Pilikino idealism o Berkeley, a Hume

Mawaena o ka nui philosophical nenoai e ike i ka primacy o ka uhane loina i loko o ke ao nei no nā mea a pau, he mau ku mai i ka aʻo o Ioane. Berkeley a me David Hume, i hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka hua olelo me pilikino idealism. Nā elue no kā lākou mau hopena, he na palapala o medieval scholastics-nominalists a me kā lākou mau hope - e like me conceptualism, John Huli Palekana, ka mea kuleana e i ka pono - o ka noʻonoʻo ka hihia o pinepine recurring symptoms o kekahi mau mea.

Ma muli o nā kūlana hana o John Huli Palekana, English Bishop a me ka poe akeakamai George. Berkeley haawi aku la ia i ko lakou mau palapala hoike. Inā loaʻa i wale hoʻopuehuʻia, kaʻawale mea, a me wale i ka kanaka naau, lālau recurring hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o kekahi o kēia mau waiwai, e hōʻike ana ukana ma ka pūʻulu, a kahea aku i ka pae ma kekahi mau olelo, ka mea hiki ke ea ae ia aole hiki e ole Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo,ʻaʻole ma muli o ka waiwai a me na ano o na mea ana ia lakou iho. Ia mea, ua hiki ole hoi i noonoo ai i ke kanaka o ke Hōʻuluʻulu, akā, e manaʻo ana "ke kanaka," mākou manaʻo i kekahi alanui. No laila, ma ka hou i ko makou ike paka i ka abstraction e ole i ko lakou ola, ka mea i ua loaʻa wale nō ma ka lolo hope. Kēia mea pilikino idealism.

I kana hana "Ma ke kumu mua o ka He Knowledge" thinker formulates kona kumu o manaʻo: "e nei" - ka mea, 'o ia hoʻi "e e ike." E ike i ka mea mākou a makaukau, akā, 'aʻole e makemake ana ka mea i'ālike i kā mākou manaʻo (a me nā manaʻo) e pili ana ia? J. pilikino idealism. Berkeley hoʻopaʻapaʻa ia mākou makaukau no mākou "simulate" o ka mea o ko mākou pokole. Alaila, e huli mai, ina ke kumuhana, aole ia i haha aku knowable e hoopii mai ai,ʻaʻohe meaʻaʻole hoʻokahi ma nā mea a pau - e like me ka mea, i loko o Antarctica, alpha (particles) a Pluto i loko o nā lā o George Berkeley ..

Ke ninau laila aicieeaao: i laila i kekahi mea i mua o kānaka? E like me ka Hui Bihopa, i puʻe wale John. Berkeley e haʻalele i kona pilikino idealism, paha, ka mea, ua kapaʻia like, solipsism, a ua neʻe i ka oihana o ka Pahuhopu idealism. Pau ole, ma o ka Zeitgeist i ka manaʻo a pau o nā mea a pau ma mua o ka hoʻomaka o ko lākou ola, aʻo ia e hāʻawi mai ia iā mākou e haha aku. A no ka mea, o ke 'ano o nā mea a pau, a me nā mea i loko o a ke kanaka pono e hoʻopau, a hiki i ke Akua ka naauao a me ka maikai.

Pelekāne poe akeakamai Devid Yum ulu pilikino idealism o Berkeley. Ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka empiricism - ke ao ana o ke aʻo 'ana ma ka ho'āʻoʻana - poe akeakamai ao mai i kā mākou lawelawe mau i ka manaʻo nui i pinepine ka nānā' ana ma luna o mākou ano pokole o kanaka mea. Akā, i ke kumuhana a me kā mākou sensory pokole o ka mea - o ka ia e mau loa ana. No laila, i ka hana o ke akeakamai a - ka ao ole o ka 'ano akā, no ka mea pilikino honua, pokole, manaʻo, kanaka kūpili.

Pilikino idealism o Berkeley, a Hume i ka nui hopena ma luna o ka evolution o Beritania empiricism. Ua Ua hoʻohana ', a me ka Palani mālamalama, a me ka mea hoʻonoho o agnosticism ma ka pähola' ana o ka naauao Hume i impetus i ke kahua o ka noʻonoʻo loi o Kant. Ke kulana o ka "mea i loko wale" o ka German nä känaka 'epekema i ke kumu o Kelemānia panina kālaiʻike. Epistemological optimism puaʻa a me ka skepticism Hume ma hope ua paipaiʻia poe akeakamai i ka manaʻo o "hōʻoia" a me ka "falsification" o ka manaʻo.