'Ole'Ātoma. Ka ikehu pae o ka'Ātoma. Protons, neutrons, electrons

Ka inoa "'Ātoma" mai Greek o ia hoʻi, "indivisible". A pau a puni mākou - puaʻa hiwa, ke kinowai a me ke ea - ua kūkuluʻia o ieeeea? O kēia mau (particles).

Ke ano o ka mana o ka'Ātoma

Mua o nā'ātoma ikea ae la ia i loko o ka V kenekulia BC, ka wā o nā Helene poe akeakamai Democritus laila'ōlelo akula ia mea ua haku o ka moku (particles) e neʻe. Akā laila ka mea, he mea hiki ole ke kaha i ka mana o ko lākou ola. A me naʻe ole i kekahi ke ike mau (particles), i ana no ka manao, no ka mea, ka mea wale nō alaʻepekema ke wehewehe i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ka maoli honua. No laila, ka mea i manaoio aku i loko o ke ola ana o ke anakahi iki-(particles) lōʻihi ma mua, ua hiki ke hooiaio i kēia mea i ka manawa.

Wale nō i loko o ka XIX kenekulia. ua kālailai like ka mea, lilo iho la ka mea liilii loa constituent Nine Inch oihana mua me kekahi waiwai nā'ātoma - ke hiki i ka hui ana me nā hui ma ka pololei i koho dala. I ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia ka mea i manaoio aku i nā'ātoma - ka palena iki (particles) o ka mea, i ole keia manawa, ua maopopo i ka mea, e haku o ke ahiahi liʻiliʻi huahelu.

He aha mea he Nine Inch hehee ai?

Atom o ka Nine Inch hehee ai - ka microscopic hale, aeie o ka mea. I ka wā ano o na microparticles i ka hakakino nuipa o ka'Ātoma. Wale nō i ka loaʻa o ke kānāwai papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika o Mendeleev ka pono i ko lakou manao, ua like ano o kekahi mea. Ka mea, ua uuku ia i ka mea,ʻaʻole e hiki ke ike hoʻohanaʻike mau microscopes, wale i ka loa ikaika mīkini uila no. No ka nane, o ka lauoho o ka lima o ke kanaka ka mea he miliona manawa nui.

Ka lolouila 'ole o ka'Ātoma mai he nucleus haku o protons a me neutrons, a me electrons, a revolves puni ka piko ma regular orbits e like kŘhele a puni kā lākou mau hoku. I mai la lakou a pau paʻa a pau ma ka electromagnetic a ikaika, kekahi o na luna eha ma ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Neutrons - he'ākilikai nā kauoha (particles), hāʻawi me ka maikaʻi protons a me electrons - io. Recent o Laielohelohe i ka ikaika hoopiiia protons, no laila, e kamaʻilioʻana e noho i loko o ka Astronomical.

Ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma

Ma ke kikowaena ke kuleana o ka i kāna mau 'ōlelo' ana e hoopiha ana i ka palena iki huina'Ātoma. Akā, haʻawina hōʻike i kokoke i ka anai nuipa a (99.9%) ua ke aupuni 'o ia. Kēlā me kēia'Ātoma kekahi mau protons, neutrons, electrons. I ka helu o ka revolving electrons i loko o ia mea like me ka mea maikaʻi kikowaena malama. (Particles) a me ka mea ia e mālama ai Z nucleus akā,ʻano'ātoma nuipa A, a me ka helu ana o neutrons i loko o ka nucleus i kapaia N isotopes, a ma ka ia A a me kekahi Z a me N - isobars. Electronic - palena iki huna waiwai me ka hopena maikaʻi uila kauoha E = 1,6 m 10-19 coulombs. Ion kauoha e hoʻoholo i ka helu o ka nalowale a ho onui ana electrons. Kaʻina metamorphosis'ākilikai'Ātoma i loko o ka papa mai ion ua kapaia ionization.

Ka hou hoʻokolohua o ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma

Physicists ua 'ike akula i ka lā, he nui nā kula haʻahaʻaa (particles). Ka lolouila 'ole o ka'Ātoma mai he hou mana.

Ua Ua manaoio i na protons a me neutrons,ʻaʻohe mea pehea uuku i ia mea, ua i mai o ka mea uuku (particles), i ka poe i kaheaia - quarks. Ka mea, he hou kükohu no ka'Ātoma. A hiki i kānakaʻepekema hoiliili i hōʻike no ke ola ana o ka mea mua kükohu, a, ano ka mea, e imi e hooiaio i ke ola ana o quarks.

RTM - i ka wā e hiki mai mea kani

Hoikehonua,ʻepekema e 'ike' ia ma kekahi kamepiula kanaka hoʻoponopono'ātoma (particles) o ka mea, e like me kēia mau mea ma ka 'ilikai ka hoʻohana' ana i ka kūikawā koʻi lipi, a no ka i kapaia ka kaʻimiʻana tunneling microscope (RTM).

инструмент с наконечником, который очень осторожно движется возле поверхности материала. He He ka lolouila paahana me ke kihi e kolo ana loa ke akahele kokoke i ka ili o ka mea. A hiki i kaʻimi ua neʻe, electrons neʻe ma kahi nahā i waena o ka maka, a me kaʻili kai. ʻOiai ka mea oi loa i laumania, ma ka oiaio, ia mea haoʻa ma ka'ātoma kiʻekiʻe. Ke kamepiula i ke kāleka ili o ka mea, e pili ana i kiʻi o kona (particles), a me nā kānakaʻepekema, no laila, hiki ke ike i ka waiwai o ka'Ātoma.

radioactive (particles)

Negatively papa mai Ion i huli a puni ka kāna mau 'ōlelo ma ka mamao i lawa ka nui. 'ātoma 'ole e like me ia ia mea maoli he'ākilikai, a i ole uila e mālama ai, no ka mea (particles) a pau (protons, neutrons, electrons) i loko o kaulike.

Na radioactive'Ātoma - mea he hehee ai e hiki ke hoopuni a pipili. Kona oaio? Ninoieo o na protons a me neutrons. Wale nō koe o ke kiʻikuhi o ka hydrogen'Ātoma, i ka mea he hookahi proton. Ke nucleus Ua hoʻopuniʻia e ke ao o electrons, ka mea o lākou attraction ua kena ae la, e ka ao ka puni i ka waena. Protons ia hoopii repel kekahi i kekahi.

Kēia mea,ʻaʻole i ka pilikia no ka loa uuku (particles), i ka i loaʻa i kekahi mau. Akā,ʻo kekahi o ia poe, o ka oi aku i loko o ka nui nui, e like me uranium, a he 92 protons. I kekahi manawa, kona oaio hiki i na wahie, e ku. Radioactive, ka mea i kapaʻia no ka mea, o ka mea e hoʻokuʻu akula hou (particles) mai kona nucleus. Once kuuia mai ka lolelua ka nucleus o protons, i ka i koe hoolilo i ka hou hui ma lalo. Ua hiki e ku paa auanei ke kaumaha ma muli o ka helu ana o protons i loko o ka hou Kernel, a ua hiki ke maheleia no hoi ia. Kēia kaʻina hana mau a loaʻa nā ole aku i ka pilina paʻa kaikamahine nucleus.

Nā waiwai o nā'ātoma

Physico-Nine Inch waiwai o ka'Ātoma maoli ai lauwili mai kekahi hehee ai i kekahi. Ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia e ke kēia walaʻauʻana kiko'î.

'ātoma nuipa. noho Mai ke kumu o wahi microparticles protons a me neutrons, alaila, o ka huina o ka helu ana o hiki aku ai, i ka mea i hoʻohikiʻia ma'ātoma nui naehana (amu) haʻilula: A = Z + N.

Ke'ātoma kahahńnai. Ke kahahńnai o ka poepoe kalele iho ma luna o ka wahi o ka hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana o ka Nine Inch hoopaa, na dala o ke kokoke nā'ātoma a me quantum me mechanical hana. ke kahahńnai o ka nucleus mea hoʻokahi haneri tausani manawa uuku ma mua o ke kahahńnai o ka hehee ai. 'Ole'Ātoma e lilo electrons a hoohuliia mai i loko o ka maikaʻi ion a hoʻokomo electrons, a lilo io Ion.

Ma ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina o Mendeleev kekahi Nine Inch hehee ai ninoaaeyao kona hāʻawi wahi. Table'Ātoma nui maoli ka wā e neʻe e kō ana, a me ka emi neʻe mai haʻalele i ka akau ia. Ma hope mai o kēia, ka mea liilii loa hehee ai - ka helium, a me ka mea kiekie loa - cesium.

Valence. Ka mawaho huina'ine iwi o ka'Ātoma ua kapaia ka valence koa, a me na electrons i loko o ka mea i kapaia o niioaaonoaaiii - ka valence electrons. Lākou helu hoʻomōakaaka Pehea'Ātoma ua pili i nā Via Nine Inch ka ponaʻana. Way e ka hakuʻana microparticles hope hoao e māʻona kā lākou mau pā valence iwi.

Umekaumaha attraction - o ka mana e mālama i ka hoku a ma ka Astronomical, no ka mea, puka mai ia mai ka lima o ka mea e haule ana ma luna o ka papahele. Man hou ike umekaumaha, akā, i ka electromagnetic a ia mea i na manawa he nui ikaika. I ka mana e,ʻo (ole repels) i ka papa (particles) i loko o ka'Ātoma, 1000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 mau manawa oi loa aku kou mana mamua o ka umekaumaha i loko o laila. Akā, ma ka waena konu o ka Kora naʻEsau, he mea no ka mana ikaika hiki o ka malama ana i protons a me neutrons pu.

Nā reactions ma nuclei ho okumu ikehu i loko o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma, kahi o nā nā'ātoma i pipili. Ke kaumaha i ka hehee ai, ka mea i oi aku dala o (particles) kūkulu kona nā'ātoma. Inā e hookui aku i ka huina helu o nā protons a me neutrons i loko o ka hehee ai, ua aʻo o kona kaumaha. No ka laʻana, uranium, ka heaviest hehee ai? Ueony ana ma ke ano maoli, ua he'ātoma kaumaha o 235 a me 238.

Fission o ka'Ātoma a hiki i ka pae

Ka ikehu pae o ka'Ātoma - o ka huina o ka lewa a puni ka Kora naʻEsau, ma ka huina'ine mea i loko o ka noi. I huina, he 7 orbitals e like me ka helu ana i manawa i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Ka oi loihi o ka wahi o ka huina'ine, mai ka nucleus, i ka oi nui koena o ka ikaika ka mea, inā paʻa. Manawa, i ka helu i ka 'o ka helu ana o 'ātoma orbitals puni kona nucleus. No ka laʻana, ka mea potasiuma - hehee ai 4 manawa, a laila ka mea i he 4'Ātoma ikehu pae. Helu Nine Inch hehee ai hoʻopili like me konaʻoihana, a me ka helu o electrons puni ka nucleus.

Atom - i ka ikehu kumu

Paha ka loa kaulana scientific haʻilula loaa ma ka German physicist Einstein. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa i nuipa a ka mea akā heʻano o ka ikehu. Ma muli o kēia kumumanaʻo, he mea hiki, e huli mea i ikehu, a me ka pōpilikia ma ka haʻilula me ka mea hiki ke kiʻi. I ka mua he mea hiki hopena o ka huli ana i'ātoma hopeʻia i i mua hoao i loko o ka wao nahele Los Alamos (USA), a laila, detonated ma Japanese kulanakauhale. A naʻe wale i ka hiku o ka mea pahū hoohuliia mai i loko o ikehu, luku mana o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū ua ino.

I ka kāna mau 'ōlelo kuu kona ikehu, ka mea pono e lukuia. E Wāwahi ia, ia mea pono ke hana ma waho o ka neutron. A laila, i ka nucleus nāwaliwali aʻela i loko o nā 'ē aʻe, māmā, ina he nunui kala o ka ikehu. Ke'opi hiki aku ai i ke kala o nā neutrons, a me ka mea mau i ka Wāwahi'ē aʻe nuclei. Ke kaʻina huli i loko o ke kaula naoh, like me ka hopena o ka pili ana i ka nui nui o ka ikaika.

Pros a me ka hooluolu ana o ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahi nukelea naoh i loko o mākou manawa

Luku mana, a ua hookuu ia i loko o ka loli o ka mea, kanaka a pau i imi e tame i ka nukelea mana mea kanu. Where ka nukelea naoh i wahi,ʻaʻole i loko o ke kino o ka Naita me ia, akā, me he gradual ka wela pohō.

Nukelea mana i kona pros a me Con. E like me kānakaʻepekema, ma ka mea e malama i ka noho maikai ana ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe, e pono e hoʻohana i kēia kumu nui o ka ikaika. Akā, malama i ka manao o ka mea e hiki ai ka loa laekahi kūpono 'hiki ole kumu hoʻomalu piha maluhia o nukelea mana mea kanu. I loaa i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka ikehu radioactive neoneo ma lalo o kūpono pūnaewele mākou poʻe mamo e loli no na umi o na tausani o ka makahiki.

Ma hope o ka Chernobyl ulia oi kanaka o ke? Iecaianoaaiiie o nukelea ikehu ka loa pilikia no ka manaʻo kanaka. Na wale maluhia mea kanu o keia ano o ka la me kona nui nukelea ikehu nona iho. ʻepekema, e ulu likeʻole Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o nieia? Iuo aaoa, a hiki mai i loko o ka wā e hiki mai kokoke, manaʻo kanaka e e hiki ke hoolako ia lakou iho me ka palekana nukelea ikehu.