Quantum ke kālaikūlohea: ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama

Ua 'oe a mau loa aku, manao iho la e pili ana i nā mea kūpono i ka mea he nui ka malamalamaʻike manaʻo? No ka laʻana, lawe i ka photoelectric hookoia, wela ale, photochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me ka e like - a pau me ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama. Inā ka mea, i ole, ua ike, ina ua neenee oleʻepekema hana, mai ka make wahi, ma ka mea, e like me ka pono me iao? Iiaie oaoieei holomua. Hoʻopaʻa haʻawina lākou māhele o quantum optics, i ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i ka ia lālā o ke kālaikūlohea.

Quantum waiwai o ka malamalama. He ho'ākāka 'ana

A nei, i ka ike a me ka hulina hoakaka o keia 'ōnohi kŰia hiki ole haawi aku. Ka mea, i ana hoʻohana i ka 'epekema a me ka maʻamau o ke ola, ma keia kumu e kūkulu i wale i ka haʻilula akā, i ka pau pilikia i loko o ke kālaikūlohea. Formulate e loaa ka manao paa hope wale mai ke kālā no ka noiʻi i summed i na hana o kona mua. Penei, ka quantum nalu waiwai o ka malamalama, a - heʻilihune o ka hiʻona o kona emitters, pehea la nā'ātoma i electrons. Quantum (ole photon) ua hanaʻia ma muli o ia ka mea i ka huina'ine kolo ana lakou ma ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, pela hoʻomakaʻia i ka Electro-ʻume mākenēki lāʻau ikiʻai wale.

Ka mua'ōnohi loina

XIX столетии. Ka mea mahuʻi e pili ana i ke alo o ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama iʻikeʻia i loko o ka XIX kenekulia. ua 'ike akula' epekema a me ka ikaikaʻike manaʻo e like me diffraction, 'ākeʻakeʻa a me ka polarization. Me kā lākou kōkua, o ka hawewe electromagnetic kumumanaʻo o ka malamalama i loko. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i ka hoʻonui o ka neʻeʻana o electrons i na oscillations o ke kino. E like me ka hopena, ho owela ka, i ukali ia e nalu o ka malamalama i ikea ma hope ona. Ka mua kākau ka kuhiakau ma keia mea ua hana ka Pelekāne D. Rayleigh. He ua manao like kekahi ano o ka pāhawewe like a me ka mau nalu, a ma ka hoopaaia pokole. E like me kona hopena a, me ka emi i loko o kā lākou auaiaea hawewe e mahuahua noke, eia hoi, koi 'ia e i ultraviolet a me ka m-kukuna. Ma ka hana pono, a pau keia i ole, ua hookupaa iho la ia, a me ka mea, i kekahi theorist.

Planck ka haʻilula

XX века Макс Планк – физик немецкого происхождения – выдвинул интересную гипотезу. I ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia pono ai na papa kahi - he Kelemānia-hanau physicist - ua kau aku imua o ka hoihoi 'kuhiakau. E like me ia, i ka ea puka a me ka omo o ka malamalama, aole ia i hoʻomaka ai i noke aku, e like me mamua, manao iho, a me nā'āpana - quanta, a me ka mea i kapaʻia photons. h , и он был равен 6,63·10 ^-34 Дж·с. Planck ka ia a eia i hoʻolauna - proportionality ololi poe ma ka palapala h, a me ka mea, ua like ke 6,63 × 10 ^-34 J · mau. v – частота света. I mea e hoʻomaulia i ka ikaika o kēlā me kēia photon, nele i kekahi oi loa aku oukou - V - i ke alapine (frequency) o ka malamalama. Planck ka a eia i hoonuiia e ka alapine (frequency), a me ka hopena i loaa mai ai ka ikaika o ka hoʻokahi photon. No Kelemānia nä känaka 'epekema pololei a me ka pono hoʻopaʻa i loko o ka alodio haʻilula, ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama, a i ua ike mua e H. Hertz, a i hoʻokohu' ia e like me ka photoelectric hopena.

I ka loaʻa mai o ka photoelectric hookoia

E like me mākou i mai la ia, i ke nä känaka 'epekema Genrih Gerts i ka mua me ka unuhi i hoʻolohe i ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama nezamechaemye mamua. Ke photoelectric hopena iʻike i ka makahiki 1887 i ka wa i nä känaka 'epekema hui naauao ana i ka kiniki papa, a me ka lāʻau hahau o ke electrometer. Ma ka hihia ma ka una honua hiki i ka maikaʻi malama, i ka electrometer ua i hookuu. Inā he hopena maikaʻi kauoha ua kinoea, ka mea hoʻomaka e hookuuia, i ka wa i ka una honua hina ultraviolet Ray. I loko o keia mau lima-ma luna o ka hoao ana ia i ho'āʻo ai i ka una honua ua paku ole ia i ka malamalama hiki pāhawewe hou io uila 'āhewa' ana, i hope loaa i ka inoa kūpono - electrons.

Mea hiki ka hoao ana Stoletova

Mea hiki ho okolohua me electrons alakai Lūkini kanaka noiʻi Alexander Stoletov. No kona ike maopopo ana, ua hoʻohana i ka holo aniani kukui a me nā nā uila aʻa lolo. Kekahi'ūholo uila Ua hoʻohana no ka mana EYI, a me ka lua i naauao ana, a me ka mea i lawe mai ai i ka hopena maikaʻi kaupoku o ka pu ki. Iloko o keia hana, o ka he hoʻomaka e mahuahua ikaika, akā, ma hope o ka manawa ia i lilo ai i mau a me ka pololei hapaʻauhau i ka pāhawewe o ka malamalama. E like me ka hopena, ka mea i loaʻa i ka ikehu kinetic o electrons like hoʻi me hoʻokaʻuluaʻana i ke anakahi uila, aole ia e hilinaʻi ma ka mana o ka malamalama. Akā, i ka mea ulu i loko o ke alapine (frequency) o ka malamalama ke kumu e ulu i kēia aka.

New quantum waiwai o ka malamalama: ka photoelectric ia a me kona kānāwai

Iloko o ka hooulu ana o Hertz ka kumumanaʻo o ka hana Stoletov i ua Mamao ekolu walaʻauʻana kānāwai, a, e like me ka mea huli mai, na photons i functioning:

Мощность светового излучения, которое падает на поверхность тела, прямо пропорциональна силе тока насыщения. 1. Power malamalama e kau mai maluna o ka ili o ke kino, ua pololei hapaʻauhau i ka ikaika o ka saturationʻikena.

Мощность светового излучения никак не влияет кинетическую энергию фотоэлектронов, а вот частота света является причиной линейного роста последней. 2. Power malamalama aʻole e pili mai ka ikehu kinetic o ka photoelectron, akā, i ke alapine (frequency) o ka malamalama o ke kumu o ka hope ulu laina.

Существует некая «красная граница фотоэффекта». 3. Aia He Heʻano o "ulaula kae o ka photoelectric hopena." ʻO lalo laina mea ia ina mea emi o ka alapine anakahi malamalama palena iki no ka hāʻawi mea i ke alapine (frequency), ua mālama i ka photoelectric hopena.

mau theories hookui pilikia

Ma hope o haʻilula loko Max Planck, Scienceʻalo me ka hihia. Mua loko nalu, a me quantum waiwai o ka malamalama, a ua weheia ka uuku hope, hiki ole nei i loko o ka? Aieao o ka nui oluolu kanawai o ke kālaikūlohea. I kulike ai me ka electromagnetic a, ke kahiko kumumanaʻo, a pau na electrons o ke kino, i kau mai maluna o ka malamalama, e hele mai i loko o koi oscillation ma ka ia alapine (frequency). Ua makemake paha he mana loa kinetic ikehu i ka mea he hiki ole. No hoi, no ka hoʻomāhuahua o ke koi dala o ke koena e koe i ka huina'ine ikehu mea pono ia e hiki ai i na umi o nā minuke, oiai ka photoelectric hookoia, ma ka hana, he mea ole ka mea iki kali. ala ae la no hoi hou hilahila, mai ka mea i ka ikaika o photoelectrons, aole ia e hilinaʻi ma ka mana o ka malamalama. No hoi, i ole i kaʻulaʻula kae o ka photoelectric hookoia, a i ole pōpilikia hapaʻauhau i ke alapine (frequency) o ka huina'ine kinetic ikehu o ka malamalama i ua weheia. Ke kahiko kumumanaʻo hiki ole wehewehe akaka hiki i ka maka o ke kino ai 'ʻike manaʻo, a me ka mea hou i ole i hoakaka hana mai.

Rationalism Alberta Eynshteyna

Wale i ka 1905, o ka nui physicist Albert Einstein hoike mai i ka hana pono, a kiko'ī a ma ka kumumanaʻo, aha ia mea - i ke ano oiaio o ka malamalama. A quantum nalu ka waiwai, e wehe ae ma mau e ku pono ana kekahi i kekahi, hypotheses i like māhele hoʻomaopop 'ana i ke photons. E hoʻokō 'ia i ke kiʻi nele i ka rula wale o ka discreteness, oa ka kiko'ī wahi o photons i loko o ka lewa. Kēlā me kēia photon - he huna i hiki e ke kemu a kinoea me ka a pau. Huina'ine "moni 'ia" oloko photon maoli konaʻoihana ma luna o ka waiwai o ka ikehu ke kemu ma na (particles). Eia, i loko o ka photocathode huina'ine höʻike i kona ili honua, oiai ka malama ana i ka "papalua mahele lāʻau" o ka ikehu, a ia auoiaea ia iho i loko o kinetic ikehu. Ma keia mea ano, a me ka photoelectric hookoia ua lawe mai i loko o i ole hoʻopaneʻe 'ia ana naoh. Ma ka hoʻopau o ka huina'ine produces he quantum ia iho, a kau mai maluna o ka ili o ke kino, houʻia me ka hiki hou ikehu. I ka nui o ka helu ana o photons he - i ka nui mana pāhawewe, niioaaonoaaiii, a me ka fluctuation o ka malamalama nalu ulu.

Ka simplest manaʻo, a i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka loina o ka photoelectric hookoia

Ma hope o ka discoveries i e Kelemāniaʻepekema ma ka hoʻomaka o ka iwakalua kenekulia, ke noi i loaʻa i loko o ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama no ka hana ana i kekahi mau manaʻo. Hana, nana ana o ka photoelectric hookoia, i kapaʻia ka ikehu lā keena, i ka simplest Luna o ka a - i ka holo. I waena o kona keakea hiki ke kapaia nawaliwaliʻikena conductivity, haʻahaʻa pā lonoaʻili i ka pāhawewe loa nalu, i mea no ke aha la ka mea hiki ole ke hoʻohana 'ia ma AC wahi i puhi ai. Ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ke holo ka manaʻo i loko o photometry, ka mea, e ana i ka ikaika o ka olinolino a me ka malamalama e like ai. He Radio i nui ka kūlana ma ka fototelefonah, a ma nā leo hōʻike hou.

Photovoltaic keena me ka conduction oihana

Ua ua heʻano okoa loa o ka manaʻo, a i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama. I ko lakou manao - e hoʻololi i ka lawe nuʻa. O kŰia ua i kekahi manawa kapaʻia ka mea maloko photoelectric kanawai, a me ia mea i ke kumu o ka hana photoconductors. Mau semiconductors e pāʻani ana i ke kūlana loa nui i loko o mākou kela la i keia ola ana. No ka mea manawa mua, hoomaka ae la lakou i ka mea ma hope kaa e hoʻohana. A laila, ka mea, i nāʻano uila a me na pu ki hana. Ma ka waena o ka iwakālua kenekulia hoomaka ae la e pili me neia ka ikehu lā keena no ke kūkuluʻana spaceships. Hiki i keia manawa, ma muli o ia ka mea maloko photoelectric ia hana i ka turnstiles i loko o ke kaʻa'ōhua ma lalo iho, lawe m'kini helu a me ka poe Panel.

photochemical reactions

Light, i ke ano o ka mea i wale hapa 'ia i loaʻa' epekema ma ka iwakālua kenekulia, ma ka mea, ka mea e loli ai ka Nine Inch a me liluwelo keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka pele kaʻina kānāwai quantum hakakino dissociation kaʻina hana a me kā lākou hoʻokuʻi pū me nā nā'ātoma. I ka 'epekema, keia ua ikeia like photochemistry, a ma ke ano o kekahi o kona hoike ana ka kāʻamaʻai. He pono i ka malamalama ale keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ea puka o kekahi mau waiwai i lawe ia e aeee i loko o ka extracellular kahua, kahi o ka mea kanu i uliuli.

Pili i ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama, a me kanaka hihiʻo. Noho ma luna o ka retina, he photon triggers ke kaʻina hana o ka decomposition o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Keia ike ua kaʻi aku ma neurons ma o ka lolo, a me ka hope o lapaʻau, ua hiki nā mea a pau i ka malamalama. Ka napoʻo kumuʻiʻo lātoma ua hoihoi hou ia, a ua lawa hihiʻo i ka hou ana.

hualoaʻa

We loaʻa mai i loko o ka papa o kēia 'atikala, i meaʻano nui ka quantum waiwai o ka malamalama i hōʻike' ia i loko o ka kŰia kapaia ka photoelectric hopena. Kēlā me kēia photon i kona malama a me ka nuipa a, a me ka wā 'alo me ka huina'ine hina i loko o ia. Quantum a me ka huina'ine i kekahi, a me kā lākou mau hui ikehu ua hoohuliia i loko o kinetic ikehu, a, ikaika olelo ana, e pono no i ka manaʻo o ka photoelectric hopena. Ka nalu oscillation pela hua mai la i hoonui i ka photon ikehu, akā, wale i ka kekahi ana.

i keia la Photoelectric ia mea he nui ke keʻena o ka hapanuiʻano o ka lako a pan. Ma kona kumu o ka hale makahiki moku a me ka ukali, hoʻomōhala ka ikehu lā aeee i hoʻohana me ke kumu o ke kākoʻo ikehu. Eia hou, i ka malamalama nalu i ka hopena nui ma luna o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka Nine Inch liluwelo ma ka Honua. I ka lilo ana o maʻamau Map na mea kanu e uliuli a pau, i ka honua i ka lewa ua pena piha koho waihoʻoluʻu o ka uliuli, a me ke ike i ke ao nei e like me ia mea.