Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons: mau ano, isomers, Nine Inch waiwai

Hydrocarbons - ka simplest papa o ke aloha waiwai, na nā lātoma i elua wale nā'ātoma o Nine Inch oihana mua - kalapona a me ka hydrogen. O ka mea likeʻole hydrocarbon ma Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala epekema hoomakaukau ka hapanui papa o ke aloha i huiʻia.

Hydrocarbons i maheleia i mau subclasses - acyclic a me ka cyclic. Ma acyclic hydrocarbons, a momoma hydrocarbons a aliphatic hydrocarbons, loaʻa i ka i kēia pūʻulu: paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes, dienes), acyclic terpenes. Ke cyclic hydrocarbon pūʻulu poe cycloparaffins, Arena a me cyclic terpenes. Terpenes kekahi manawa, haawiia i like me ka mea o ke ao o bioorganic kemika.

Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons (alkanes) - huina lakou o ka kalapona a me ka hydrogen nā lātoma ma a pau valency koe ma hope o ka pilina ma waena o kalapona nā'ātoma i hookahi hoopaa, paʻa kūhohonu loa kalapona nā'ātoma o ka hydrogen. hiki All alkanes ke noʻonoʻo me homologues a me nā mea loaʻa o ka methane. Inā methane, a i ka hakakino haʻilula o CH4, unuhi i kekahi hydrogen'Ātoma ua hana huna - CH3'ano'ē. Aie i ka mea i loko o ka lātoma o ka ke aloha waiwai e like kalapona mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO tetravalent, e pili ana no na puu radicals kumu i ka helehelena o ka lua o ka Luna o ka homologous puke - ethane (C2H6). Inā ethane mai o ka lawe i kekahi o ka hydrogen'Ātoma, he'eto'ano'ē ua hana, a, ma hope e pili ana i ke kolu o ka homolog pepa CH3 - propane.

Ke kālailai mall haʻilula propane, oluolu e hoʻouka, i ka 'ole o kona lātoma he o nā' ano o ka kalapona nā'ātoma - iniiaiie a me nā haumāna. Kēlā me iniiaiie kalapona'Ātoma e paa ana i kekahi kalapona'Ātoma o kekahi o kona valency, a ua kiʻekiʻe - mau valencies i nā kalapona nā'ātoma. Inā unuhi mai ka iniiaiie kalapona'Ātoma o ka hydrogen propane, iniiaiie propyl i hana mai kiʻekiʻe - haumāna propyl. E pili ana i ka iniiaiie paha haumāna propyl bromide kumu i ke kahua o mall likeʻole o ka ha o homolog. Mau pili 'o Randy i hana - pololei maʻamau butane a isobutane carboxylic kaula manamana ai kalapona kaula.

Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons: 'ole

A typical Luna o alkanes mea methane. Hakakino haʻilula CH4. No nā lātoma o alkanes mea typical sigma hoopaa. Ke lātoma o methane kalapona'Ātoma 'ano apau loa eha covalent makaukau na kaula paa aie i ka ekolu s- a me ka pa-orbitals a me kela mea keia mea i ka hydrogen'Ātoma, - aie i ka mau-orbitals.

Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons: nomenclature a me ka isomerism

I ka mae wale mai, i ka mall haʻilula o ka homologous puke o ka methane, butane C4H10 mai mākou e halawai me ka kŰia o ka isomerism. No ka laʻana, hakakino haʻilula C4H10 halawai mau kanaka i huiʻia S5N12 - ekolu. A laila, i ka helu ana o isomers me ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma o ka alkane, piʻi pū. No ka laʻana, ka mea hakakino haʻilula S6N14 halawai elima mall nā papakuhikuhi, niioaaonoaaiii, o ke kanaka waiwai, S7N16 - 9 S8N18 - 18, C10H22 - 76 S12N26 - 355. nā lālā mua eha o alkanes - kinoea mai ka lima a hiki i ka umikumamalua - wai, mai kaʻumikumamāono - puaʻa hiwa .

Nine waiwai o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons

All saturates inert waiwai. He mea no ia mea, na nā lātoma o alkanes o kalapona a me ka hydrogen nā'ātoma ua hoʻopili sigma paa ana, nolaila, i kēia mau hui hiki ole ke pili hydrogen nā'ātoma. Alkanes pane koke'ano'ē halogenation, nitration, cleavage. Ma halogenation halogens hoopuni ae pani nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma o ka hydrogen alkane. I ka nitriding nitro hoopuni hookomoia no ka hydrogen i loko o ka tertiary, noho pilikia - i loko o ka haumāna a me ka iniiaiie kalapona'Ātoma.

Paʻa kūhohonu loa a unsaturated hydrocarbons i ka maka mea no ka hana likeʻole ke aloha 'ona. Splitting aku hydrogen nā'ātoma, mai ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons hiki ke loaa unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes).