Pili aupuni a me ka kaiapili-papa hana o Kievan Rus

Ke pili aupuni kumu o Kievan Rus i ke aliʻi mana, a no i ka Rurik aliʻi. In IX-X kenekulia. , ua loaʻa maila mai ka makua kāne i ke keiki. I ka Vladimir ka Nui i ka mana i hiki ai i ka makahiapo i ke kanaka i loko o ka ohana. A laila, hoomaka ae la na luna a pau i loaa mai i ka'āina hoʻoili. Keia rula ua hoonoho i ke kumu o ka pili aupuni fragmentation i mai ai i loko o ka XII kenekulia.

aliʻi mana

Kēlā me kēia'āina hoʻoili a me ka kulanakauhale o Old Lūkini moku'āina e ho'ōla hoao iho la ia ia i ka kekahi lālā o ka Rurik. No ka laʻana, Chernihiv lilo i ke kikowaena o na mamo a Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych. Kiev a Pereyaslavl hele i Vladimir Monomakh a me kāna mau keiki kāne. Nā hualoaʻa, i kūpono i ka kālai'āina a me ka kaiapili-papa hana o Kievan Rus ', i paa ma Lyubech Ahaolelo Lahui i ka 1097 me ka lestvichnoy hooilina kahua. I ka mea ia manawa, "i ka makuahine o Lūkini kulanakauhale" formally noho i ke kulanakauhale nui o ka hikina Slavs. Kiev luna hai mai i ka papa kiʻekiʻe hoahanau.

Eia naʻe, ma ka XI kenekulia koa Rurikovich hookui hookahe koko ana ma waena o ke kila rula. Ma keia loaa ole ia hoʻokūkū kūpono i loko o nā manaʻo politika a me nā papa hana o Kievan Rus. Iki keia kumu hiki ke wehewehe ma kekahi mau kumu. Mua, ulu Lūkini moku'āina kulanakauhale mea e lilo mai Kuokoa, mai ke kikowaena a hiki i koke, a hiki wawe ka ulu. ʻO ka lua, a hiki i ka disintegration o ka Kievan moku'āina alakai i ka aina o ka huapalapala o ekolu mau loina: monarchical, aristocratic a kemokalaka.

Rurik a me ka aristocracy

Like i loko o kekahi medieval Europa aupuni ka manaʻo politika a me ka kaiapili-papa hana o Kievan Rus kaukaʻi ma luna o ke aupuni mō'ī. Ua lae ma ka wanaao o ka Lūkini statehood. ʻAʻole wale ka luna i keʻano o ka hooko mana:ʻo ia e paʻa ana ka aha, e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ke kānāwai, a kuhikuhi i ka poʻe koa, maalo ae la oia i kona mana i ili mai iā ia. Keia rula e loli ai i nā ka maoli nōhie Slavic moolelo a me ka haole ololi. A me ka hoʻomana kahiko, Lūkini moku'āina i maluna o na mea he nui o na kulanui pili aupuni i loko o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau. Ia mea ke kumu o ka luna o ia mau noʻonoʻo i ka papa kuhikuhiE hoopakele ae o ka Orthodox Church.

Hoʻokele waiwai a me ka pili aupuni? Acaeoey o Kievan Rus ua i kaukaʻi ma ka aristocratic mooolelo kahiko i hoomalu naita'ōlelo aʻo. Keia kula i mālama ai e like me ka nui hoʻokō mana aliʻi. Ua ua ike ia ka mō'ī ua mau, kukakuka ae la me ka hanohano ma ka mea o na a me kuwaho. Nā boyars ke holo i ka moku'āina ma ke Waikiki Aha waihona ma ka kakahiaka kamaliʻi o ka Haku. Nā mākua Rurik pinepine ana no ka papahana a me kā lākou nā wahi i na ahaaina a me ka imi mea hihiu ana.

sīwila hooponopono oihana i pinepine haawiia i ke kī combatants. Lehulehu examples o koa 'uao i loko o kālai'āina ike no ka moʻolelo. No ka laʻana, ka mea Kiev luna Svyatoslav hoole eʻae Kristiano no ka mea, o ka oihana o ko lākou mau pagan kiai, i ka o Anati he Helene, ka manaoio.

Ipu papa ma ia manawa ua ole he paʻa caste. Aristocrat hiki e kekahi kanaka hiki ia oe ke kanaka, a hiki mercenary. Ma kēia hihia, na boyars i i koiia na luna o ka hana. Ka mea, ke haʻalele lākou overlords, a neʻe ma i nā Rurikovich (aole nae losing lepo). Ua ua ike ia Vladimir ka Great Varangians 'Imi ka mahele ana i ka waiwai, ma muli o ka hoʻopio aku i kā lākou kōkua Kiev noho aliʻi.

Veche

Alakaʻi mele o kemokalaka loina i loko o ka Old Lūkini moku'āina i ke kulanakauhale keena. Ua hanaʻia ka hana o ka 'elele, a haawi aku kanaka i ka manawa kūpono e ho ololi i nā hoʻoholo i ia e ke aupuni. Ke kuleana e koho i wale nō i loko o nā kānaka (nā luna o nāʻohana). Ua manaʻo i mare pōkiʻi i manaoia.

Ke ano o ke keena i ano nui i kula aliʻi ma ka oi aku o ka kaiapili-papa hana o Kievan Rus ', pili me ka ulu ana o ka hoʻokiwikā kaiāulu. Oia ke kaiāulu i hana i kekahi mau strata: kalepa, paahana, ekalesia lawehana, ka luna o ka hooponopono. Initially, i ke keʻena ma luna ua pāʻani errant kūlana i loko o ke ola pili aupuni, akā, ma luna o manawa o ka kaumaha ua mahuahua. I ka piko o ka nui o na halawai i wahi i loko o ka XI-XIII kenekulia.

hiki ole First Kievan luna kāpae'ōlelo i ka manao o na kanaka. Lakou limanui hopu i ke kulanakauhale, a ma ka hookahi ano o ke Kuleana bapetizo pegana inehinei. Ma ia hihia, ke kumu i ke keʻena ma luna nō ua loaa ia nui pili aupuni kaupaona? Over manawa, i ka hoʻokiwikā militia ua nui ka hapa o ka paukū. Eia hou kekahi, hoomaka ae la waiwai kanaka e haawi aku ai i nā aliʻi noi kālā (no ka mea hoike, ma ke kaua hookahi). Ma hope Rurik loaʻa pono'ī aneiai pono pili me Posada.

I ka hopena o nā mea a pau kēia mau kali akā, inexorable kaʻina ua i ka mea i loko o 1068 ke keena o Kiev koho like lākou ka luna pio Vseslav, a ma ka 1113 i kono e alii ai maluna o Vladimira Monomaha. Kemokalaka'ōnaehana mea pakahi aku la ia i maʻa i ka akau. Ka mea, ua ka loa kuokoa Novgorod veche, i loko o ke au o ka pili aupuni fragmentation i ke kumu o ka Novgorod Repubalika.

luna aupuni

Ma kekahi hookahi Kievan Rus ma na kumu nui moku'āina kulanakauhale o ka luna ua alii kiaaina. Oia kulana ola i loko o Novgorod, Pereslavl, Vladimir, Chernigov, a no laila, ma luna o. D. E like me ka rula, Kiaaina lilo hea ka mea e pili ana o ka luna. Ma o ka honua, ka mea hana Hookolokolo, aaieieno? A me ka hikiāloa hana.

City hoʻomalu i hoʻomākaukauʻia, alai ae tysyatskim. Iloko o ke kaua, ka mea i hana i ka militia. Aia ua haʻahaʻa-ilikai luna aupuni - constables a me desyatskie. Ka mea, ohi auhau, a mālama mea i loko o ka mamao apana. Aha Nā uku hoʻopaʻia ohi virnikami. Nupepa hooponopono poai puni ia e na lunakahiko o ke kaiāulu, a me ka hooponopono ana i ka aina o ka luna - Tiuna.

waiwai

Social 'ole o Kievan Rus i lolelua ka a me ka hōʻeuʻeu - he nui loa o ka heluna kanaka me ka elemakule hiki ke hoʻololi i kā lākou pōʻai kūlana. Ma ka luna o ka hulili, he i ke alii, a me kona entourage - 'ohana, wahi ukali, na boyars. Ma ka wanaao o ka Old Lūkini moku'āina waiwai pili kēia mele o Vikings, e hele mai ana, mai ka hahai ana i ka Scandinavia Rurikovich mua. Ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu o ka Noremana ua hoʻemi. Kekahi assimilate, ua auou caiaiai kekahi poe i ka hereditary Hawaiian Slavs.

Kaiapili-papa hana o Kievan Rus 'hiki ole ke hana me ka hoohiki ana o ka aeia no kulana o ka moku'āina i hoʻomākaukauʻia. I kona lokomaikaʻi redistribute loaa mai kuai, i ka waiwai pio o ke kaua, auhau, a no laila, ma luna o. D. 'ihiʻihi kulana he bailiffs (ognischan), ma kaʻoihana o ka mō'ī i ka ohua (tiuns), nā man- akia ma na ahaaina (lawe kiaha).

A hiki i ka XII kenekulia Rusia ua ole e loaa ana mai ka feudalism hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o WesternʻEulopa. No laila, 'Aʻole nō naʻe i ka boyars, a pâʻani' o ia kūlana ano nui i loko o ke ola o ka Hikina Slavic ke kaiāulu, ka mea, ua i kuokoa ona o ko lākou mau aina. Ka muli loa paukū, subordinate ia ia ia, i kapaʻia ka Pakuhi Makaʻaha.

Free kanaka a me ka poe kauwa

Ka nohona stratum o Kievan Rus 'Ua haku o kanaka, a me ka noa peasantry. No ka mea, waiwai ma kahi o 75% o ka heluna kanaka. Kekahi, ahu iho -ʻeleu poe kuai, me ka a ka mea makemake e hiki nioeaeuii-yeiiiie? Acaeoey o Kievan Rus. Pokole wehewehe i ka nui o nā poʻe kālepa e hiki ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ka mea i ka moku'āina kana a pau i ka mea e pono ai (a me ka nui) kumuwaiwai no ka hoomalu ana i ka oihana ala mai ka Vikings a hiki i ka poe Helene. Kupa o hoʻokiwikā posadov hui i loko o ke kaiaulu. Ka mea, Ua i houluuluia ma ka kumu o ka ia kenekoa apana.

Kino noa kauwa i kapa Lyudin a me ko lākou mau kaiaulu - me nā kaula. Ma waho aʻeo ia ia i loko o ke kauhale a pau no hoi smerdy. No laila, ka mea i kapa kauwa pili ana i ka luna. Ka mea hana ma luna o ka'āina o ka mō'ī. Hooponopono o ia Tiunov hana. Social kūlana o serfs poe i ka loa kūlana ma ka aina. Hewa e ku e ia lakou, ua koiia e emi nā uku haʻakiu. Ma na olelo e ae, i ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia i ke kūlana o serfs i loko o ke kānāwai kahua o Kievan Rus - Russian Pravda.

No ka mea, i kekahi stratum o noiʻi kaila ryadovichey. O ua sīwila? Aaiuo i pili i kekahi'ē aʻe, ahu iho o ka heluna kanaka. Kā lākou hana mea nui i na makana no ka yeiiiie? Ulu o ka aina. Ma ka hana hoʻoikaika Hoʻokē akula ka aie, ua hikiʻole, e hookaa i ka lakou mau aie. Ka Russian Pravda la ka mea loaa i ka inoa o ka mea kūʻai. I na kauwa, ua malamaia lakou poe kauwa a me ka poe kauwa. Mau poe kanaka ka poe i noʻonoʻo i ka waiwai o nā aliʻi a ano hanohano, a me ka mai i kekahi hana kūikawā o ka aina. No ka laʻana, e pono Klyuchnik poe kauwa.

Kaawale mai a pau i loko o ka lehulehu'ōnaehana he clergymen. Ka mea,ʻikeʻia ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia IX, ka wā Vladimir ka Nui i bapetizo Rusia, a i Kristiano i ka moku'āina hoʻomana. Nui luna kiʻekiʻe (poe kahu, archbishops a me Kauhalenui) koke ku i ka aeia no kūlana. I ka Ia manawa mālie i hana i ke kūlana o ka mōneka. Special ai Ua pio ka polokalamu ma ka ke aupuni 'ê: Ugric kanaka, ka Finns ma ke kūkulu'ākau, a me ka hemaʻeleʻele hoods. I ka pau ana o XI kenekulia i loko o Rusia entrenched Iudaio. He nui no ia i hana ma ka uku kuala a me ka waiwai. Iudaio Polenekia mea ulu ana ma hope o ka pio ana o ka Khazars.

Hoʻokele waiwai a me ka Mahiai

Like i loko o nā kokoke'āina, no ka papa hana o Kievan Rus 'i ka nānā' ana ma luna o kekahi mau kī wahi: mahiʻai, wahi lulu, a me na haole kalepa, a me ka akamai. In IX-X kenekulia. ua he qualitative loli ma ka mahiai. I loko o kēia wā, ke kahiko fiku laʻai mahiʻai ia. Kona rula ua ia ma hope o ka mua iʻohi aina no kekahi mau makahiki i koe, e iʻai. I ka Ia manawa, aole he alternation ma ke kuapo.

Ma wahi o keia hana i hele mai dvuhpolnaya a me ekolu-kahua nenoaiu o ka aina i. Me kona hoʻokomo 'ia' o ka papa hana o Kievan Rus makemake e nele a me ka belated. A hiki aku i ka ekolu-kahua'ōnaehana ma kekahi paena koho 'ē aʻe ma waena o kekahi mau hana' ike loea. Leomakana, luawai a me ka hooilo. Mahalo i ka hou i ke ano o kekahi mea kanu kuapo mahiʻai ua māhuahua hana a ko lakou mau aina. Ma ka akau like o ka hikina Slavs i loko o keia manawa, o ka mua 'oni iki kanu ua i nā UAIAaIN e paʻa ka mahi.

Papa hana o Kievan Rus 9-12 kenekulia. Ua kaukaʻi ma o ka wa e ohi ai o kī ulu. Ma ka hema e ulu ana buckwheat a me ka palaoa, a ma ke kūkulu'ākau - ota, bale a me ka rai. Kanaka mahinaʻai i anao? Aou i ka turnip. e ulu hanalima ulu, a hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hili (hemp a me ke olonā). Ke ki mea hana o ka hana i loko o ka akau i ka oo palau. I ka XII kenekulia mahiʻai? Eou laau oo palau hemolele ma ka pepa metala ploughshare.

He aha hou aʻe e loli ai ka papa hana o Kievan Rus? Mahiai a hiki ole nei me na lio. Ka mea, ua ka mea, nana i huki i ka oo palau. Eia hou, i pono ai na lio kaua. Ua lilo lākou mahi nui i ka hapa o kahiko Lūkini hoʻokele waiwai. Nunui me na ohana holoholona no i ka luna o ka hale. Eia naʻe coexisted me ka mahiai a me ka hānai kapu holoholona. Pākuʻi i nā mea a pau o kēia mau hana, me ka papa hana o Kievan Rus a me ka Old Lūkini moku'āina o ka luna 'a me ka multifaceted kaʻina, i ua nō i? Anoee e akamai.

Huli holoholona, ka lawaiʻa, beekeeping

Ma waho aʻeo i ka mahiʻai, ka oi aku o ka papa hana o Kievan Rus i pili me ka imi mea hihiu ana. Ua Ua hana me ka mea okoa populations. No ka mea boyars a me nā aliʻi ioioie? Ue ua leʻaleʻa. Akā, no ka poʻe e noho ana ma ka ululaau, a ulu-hehi wahi ia i kekahi ala e loaʻa i ke kālā a me kaʻai. Für Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o Nails mehana lole, a me ka hoonohonoho hou-yeiiiie? Me nā hoalauna ('auwaʻa). No ka holoholona i loko o nā kanaka i ka waiwai a kekahi kanaka ke loaa ia ia he nui uku 'ole corporal hoopai (ka mea ia hele no ka pepehi ioioie? Ilio a me ka holoholona poho i ka latike).

Papa hana o Kievan Rus 'hiki ole ke hana lawaia ole. Ka mea, imi ae la ma na kapakai o ic ??, muliwai a me nā kahawai, a i mau i ka oi o ka East 'Eulopa Plain. ¶ A i loko o ka Kievan Rus i ka nui loa mai ai Bortnychi hoʻokele waiwai. Inā ka beekeeper Hahai ma hope laau e like me ka hana, ka mea hele mai ma lalo o ka malu o ke kānāwai. Luku aku i ka hoailona o ka mea nana o ka hive e kali ana no ka nani 12 hryvnia.

kuai

Fashion a me ka holoholona i nā huahana mea mahaloia imua o na haole kuai. Mea hoʻolilo o Kievan Rus oiaʻano nui o ka mahiʻai a me ka ulu eaniiai oiiaa. Ma ka X kenekulia ulu kālepa me Byzantium. I na Helene,'Ākia Slavic kuai lilo aku la ka meli, nahaehae, für, ka palaoa a me ka mea paa. I pānaʻi, no ka Kievan Rus poe kalepa loaa kā lākou mau hana icons, Jewelry, hua a me ka silika. Kekahi mau i ka olelo kālepa a me ka hikina a me ke komohanaʻEulopa.

Aie i ka mea lucrative kalepa ma Constantinople he ua he mālama hooponopono o ka poʻe kālepa hoaʻai, mai Kiev. Ke Kelemānia a me ka Scandinavian kulanakauhale mea maʻa mau i oi o Novgorod. Me kēia kanaka enterprising, a koa i loaa i ka papa hana o Kievan Rus i ka Tempo me a ke aupuni i hoʻomohala i ka makahiki o ka pili aupuni ano hoopono a me ka kumupaʻa.

E hoʻokaʻaʻike kālepa i loko o nā'āina, ua hooponopono e lahui e piele lakou ae like ana. No ka laʻana, a me na palapala eʻe Byzantine i loko o 907 a me 944, a me Volga Pulakalia - i ka 1006, ka mea nana e hoole kaʻina hana pu me. Ma Rusia, na poe kalepa noho ai. Kēia kanaka Kelemānia a me Hōlani ( "he Roma kanaka") hana ma Novgorod kuai mau iwilei. Ma Kiev, he mau panalāʻau o ka Helene, a Armenian kalepa. Suzdal me kona Volga i ka springboard ma ka oihana me ka hikina lāhui kanaka, Bulgars, Caucasians a me nā kupa o Khorezm. Ma Kiev enclave Tmutorakan hiki Persian a me Keokia waiwai.

No ke aha la e ae aku i ka papa hana o Kievan Rus? Pokole hiki ke hoemi i ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia i ka kaua, e like me ka pono meʻaihue a me ka powa ana o poʻe kālepa 'ulupaia na kanaka. " Poe kalepa transporting huahana ma waena o kekahi aina e, e pili ana huakaʻi, a hui ma ka hui, e hoomalu i ko lakou mau mea e pono ai. Oia kauä kuapaʻa hooponopono ana a me ka moku'āina a me ka auhau i loaʻa. Ma Novgorod, a hiki i kēia hopena, kūkulu i kalepa "haneri". Ka loa influential a me ka waiwai kāne e noho ana i loko o ka aeia no kaiāulu. E kiʻi i loko o ia, ka mea, ua pono i ka uku i ka puka uku (ma kahi o kanalima kala hryvnia). Poʻe kālepa pono i waho e like me ka 'aelike i paʻa kūmau ma ka "Lūkini Make" Yaroslava Mudrogo. Ma kekahi, i loko o kēia palapala no ka manawa mua loa i loaʻa kekahi 'atikala e pili ana i panakalupa.

House

Aia mea i kanalua i ka kaiapili-papa hana o Kievan Rus kaukaʻi ole wale ma luna o ka waho, akā, no hoi, mai lulu popilikia kalepa. Kona papa kuhikuhiE engine ua handicraft. Ma Kievan Rus, aia no ua kokoke 40 mau kihapai. Ka mea, he poʻe kālai pōhaku, kamana, alahaka i haalele ai, Manufacturers o nā pōhaku lepo, shipbuilders. No kaena kuaiia, i ka hana ana o kanaka, e hooho ana i ka mua Russian Orthodox ekalesia. He nui na poe akamai i ua ua hoʻonaʻauao ma kahi e, no laila, e hōʻeleu i wale i ka papa hana o Kievan Rus. Maalea kupu i loko o mau kauhale uuku hoi. ulana ua, he pono ole i ka kua'āina wahi. Koi no ka lole huahana ulu me ka hoomahuahua i ka heluna kanaka.

Kekahi 'ihiʻihiʻoihana i blacksmithing. No nā koa, kaukaualiʻi hoʻi, a me nā luna o nā mea kaua haku i; no ka kulanakauhale e noho ana a me ka mahiʻai - ke keleawe a me ka hao i na mea paahana. Kaiapili-papa hana o Kievan Rus ua hookuke ana imua me ka modernization o? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a me kēia kaʻina makemake e hiki ole me ka kiʻekiʻe-kbps lako a pan.

Ke Pottery i loko o ka X kenekulia stucco 'ana i kūpono i ke ala a hiki i ka potera ka huila. Laha ma Rusia loaa pālolo tableware. Hanauna ma hope o hanauna ua Hone lākou nā mākau East Slavic jewelers. Old Russian moolelo iʻikeʻia i loko o na aina no kona kūlana kūpono o nā kāwaha, beading a me ka 'ole. D.