Dissociation o ka paʻakai, nāʻakika a me alkalis. Kumumanaʻo a me ka pili ana

No ka Helu kemika a me Biochemistry typical nohona ma kaʻina hana ma i particulate mea - nā lātoma, Ion (olelo ikaika mai, papa mai (particles) kapa cations a negatively kauoha (particles), kapaʻia anions) radicals disintegrate i loko o liʻiliʻi (particles). Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia dissociation, i mea Roma no ka "dissociation" 'o ia hoʻi "kaawale ana." Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma na nā hoailona like me ka "degere o ka dissociation", ae hōʻike ana i ka lākiō o dissociated (particles) a hiki i ka huina helu o (particles) ma mua o ka'opi, 'o ia hoʻi, ka hapa iki o ka (particles) e i disintegrated. Ke kaʻina hana o ka disintegration o na (particles) e hana ana i ka hopena o kekahi mau hana ma luna o ka waiwai, i ke ano o kēia mau ona e hoʻoholo i ke 'ano o ka dissociation. Hoomaopopo thermal dissociation, photodissociation, dissociation ma lalo o ka aoao o ionizing pāhawewe, electrolytic dissociation. Dissociation o ke ku pono ana o ka 'ona a me ka recombination. Kēia kaʻina Ua pinepine pioloke me ka ionization.

Electrolytic dissociation mea heʻano o ka dissociation, ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka aoao o'ūheheʻe nā lātoma a me Polar bea Nine Inch külana. Waiwai i hiki dissociate i loko o ka'ūheheʻe i Ion a hoʻomaka uilaʻikena, kapa electrolyte (ʻakika, ka paakai, kumu). Waiwai i ka wā mea hoʻoheheʻe ole dissociate i loko o Ion (waiʻona mai ke kino, nā mea kemika, carbohydrates, etc.) i ole electrolytes. Ka mea nui wale electrolytes'ūheheʻe - wai. Ka wai ia ua wehewehe aku me he nawaliwali electrolyte. Polar nā'uheheʻe (e laʻa me, ethanol, ammonia a me aceticʻakika) mea i hiki ke mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia nā electrolytes. Dissociation o nāʻakika, alkalis, e like me ka dissociation o ka paʻakai ana i loko o koʻana koko pāʻoihana. Ka paʻakai o - keia ano o Nine Inch hui nona nā lātoma i haku o ka ikaika i hoopiiia (particles) (metala cations), a negatively kauoha (particles) (ʻakika anion koena). ʻakika hou paʻakai, e likeʻike mau paʻakai komo o nā 'ano o nā cations (metala a me ka hydrogen) a me kaʻakika anion koena. I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai nā lātoma decompose ma luna o ka paakai Ion. Ka paʻakai hiki ke loaʻa hou evaporate i ka wai.

Maopopo ma waena o ikaika a me ka nawaliwali electrolytes. Ma ka panina kumumanaʻo o electrolytic dissociation kaʻina ike noʻonoʻo reversible, akā, i kēia olelo pili wale i nawaliwali electrolytes ma dilute pāʻoihana. An electrolytic dissociation o nāʻakika, kumu, paʻakai, mea he irreversible kaʻina, no ka paakai (ʻaneʻane a pau, koe kekahi eiiieaen), nāʻakika a me nā kumu, (ka poe i hanaʻia me ka mekala 'åkilikai a me kona'ākilikai honua i eliiaʻi) e ikaika electrolytes a me nā lātoma ma ka nawaliwali pāʻoihana loa (100 %) dissociated i Ion. Ikaika electrolytes: NaCl (paʻakai koloriside), HNO3 (nitricʻakika), HClO3 (chloricʻakika), CaCl2 (kalipuna koloriside), NaOH (paʻakai hydroxide). Nawaliwali electrolytes: NH4OH ('amoniuma hydroxide), H2CO3 (carbonicʻakika), CH3COOH (aceticʻakika) a me ka hapanui o ka ke aloha nāʻakika a me nā kumu. Ka mea, i ka wa a ua hoʻopau i loko o ka wai hiki dissociate hapa 'ia' (nō kāu, ua nui papa koa, mai 1 a hiki i 10%).

No laila, i ka assertion i ka pāʻoihana o ke electrolyte ikaika he wale Ion, a ma ka pāʻoihana o nawaliwali electrolytes,ʻano nui nondecomposed nā lātoma o ka mea. Dissociation o ka paʻakai hiki aku ai i ka mea i loko o ka pāʻoihana i loaʻa wale metala ion a me kaʻakika koena (e laʻa me, paʻakai Na + cation a me ka chlorine anion Cl-) a me ka nondecomposed nā lātoma (NaCl) i ka paakai. Dissociationʻakika paʻakai hiki aku ai i ke kahua ma ka pāʻoihana o ka metala cation, hydrogen cation a me kaʻakika anion koena. No ka laʻana,ʻakika paakai NaHCO3 (paʻakai bicarbonate) dissociates i loko o ka paʻakai cation (Na +), hydrogen cation (H) a me ka anion o carbonicʻakikaʻakika koena (SO3-).

Inā ka pāʻoihana (mahele heheʻe i ka) hoonoho iho la ma ka electrolytic aeea electrolyte (moku me ka anode a me ka cathode), ka wā anakahi uila ua noi ia e hoʻomaka i ka directional neʻeʻana o kaki (particles) a hiki i na nā uila aʻa lolo o ke alo o ka uku: maikaʻi cations - i ka negatively hoopiiia cathode, ana io anions - a hiki i ka ikaika kauoha anode. Kēia waiwai o electrolytes, ma ka nui, dissociation paʻakai olelo hoʻohana i loko o ke akamai. electrolysis ua lawe mai hanalima-i? iecaianoaaiiuo o Aluminum, keleawe (ma electrolytic hoohehee maemae au ia). Electrolysis produces kaʻoe i 'ona e like me ka pololei hiki ole ke loaa ma nā ano (distillation, crystallization, a me na mea e ae). Me ka electrolysis ke hooheheeia loko mai o na mea e hooheheeia, ua holoiʻia, mai ka cathode ua waiho wale ma luna o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia cation a me na impurities noho ma ka pāʻoihana a hehee. Ke kŰia o ka dissociation o ka paʻakai underlies ka hana maemae hydrogen a me ka maʻemaʻe chlorine. Ma ka wai, paʻakai koloriside ua decomposed i Ion: paʻakai cation a me ka chlorine anion. Ma ka anode e e anao? Aou maemae chlorine ma ka cathode - ka he hopena ia hydrogen, a me ka pāʻoihana e hana i kekahi mea nui he hopena ia - paʻakai hydroxide.