Rock-ho okumu i nā minelala hao o ka igneous, sedimentary a me ka metamorphic pōhaku

Ka hapa nui o ka pohaku-ho okumu i mea pōhaku o kekahi o na kumu nui olelo o ka Honua ka pńpa - i ka pohaku. Ka loa, he pono ole pōaka, Mika, feldspar, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene a me na mea e ae. Meteorites a me ka Helu pōhaku, he, a pau ia ia. Kekahi pohaku-ho okumu i mea pōhaku e pili ana i kekahi papa ai kekahi - i ka papa, i mea oi aku mamua o umi pakeneka, kiʻekiʻe - mai ana i umi pakeneka, mea kalaima - emi mai o kekahi pakeneka. Ke kumu nui mea mea i loaʻa i walaʻauʻana, e silicates, e kua, oxides, chlorides paha sulfates.

oko ao

Rock-ho okumu i mea pōhaku i e malamalama (leucocratic, Salic), e like me pōaka, feldspathoids, feldspars, a me ka mea e like, a me ka uliuli (melanocratic, mafic) me olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, a me na mea e ae. Ka mea, i kekahi kapa hoʻohanohano ma ka haku mele 'ana. Rock-ho okumu i mea pōhaku o ka silica i, kalepona a halogen pōhaku. Paragenesis - he huihui 'ana o nāʻano, wā i ka inoa, i kapaia ka cardinal. No ka laʻana, hui me granites oligoclase, microcline a me ka pōaka.

A pae o ka pohaku-ho okumu i nā minelala hao, a haawi aku i ka wahi i ka pohaku i loko o petrographic taxonomy - PalekanaEND_LINK paha symptomatic. Kēia pōaka feldspathoids a me olivine. I hoomaopopo iniiaiie nā minelala hao syngenetic ho okumu i ka ole holoʻokoʻa a me ka kiʻekiʻe 'ia i ka huli ana o ka ole. Haku i ka papa kuhikuhiE pohaku-ho okumu i nā minelala hao i ka Nine Inch hehee wale kapaia petrogenic. O O, N, F, S, C, Cl, mg, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

waiwai o nā minelala hao

He aniani 'ole a me ka Nine Inch haku mele' ana e nānā 'ana i ka waiwai o nā mea a pau nā minelala hao. ʻike, ua lawe mai ka hoʻohana 'ana i kekahiʻano o ka mākau' ana i kūpono - spectral Ka Ikepili, kemika, huina'ine microscopy, X-Ray diffraction. I kahua hana hoʻoholo protozoa (PalekanaEND_LINK) waiwai o nā minelala hao hoʻokahi wale nō visually ma ka maka. Ka hapa nui o ia mea physical. Naʻe, ka mea kiko'ī ka wehewehena o ka mea pōhaku pono ka pau huahelu o PalekanaEND_LINK ki ina hana like. Kekahi waiwai iʻokoʻa nā minelala hao e ia i ka ia, oiai kekahi poe - ole.

Ua hilinaʻi nui ma ke alo o ÿano impurities, ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana a me ka shape koho. Muli o kona kulana kākaʻikahi nā kumu waiwai i laila, ano, i ka mea i hiki i ka pololei diagnose kekahi pohaku mauna. PalekanaEND_LINK waiwai e māheleʻia i loko oʻekolu pūʻulu. 'ōnohi a me mechanical waiwai o ka pae aku la i ko lakou ae manao paa o ka waiwai no ka mea, hookahi pohaku. Kolu o ka pūʻulu - 'ē aʻe, me ka waiwai pono no kaʻike, ka oi aku kekahi mau nā minelala hao.

Monomineral a polymineral ole

Pōhaku pōhaku - he kūlohelohe mea pōhaku accumulations o ka nuipa a, e uhi ana i ka ili o ka Honua, e lawe 'ana i loko o ka hana o kona ili. Eia, e like me ka ua, ua i mai la, komo pono okoa ma Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka waiwai. Kēlā mau pōhaku, kona haku mele 'ana - hoʻokahi hookahi mea pōhaku i kapaia o monomineral, a me nā mea a pau i ka' ē aʻe iloko olaila a mau ano o ka pōhaku, a oi - multimineral. No ka laʻana, limestone - calcite loa, nolaila, oia monominerals. Akā, māpala - like. Ka mea, nā nā pōaka a Mika, a me ka feldspar, a no laila, ua nui aku konaʻokoʻa.

Mono- a multimineral hilinaʻi nui ma luna a 'ā ina keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ia wahi i loko o ka wahi. 'Oe ke lawe i kekahi pohaku mauna, a me ka hoakaka i ka kiko'ī aina, a hiki i ka loa kahi mea i laweʻia. Ka mea, e hoohalike ai kekahi i kekahi, a ma ka mea ia manawa, ua kokoke loa ka ia. Mau mea a pau? Anoee pōhaku. Pohaku nui a pau nana i ka ia, akā, ua hana lākou Nine Inch waiwai ma kekahi keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

me Kinohi

E like me na olelo ma i ke kahua o nā mauna, maopopo sedimentary, metamorphic a me igneous pōhaku. No ka igneous pōhaku loaʻa i ka kekahi mea i hana mai i ka pele o ka pelemaka. Red-wela, hoʻoheheʻe pohaku, anuanu maila ia, huli ae la i kekahi paa aniani nuipa a. Kēia kaʻina hele i loko o kā mākou mau lā.

Ke kii i ka pelemaka nui helu o Nine Inch i huiʻia e e loli ana e kiʻekiʻe puʻe a me ka wela, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i na mea he nui o ka hui i loko o ka gaseous moku'āina. Ke manaʻo koikoi poe koa o ka pelemaka i ka ili a kokoke i ka mea fits a hoomaka e hooluolu iaia. Ka oi wela ua nalowale, i ka nui paha o ka nuipa crystallizes. e hoʻoholo i ka crystallization ana, a me ka aniani nui. Ma ka ili o ke anuanu maila kaʻina mea e hoʻokēʻai ai, i ka kinoea evaporate, no laila, me ka ie-na hua liilii pohaku ua loaa, a me ka hohonu, ua hana nui nā pōaka.

Effusive a me ka hohonu mea pōaka pohaku

Crystallized pelemaka Ua puʻunaueʻia i loko o ka papa hiʻona elua e haawi i ka pae inoa. Ma magmatic pōhaku pili effusive pae, a laila extrusive a me intrusive pūʻulu - hohonu crystallization. E like me ua oleloia, i ka ho'ēmi pelemaka i loko o kekahi hana kūpono, a nolaila, e hele kekahi pohaku-ho okumu i mea pōhaku. Izlivshayasya volatilization kinoea lako oukou i kekahi Nine Inch i huiʻia a me nā liloʻuʻuku iho kona waiwai. Small nā pōaka i loaa. Ma ka hohonu pelemaka Nine Inch i huiʻia nā mea hou ole, wela ua nalowale lohi, no laila, na nā pōaka i loko o kona 'ole nui.

Effusive pōhaku nā andesites a me nāʻalā o, kokoke hapa o ia mau mea, rarer Lipari a pau i nā pōhaku i loko o ka honua ka pńpa mea mailuilu haalele. Deep hana ka hapanui porphyry a me ka māpala, he iwakalua manawa hou ma mua o nā mea a pau na mea e ae a lakou. N igneous pōhaku ke kaumaha ma muli o ka haku mele 'ana o ka pōaka māheleʻia i loko o elima pūʻulu. Mea pōaka pōhaku nā i ka hailona o impurities, i waena o ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ka likeʻole ma o micro- a me ultramicroelements ma i ka pńpa uhi a pau ano o nā mea kanu.

ka pelemaka

Pelemaka kekahi mau kokoke i ka anai papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, a ua Kīwala'ō ma ka la, Na, mg, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, a heʻano o yiaeaiiacaaeneiie eiiiiiaiou - chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, kalapona a me kona oxides, a no laila, ma luna, hoʻohui ka wai i loko o ka palapala o ka mahu. I ka wā o ka pelemaka e neʻe mai ai i ka luna, me ka nui loa ho'ēmi i kā ka helu o ka hope. At anuanu maila ka pelemaka silicate 'ano apau loa - he mea pōhaku e ho likeʻole ka silica i huiʻia. Silicates kapa a pau ia kumumanao nā minelala hao - paʻakai me ka silicicʻakika. Aluminosilicates pihaʻi me paʻakai aluminosilicate nāʻakika.

O basalt ka pelemaka ka papa kuhikuhi, ka mea, i ka widest hoi o ka makana a me ka hapalua oia o ka silica i, ka i koe, he kanalima pakeneka - ka makanekiuma, hao, kalipuna, Aluminum (me ka nui loa), phosphorus, titanium, potasiuma, paʻakai (lalo). Mauʻalā pelemaka māheleʻia i loko o oversaturated me ka silica i - tholeiitic a me ka olivine-waiwai pōhakuʻalā alkalis. Granitic pelemaka - huawaina, rhyolite mai, ka silica i loko o ka mea i nui, i ke kanaono pakeneka, akā, no ka paʻapū i oi ÷ alo, emi agile, a ua hoopili i paʻa kūhohonu loa me ke kinoea. Kekahi dala o ka pelemaka ua mau Hawaiʻi ma lalo o ka aoao o Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

silicates

'O kēia ka loa he ākea papa o maoli nā minelala hao - oi ma mua o kanahiku-kumamalima pakeneka o ka hū o ka Honua ka pńpa, e like me ka hapakolu o nā mea a pau nā minelala hao ikeia. Ka hapa nui o ia mau mea - i ka pohaku-ho okumu i a me ka magmatic a me metamorphic kumu. Silicates i haku a me sedimentary pōhaku, a me kekahi o ia malama aku ke kanaka i nā mea e hoohehee ai, e loaa ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia (hao silicate, no ka laʻana), a ua hua mai i nā minelala hao.

Ka mea, i ka luna '' ole a me ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana. Mall maka aha wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ionic pūʻulu tetravalent SiO ₄ - papalua tetraerd. Silicates i moku, ke komo lima, lei, kāʻei, kuina (papa), kupapau. Keia kaawale mea e kaukaʻi ma o ka hoʻohui pū 'ia o ka silikone tetraerdov.

Mea Maluna o ka pōhaku

Hoikehonua, taxonomy i loko o kēia wahi, i lilo ai i loko o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia, a me ka iwakalua loaa nui kūpono 'ana me ka' epekema o petrography, petrology. I ka 1962, ua i mua hana Petrographic Komite o ka USSR. Ano, i ka oihana i mea i loko o ka Moscow IGEM.

Ke degere o ka haumāna ke ano e lua pōhaku ĸokoĸa ana nä pane nā kaynotipnye - opiopio, i ole loli, a me ka palaeotypal - kahiko, ka mea i recrystallized me ka hooholo ia o ka manawa. Kēia lua pōhaku, clastic, i i hana i ka pele, a he poe piroklastitov (koena ai). Nine Mea Maluna hoʻohuʻu mahele i loko o nā pūʻulu ke kaumaha ma muli o ka maʻiʻo o ka silica i. Igneous pōhaku i loko o ka haku mele 'hiki e ultrabasic, walaʻauʻana, kiʻekiʻe,ʻakika a me kaʻoi loa-ʻakika.

Batholiths a me nā lāʻau kūpeʻe

Loa nui, ole hoʻokino nā paʻi hua o intrusive pōhaku i kapaʻia batholiths. I ka wahi o kēia mau me ka ho okumu hiki ke oaeuiinoe ma na tausani he nui oʻahā like kilomika. 'O kēia ka kikowaena hapa o ka pelupelu ia mauna, kahi batholiths nae i ka mea a pau kuahiwi nenoaiu. Haku o ka lohi loa-na hua liilii māpala me ka ulu o ke, keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me nā protrusions, i hana mai i ka hoike o granitic ka pelemaka.

Ke koʻokoʻo i ka hoʻopoepoe a elliptical keʻa-mahele shape. Ka mea, he poe uuku ma ka nui batholith - IeAUPIIe, IAa IO he uuku emi ma mua o ka haneriʻahā like kilomika, i kekahi manawa, -, elua haneri, akā, i ke koena o ka waiwai i like. He nui nā koʻokoʻo nei iluna, mai ke kaumaha o ka batholith-me Dome. Kā lākou mau pā i steeply miki pu, ole contours.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, dikes

Fish a Dome-hoʻokino ho okumu i hanaʻia ma ka h ÷ like ka pelemaka, kapa laccoliths. Aia mau pinepine pūʻulu. Ka mea, he poe uuku ma ka nui - mai i mau kilomika ma anawaena. Laccoliths ole, e ulu ana mai ma lalo o ka manaʻo koikoi o ka pelemaka hookiekie ae me ka uhaʻiʻana i ka layering o ka pńpa. Ka mea i like loa me Fish. Etmolity ku, ke funnel-hoʻokino, he wiwi hapa ia. Apparently, i ka puali ololi e puka i mālama hua pelemaka.

Lopolith i saucer-hoʻokino kino, bulging ia a hoalaia mai penei. I mai la lakou, he, mea e ulu mai o ka lepo, me ka hōʻoni i ka honua i ka ili honua, a me ka mea e like hohola ia. Na pohaku e ma neia hope aku mawae hou - no kekahi mau kumu. Pelemaka Kahalaopuna nawaliwali a me ka puʻe hoʻomaka i ka hoʻopiha i nā mea a pau i nā wahi i wāhiʻia, a mawae, i ka mea ia manawa Komo 'o ia i ka puni pōhaku ma lalo o ka aoao o ke alahula ana wela. Pela i hana dikes. Ka mea, ua uuku na - ma ka hapalua o ka mika i mau haneri mika, akā, 'aʻole oi i eono mau kilomika. E like me ka pelemaka anuanu ihola ia i loko o na mawae koke dikes mau uku-na hua liilii 'ole. Inā ike i ka mauna i puka kualono - pohaku - keia mea paha, dikes, no ka mea, ua oi hoʻopale i ka'aʻaiawāʻana ma mua o ka puni pohaku.