Peter Lavrov: Kawaihae, hana a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Peter Lavrovich Lavrov (1828-1900) ua ike ia kekahi o na kumu nui ideologists Russian Narodnichestvo. I kekahi manawa a pau i ka nui ole ma ke kahua o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana i loko o ko kakou aina. Ka ukupanee a me kona sociological, a philosophical haʻawina e maopopo i ka heluia, o ka intelligentsia a hiki i ka kaiapili-kālai'āina kulana home 'ole i loko o Rusia i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia, e like me ka olelo wanana a o ka'opi o Bolshevism.

ohana

Peter Lavrov hele mai, mai ka punawai-ike aliʻi ohana. Kona makua kāne, S. Pohon, i mālama ai ma o ka poe koa, a komo i loko o ke Kaua o 1812. He ua hoa me ke poo o ka imperial Chancellery a me koa noho Alekseem Arakcheevym, wale a puni pepehi i ka piha hilinai o Alexander ke Nui. Ma hope o ke kaua, L. S. Lavrov hoi me ke ano o ka colonel o ka mea kaua, a mare Elizabeth Karlovna Gandvig. Ua hele mai kekahi Russified Kuekene aliʻi ohana, a ia wahi aku me ka hana no kona manawa. I ka 1823, ka makahiki ka mea, i ke keiki, o Petero. I ka manawa o kona hanau ka 'ohana e noho ana ma luna o ka waiwai Melekhovo ke aupuni' o Pskov mokuna.

Peter Lavrovich Lavrov: he pōkole Kawaihae (wā kamaliʻi)

Like 'ē aʻe o kona mau na¯ mai ke aliʻi, i ka wā e hiki mai poe akeakamai mai ka wā kamaliʻi këia haole' ōlelo. Ma kekahi, ma muli o ia i ka makuahine a me ka hoao ana i ka aʻoʻia ia mea loa kakahiaka nui i loko o ka haku, me ka 'ōlelo Palani a me ke Kelemānia.

I ka makahiki 1837, Peter Lavrov hoouna aku ai i St. Petersburg, i kona wahi i hele ana i ka hōʻike a me ka helu ma ke Kula o kaua. I loko nō o kona mau haʻawina ma kēia 'ihiʻihi koa kiʻekiʻe ke kula i ke kanaka'ōpiopio lā i ho'āʻo ai ia e ka ikaika haumāna o ka a i noʻonoʻo i ka mea maikaʻi haumāna o Academician M. Ostrogradskii. Kona successes ua kaumaha loa ia ia ma hope o ka loaa ana o kona palapala puka repetitorstvovat i koe i loko o kona oiwi kula. Ma ia laua me nā haʻawina, Peter Lavrov kū kaʻawale aʻo i ka 'epekema moʻokalaleo ma ka lawelawe' epekema a me ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai, kākau poetry a me ka hana noiʻi i loko o ke kula o ka makemakika. Great manaʻo ma luna iho ona i na hana o ka utopian socialists.

hou 'oihana

Ke keiki aʻoʻia o ka makemakika Sciences koke i loaa iaia ma nā hoapili, a ua waeia'ku o koa kumu aʻo i loko o ka Mikhailovsky mea kaua Academy o St. Petersburg, e ala ana i ke ano o ka colonel. I ka 1860, ua hoolilo ia Konstantinovsky Koa School, kahi āna i mentored kilo kekahi mau makahiki.

Personal ola

I ka 1847, Peter Lavrov mare i ka nani wahine-Ah Loveyko. Marriage a me ka makuwahine o nā keikiʻelua, a me ke Kelemānia ma ka kumu (Nee Kapger) hoʻopūhili Laura Stepanovich, ka mea moe o ka maikaʻi loa külike no kana keiki. E like me ka hopena, o Petero i nele o kālā kākoʻo mai o ka makua. Over manawa, i ka hui i ikea mai eha hou nā keiki kāne a me nā kaikamāhine a ka mau, e na lako e kulana o ka 'ohana i oi naueue. To somehow "kiʻi mai," Lavrov i haʻakoiʻia e loaʻa kālā aʻoʻia "ma kaʻaoʻao", a kākau kuikawa 'atikala no ka "mea kaua Pai". Ke kahua Ua loli no ka mea maikaʻi ma hope o ka make ana o kona makua kāne, a ke kaikuaʻana, ia Peter Lavrovich loaa i ka maikai hooilina.

Ka palapala, a me kaʻepekema hana

I loko nō o nā kālā o ke ola, ka hooikaika Peter Lavrov i manawa e makaikai i na hana kaulana loa oʻEulopa poe akeakamai o kona manawa, paʻiʻia poem ma ka A. I. Gertsena, komo i loko o ka hanaia'na o ka "Encyclopedic Dictionary" i paʻi 'atikala ma akeakamai a me ka sociology, e like me ma kumuhana o ka lehulehu pono , moʻokalaleo, oe a me ka 'oihana hoʻonaʻauao.

Eia hou, Ua paʻiʻia kona puke mua i ka 1860. Ma keia hana, ke like "(essay) ma kumuhana o ka mea hiki kālaiʻike," Lavrov ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka pono kanaka hiki ole komo me ke kaiāulu i loko i hewa alii i loko o kaua. I kona ike aku, i ka maikaʻi ke kaiāulu kanaka, hiki wale nō ia i ka'ōnaehana i ua me ka nānā 'ana ma ka mohai hui ana o ka pono a me ka noa kanaka.

Ke hopu a hoʻokuewa wale 'ia

I ka 1860 Peter Lavrovich Lavrov, Kawaihae no i ua hōʻike ma luna, heʻeleu aku i komo haumāna a me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni noi. He lilo launa pu me N. G. Chernyshevskim a lilo i lâlâ o ka hui mua o "Land a me ke ku okoa ana".

April 4, 1866 ma ka puka o ka Summer Garden D. Karakozov i ka hoao ma Alexander II. Ua ua pōʻino, nae, kena ae la ke repression waiho wale aku no ma ka a me Peter Lavrov. He Ua hopuia ma 'āhewa' ana o "hohola nā palapala manaʻo" a ma ka hui 'ana me Chernyshevsky, Mikhailov, a me Kumu Pavlov. Ma hope o ka manawa pōkole o ka hale paʻahao, a me ka pā hale, hoouna aku la ia ia i ka loulou i Vologda'āina a pau. Kahi i noho ai mai ka 1867 a hiki i ka makahiki 1870, a halawai me ka a hoʻokuewa wale 'aoao o ka Polish uprising A. Chaplitsky, a lilo ia i wahine nāna, he pono ole-kānāwai.

"Historical palapala"

I pio, kakau iho la Peter Lavrovich Lavrov kona pono ike kaiapili-kālai'āina hana, alo o ka holumua ai Lūkini intelligentsia.

Kona "Historical palapala" i kapaʻia no ka keiki kanaka, e ala hou mai, a maopopo i ka pilikia o ka mōʻaukala manawa, e like me ano o kanaka e pono ai, kōkua nona e hoʻomaopopo ai i kona ikaika. Keʻano o ia huahana ua oi ma mua o 'āwīwī, e like me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni intelligentsia ua ma ka huli ana i hou uea' o kona ikaika palapala noi. "Historical palapala" Lavrov he "paʻipaʻi ana o ka hekili" a me kekahi o ka ideological motivators no ka hoʻolālā o ka mea hiki hana o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni intelligentsia.

Kawaihae (Peter Lavrov) ma hope o ka makahiki 1870

Ma hope o ka hoʻiʻana, mai ke pioʻana hoʻokahuli aupuni e hoʻokele i illegally haʻalele i ke aupuni a me ka hele aku i Paris. Aia ia i hiki ai ma ka hoʻopā me ka poeikohoia o ka Western Europa hana ka hele a hui aku la au i ka International. I ka wā o ka Paris kamaʻilio hele i London me ka AIM, e hoonohonoho i ka hoʻopakeleʻana o ka hoʻopilikia hoa.

ʻOiaiʻo ia i loko o ke kapikala o ke aupuni a pau Beritania Lavrov hui me Marx, a Engels.

I nā makahiki 1873-1877 hoʻokahuli aupuni i luna hoʻoponopono o ka puke pai "mua," a me ka ia inoa ma ka 2-hebedoma nupepa - pepeiaohao olelo o Lūkini populism, i kapaia "lavrizmom". Ma hope iho o ka kīmopō o Alexander II, Peter Lavrovich i launa pu me ke kanaka. He hikiʻae e hoʻoponopono i "Bulletin o ka People ka Will" me L. Tikhomirov.

I ka Ia manawa ulu kona lahui prestige. Lawa ia i ka olelo ia i loko o July 1889, nā lālā o ka Armenian aoao Gnchak - ka mua Socialist Party, a i keʻena ma luna o ka mokuna o Peresia, a me ka Ottoman aupuni a pau, Peter Lavrov iaia ka mana e kū no ia ma ka Ahaolelo o ka Apana International.

Ka hope makahiki o kona ola

A kona mau lā hope, Peter Lavrov hoʻomau e liaise me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana. Eia naʻe, ma ka pau ana o kona ola ua oi hoihoi i loko o nā helu i pili ai i ka mōʻaukala o ke akeakamai. E like me ka hopena o kona 'epekema noiʻi ka mea i palapala kekahi mauʻimi naʻauao hana, a me ka monograph "ka naauao ana o na hana o ka mōʻaukala."

Peter Lavrov, i ka papa kuhikuhiE manaʻo a pau i ke kumu o na People neʻeʻana, make aku la ia ma Palika ma ka 1900, elemakule 72 makahiki, a ua kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o ka pā ilina o Montparnasse.

Ma hope o ia i haʻalele i ka nui palapala, ai 'hooilina, hana 825 a me 711 palapala me. He mea no hoi ke kumu o nā ōlaʻi i ka pili poem, i waena o i mea oi loa aku hoi mahalo "hanakimi Marseillaise", e hoomaka ana me na huaolelo "e haʻalele i ke ao kahiko ...", i i ke mele i palapala hope. Ma ka mau makahiki mua o ke kenekulia 20th, i kēia mele,ʻo ia kekahi o ka loa pinepine hana i pepehi iho at ia, e pepehi iho at, e like me congresses o na revolutionaries, a ma ka makahiki mua o Soviet mana a me na kanaka o ka lunakanawai.

philosophical wale

Ka oihana 'epekema maliuʻia ai i Lavrov e eclecticism. A me keia ua hoaponoia mai, no ka mea i loko o kona positivist-agnostitsisticheskoy kālaiʻike, oia ho'āʻo e hui pu iho la i ka'ōnaehana o Hegel, F. Lange, Feuerbach, Comte, Proudhon, Spencer, Chernyshevsky, Bakunin a me Marx.

E like me ia, i ka moʻolelo mea pono a me ka hana i ka hapa ma luna o lākou iho, no laila, i ka mua o nā hana revolutionaries mea e kūkulu i ka pono maikaʻi.

Ma ka 1870s ua ma Lavrov ka ardent ukali, ka ai-kapaia pae bashentsev. Eia hou kekahi, lilo iho la oia i ka ike aku i alihi kaua o ka eheu akau o na revolutionaries o ka Russian aupuni a pau. Naʻe, i kēia kahua i ole mau loa, a me ka wa nui proponents o kona ideology huli i oi'ano'ē Bakuninism. Eia naʻe, pâʻani lavrizm ole kūlana i ka makaukau no ka wā e hiki mai nā lālā o ka mua pōʻai-kemokalaka koʻikoʻi a hanohano.

Ano, ia oe i ka mea o ka P. Lavrov. E like me kekahi o na lala mau o ke alii ko lakou poe i imi ikaika aku, e hoʻoikaika i ka kahua o ka hana, a kauwa, Peter Lavrovich i ole, ua poina e na luna mua moku'āina o ka hana, a kauwa i loko o ke ao nei. Ma kekahi, Furshtatskaya alanui i Kapa hou i ke Leningrad i loko o kona hanohano. Manawa a hiki i keia i keia la, he nui kaulana Petrograd Palace Petra Lavrova, kahi mare'ōlelo i paa. A ia mea loa symbolic, like me ka poe akeakamai kaulana hookahi hâʻawi wale kālā pono-i no ka pono o kona mare ana i ka wahine ana i aloha ai, a laila, noho iho la me ia i kanakolu hauʻoli makahiki.