ma waena o ka naikokene kumu. Ma kekahi mau o "adenine - thymine," he mea mau, a me ka paʻa o ka "guanine - cytosine" - ekolu hydrogen paa.

Makeʻe kulana laina purine a me ka pyrimidine mau kumu i loaa e E. Chargaff, a lilo aku ia i ka loina o ka complementarity. Ka hookahi kaula nucleotides ua hoʻopili phosphodiester makaukau na kaula paa i mea i hanaʻia ma waena o ka pentose koena o orthophosphoricʻakika a me ka pili nucleotides. Keʻoni iho palapala o nā kaula hilo ua mālama 'ia e hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa i ana ma waena o ka hydrogen a me ka oxygen ma nā'ātoma i nā kuleana o nā nucleotides. Higher - tertiary 'ole (supercoil) - ano no ka mea nukelea DNA o eukaryotic keena. Ma keia palapala ia mea i loaʻa i loko o ka chromatin. Eia naʻe, koʻohune a me ka DNA i loaʻa nā mea hoʻomaʻi i deoxyribonucleicʻakika ua i pili i nā polokina. Ua ua poe ma ke apo-hoʻokino palapala, a ua kapaʻia he plasmid.

Ka mea, i ka ia palapala DNA o mitochondria a me chloroplasts - organelles, mea kanu a me nā holoholona keena. A laila, loaʻa mai mākou, ka mea i ka likeʻole o ka hana o ka DNA a me ka RNA. I ka papaʻaina ma lalo, hōʻike iā mākou i ka oko ao i loko o ka 'ole a me ka waiwai o nukelea nāʻakika.

ribonucleicʻakika

Ke RNA lātoma ninoieo o ka hookahi polynucleotide ili aku ai (koe wale no ka papalua-ili 'ole o kekahi nā mea hoʻomaʻi) i hiki e nā loko o ka nucleus, a ma ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao. He nui na ano o ka RNA e lauwili ma waena o ka 'ole a me ka waiwai. Penei, elele RNA i ka mea kiekie loa hakakino kaumaha. Ua Ua synthesized i loko o ka halepaahao nucleus i loko o kekahi o nā nā'ōewe. MRNA hana - e hoolilo 'ike ma o ka haku mele' ana o ke kumuʻiʻo, mai ka nucleus a hiki i ka cytoplasm. Amo palapala nukeleaʻakika attaches monomers nā polokina -'amino nāʻakika - a lākou e hoʻopakele iā lākou i ka paena o biosynthesis.

Eia hoi, ribosomal RNA ua hana i loko o ka nucleolus, a ua komo i loko o kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. E like me 'oe ke ike, DNA a me ka RNA oihana ma ke kelepona hele pūnao e like me ka mea nui. E ka mea, hilinaʻi kuhikuhi ma keena o ka meaola i nā waiwai lātoma o nā kūpuna mai. No laila, i ka mea hoʻomaʻi ribonucleicʻakika i ia i lawe o aaiaoe 'ike, no ka mea hoi ma ka keena o eukaryotic meaola i kēia hiki i wale deoxyribonucleicʻakika.

Hana o ka DNA a me RNA i loko o ke kino

Ma kona kumukuai nukeleaʻakika, a me nā polokina i mea nui ke aloha i huiʻia. Ka mea, malama, a ke hoʻouna i hereditary 'ano a me kailaʻae mai ka makua i ke keiki kanaka. E ka hoakaka i ka oko ao ma waena o kekahi i kekahi oihana o ka DNA a me ka RNA. I ka papaʻaina ma lalo hōʻike i ka oko ao ka nui au mamuli.

He aha nō nā 'ano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi waiwai o nā kūpuna mai?

Mea hoʻomaʻi nukeleaʻakika e lawe i ka palapala o nā single- a me ka papalua-ili aku ai spirals a apo. E like me ka D.Baltimora Mea Maluna, i kēia mau mea microcosm pihaʻi DNA nā lātoma oia hoi o kekahi a mau wahi i puhi ai. Ka mua pūʻulu nā pathogens o herpes a me adenoviruses, a me ka lua kikowaena, no ka laʻana, parvovirus.

I ka mana o ka DNA a me ka RNA nā mea hoʻomaʻi komo ma ka anal iho aaiaoe 'ike i loko o ka halepaahao, replication reactions nā lātoma e hali ana i mea hoʻomaʻi nukeleaʻakika, a me kaʻaha kanaka o ke kumuʻiʻo (particles) i loko o ka ribosomes o ka puali aeea. E like me ka hopena, i ka holoʻokoʻa halepaahao pūnao ua loa subordinated i na parasites e hoonui hoʻomaka koke, e alakai e,? A? Make.

RNA-i loaʻa nā mea hoʻomaʻi

I virology i ke kaawale ana o kēia mau meaola i loko o kekahi mau pūʻulu. No laila, ua kapaʻia ka mea mua? Ueo hookahi-ili (+) RNA. Ka mea, nukeleaʻakika hanaʻia ka mea ia mana e like me ka elele RNA o eukaryotic keena. Ma kekahi pūʻulu kikowaena hookahi-ili (-) RNA. Mua, kā lākou nā lātoma EKOLU i, e alakai ana i keʻano o nā lātoma (+) RNA, a me ka poe ma ka huli, hookauwa like UAAIIeIA no ka mea hoʻomaʻi nā polokina.

Ma muli o ka keia, no ka mea a pau meaola, a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi, DNA a me ka RNA oihana nana pokole wehewehe aku me: pūnaewele hereditary 'ano a me ka waiwai o ka meaola, a me ka hou EYI o ko lākou mau keiki kakou nana.