Slavophiles - ia ... kū i ke au i loko o kālaiʻike. Slavophilism a Westernism

Kahi o 40-50 makahiki o XIX kenekulia i Lūkini ke kaiāulu kanaka, e līkaia mau kuhikuhi - Slavophilism a me Westernism. Slavophiles iā i ka manaʻo o "Rusia ka kūikawā ala", iā lākou mau hoa, Westernersʻohana, e pono e hele ma nā kapuwaʻi o ka Western noho maikai ana, pakahi aku la ia i loko o ka wahi o ka nohona, a me ka moʻomeheu civic ola.

Kahi i hana ai i kēia mau hua'ōlelo?

"Slavophiles" - he kau wahahee e kaulana haku mele Konstantin Batyushkov. I huli ai oe, i ka hua'ōlelo "Westernization" muaʻikeʻia i loko o Lūkini moʻomeheu i loko o nā 40s o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia. Ma kekahi, ka mea hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka "Memoirs" Ivana Panaeva. Loa pinepine, hoomaka ae la ka makahiki e e hoʻohana ma hope o 1840, ka wā ma laila i kekahi mokuāhana me Belinsky Aksakov.

Mōʻaukala o ka helehelena o Slavophilism

Slavophilic, o ka papa, i ole hōʻike spontaneously "mai o ka wahi". Kēia i mua ma ka a pau au mai o ka noiʻi, kākau lehulehu akeakamai pepa a me ka lehulehu ākea, painstaking study o ka mōʻaukala a me ka moʻomeheu o Rusia.

Ua Ua manaoio aku ia i ka loa hoʻomaka o keia philosophical nā mea kū i Archimandrite Gabriel, iʻikeʻia me Vasiliy Voskresensky. I ka 1840, ua paʻi ia ma Kazan, "Lūkini kālaiʻike", i ua ma kona aoao i ka barometer o ka pukaʻana Slavophilism.

Aka hoi, ke akeakamai o ka Slavophiles hoomaka ae la e ka nuʻu mua i kekahi manawa ma hope, i loko o ka papa o ka ideological hoopaapaa mea i kaua kipi ma luna o ke kumu o ke kūkākūkā "Philosophical ka huapalapala mua" Chaadaev. Adherents o keia wahi, he ka rationale o kanaka, kiʻiona ala o ka mōʻaukala? Acaeoey o Rusia, a me nā Lūkini kanaka, Ua fundamentally okoa mai ka Western Europa ala. E like me ia Slavophiles, Lūkini wahine paha, i loko o ka wahi mua o ka nele o ka papa paio i loko o kona mōʻaukala, ma ka aina a hiki i ka Lūkini kaiāulu a me Free, e like me ia ma ka Orthodox Church ma ka wale oiaio Kristiano.

Development Slavophil pele. Ka papa kuhikuhiE i ka manaʻo nui

I ka 1840-ies. Slavophilic oi loa aku hoi, he pono ole ma Moscow. Ka maikai manaʻo o ka moku'āina houluulu i loko o ka palapala, ai 'salons Elagina, Pauline, Sverbeevyh - ia mea iʻaneʻi i ka mea e ae i launa me kekahi i kekahi, a ua hiki wawe ko kēia hui kūkāʻana me Westerners.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka hana a me na hana o na Slavophiles i hoʻouluhua 'ana ma ka censorship, kekahi activists he ma ka maka o ka makai, a me kekahi poe i hopu. He no ka mea, o keia no ka hala loa o ka manawa loa ka mea, i ole i kekahi paʻa ka paʻi, a hoonoho iho la i kona mau memo a me nā meaʻano nui ma luna o nāʻaoʻao o ka Magazine "Moskvityanin". Ma hope o ka hapa mama o censorship i loko o ka 50s Slavophils hoomaka ae la e hoolaha i ko lakou mau Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke ( "Nupepa beautification", "Lūkini kamaʻilio") a me na nupepa ( "Ka Lei," lono ").

Rusia pono ole aʻo a me ka apono i ano o Western kālai'āina - keia ua paʻa hoomaopopoia o nā mea a pau, me ka koe nae, ka Slavophiles. Kēia,ʻaʻole naʻe, i ole e hiki ia manaʻo mea pono i ka hana kūpono 'ana o ka hana a me ka kalepa, hui panakō a me ka pololei hana, i ka hoʻokomo' ia 'ana o kēia hana ma ka mahiai a me ka? Ieoaeunoai o? Aeaciui. Eia hou, i ka Slavophiles aloha i ka manaʻo o ka abolition o serfdom "mai luna" me ka OAXA hoʻolako 'o ka aina i mau mea e kukaʻi, e kua'āina ka noho' ana.

Ua uku ia ka hoomana me a Slavophiles manaʻo iʻano pili nui noonoo. I ko lakou manao, i ka manaoio oiaio, i hele mai ai i Rusia, mai ka hikina mai Church, stipulates he kūikawā, kū hoʻokahi mōʻaukala nuʻukia o ka Lūkini kanaka. Ia orthodoxy a me ka mooolelo, kaiapili'ōnaehana e ae e hana i ka hohonu kumu o ka Lūkini uhane.

I mau, ka Slavophiles kanaka ike i loko o ka makeʻe kulana romanticism. Ano no ia i ka idealization o na kumu mua o ka traditionalism a me ka patriarchal. Ma ia laua me ia, na Slavophiles imi e alakaʻi i ka intelligentsia e hele kokoke i ke makaainana kanaka, i ke ao o ka maʻamau o ke ola a me ka maʻamau o ke ola, 'ōlelo a me ka moʻomeheu.

'elele o Slavophilism

Ma ka XIX kenekulia, he nui moʻolelo, nä känaka 'epekema a me nā haku mele Slavophiles hana i loko o Rusia. Me ka Poeikohoia o keia mea ao pono nānā '- Khomyakov, Aksakov, Samarin. Koʻikoʻi Slavophiles he Chizhov, Koshelev, Belyaev, Valuev, Lamanskii, Hilferding a me Cherkassy.

Lawa kokoke i keia wahi ma ka Outlook he kākau moʻolelo Ostrovsky, Tiutchev, Dahl, Languages a me Grigoriev.

Me ka mahalo, a me ka uku hoopanee i loko o nā manaʻo o Slavophilism ia hanohano linguists a me nā moʻolelo - Bodyansky, Grigorovich, Buslaev.

Mōʻaukala o ka helehelena o Westerners

Slavophilism a Westernism ua ka hola o ka hookahi manawa, a nolaila, noonoo mau philosophical paialewa pono ai i loko o ka luna '. Westernism Slavophilism like me ka e ku pono ana - ka mea, o ka olelo o Lūkini feudal nohona manao, i ka nuʻu ma na 40s o XIX kenekulia.

Originalʻaha hui kumu no ka Poeikohoia o kēia au, he ka Moscow palapala, ai 'salons. Ideological paio kālaimanaʻo i i wahi i loko o ia, vividly a realistically depicted i "kaʻu i hala iho nei a me ka manaʻo," Herzen.

Westernized ulu pele. Ka papa kuhikuhiE i ka manaʻo nui

Ke akeakamai o ka Slavophiles a me ka Westerners OAOOUIEeE dramatically. Ma 'ana, i ka mau hiʻona o ka ideology o Westerners nā categorical rejection o ka feudal serf'ōnaehana ma ka kālai'āina, hoʻokele waiwai a me ka moʻomeheu. Ka mea, ua i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka hooko ana mai kaiapili-oicyenoaaiiie nā mea hoʻololi i ka Western kŘkohu.

Me ka Poeikohoia o Westerners manaoio e mau ana koe ka manawa kūpono no ka paa ana o ka bourgeois-kemokalaka? Eia ma ka hui maluhia 'ana hoʻi, nā kiʻina hana o ka propaganda a me ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana. Ka mea, e hoomaikai mahalo i nā nā mea hoʻololi 'ana i mālamaʻia e Peter I, a ua noonoo ia ka lakou hana, e hoohuli, a lilo lehulehu manao i loko o ia ke ala i ke aupuni mō'ī i kiola, e lawe mai bourgeois nā mea hoʻololi.

Westerners manaoio mea e lanakila i ka waiwai a me ka nohona backwardness o Rusia e ole ia ma ka lilo o ka lāhui 'ōiwi moʻomeheu, akā, ma muli o ka maʻa loa o' Eulopa, no ka lōʻihi-hiki. Ma keia hihia, aole lakou iʻaʻole kālele ana ma luna o ka oko ma waena o ke komohana a me Rusia, akā, ma luna o ka mea a pau, i ua makana i loko o kā lākou moʻomeheu a me ka mōʻaukala naue like.

Ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kakahiaka nui o philosophical noiʻi Westerners pakahi aku la ia i alakaʻi ai ma na hana o Schiller, Schilling a me Hegel.

Mahae Westerners ma ka waena 40s. XIX kenekulia

Ma ka hapalua like-forties o ka XIX kenekulia ua he kumu mahae i loko o Westerners kaiapuni. ma hope o ka hoopaapaa Granovsky Eia kekahi, a me ka Herzen. Ka hopena ua mauʻaoʻao Westernized kū i ke au: i ka lokomaikaʻi, a me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni-aupuni.

Ke kumu e waiho ana i loko o ka oko ao me ka manao e hoʻomana. Inā Liberal (KS) kokua i ke ao ana o ka make ole o ka uhane, o ka Democrats, ma ka huli, i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka oihana o ka materialism a me ka atheism.

Okoa a me kā lākou mau manaʻo e pili ana i nā kiʻina hana o ka mihi i loko o Rusia, a me nā kia-mihi kūpono 'ana o ka moku'āina. No laila, Democrats koi i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni paio ma ka mea e hoʻoholumua i ka hana o ka socialism.

Ka nui ole o ka manao o Westerners i loko o kēia wā, he na hana o Comte, Feuerbach, a me Sana-Simona.

Ma ke kia-mihi manawa i loko o nā ana o kekahi mau capitalist? Acaeoey Westernism i hooki i nei i ka kūikawā ma amau o ka lawelawe manaʻo like.

'elele o Westerners

Ka palapala kaiapili Moscow Westerners poe Granovskii, Hertzen, Korsch, Ketscher, Botkin, Ogarev Cavelin a me ka 'ole. D. pili loa launa me ka kaiapili Belinsky, e noho ana i loko o St. Petersburg. E kuhikuhi i ia lakou iho me Westerners a loea mea kākau Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

Ma hope o ka mea hiki i ka hapalua like 40s. Annenkov mahae, Korsch, Cavelin, Granovsky a me kekahi'ē aʻe alakai noho ma kaʻaoʻao o ka Liberal (KS), a me Herzen, Belinsky a me Ogarev kina i ka Democrats.

Palapala ma waena o ka Slavophiles a me ka Westerners

He waiwai e hoomanao i ka poe i hanau philosophies i ka ia manawa, kā lākou mau Mamua, he mau elele o ka ia hanauna. No hoi - a Westerners a Slavophiles i hele mai, mai ka hookahi nohona kaiapuni revolved i loko o kekahi mau pōʻai.

Fans o nā theories i mau pü ana me kekahi i kekahi. A me ka launa pu, ua ole mau kaupalena 'ia ka noʻonoʻo loi: loaʻa ka mea, ia lakou iho i loko o ke anaina kanaka, ma ka ia kaiapili, e loa pinepine i loaʻa ka mea, i loko o ka manaʻo o ko lākou mau hoa paio ideological mea kokoke i kā lākou wahi iho o ka nānaina.

Nui, ka hapanui hoopaapaa mea o ka lani kiekie loa moʻomeheu 'ilikai - na mau hoa paio ia i kekahi i kekahi me ka mahalo a me ka ho olohe pono i ka kekahiʻaoʻao, a ho'āʻo e haawi hoomaopopo ana manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē i ka lokomaikai o ko lākou hoʻomoana.

Mea like ma waena o ka Slavophiles a me ka Westerners

'Aʻole i helu i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻia ma hope Westerners Democrats, a me ka mea mua, ka lua, a ike i ka nele i nā mea hoʻololi i loko o Rusia, a me ke hoʻoponopono i na pilikia peacefully, me ka Hope a me ka hookahe koko ana. Slavophiles ka hoohalike ana ia i loko o ko lākouʻaoʻao iho, sticking i oi makeʻe kulana wale, akā, i ike i ka pono no ka loli.

Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka mea e pili ana i ka hoomana i kekahi o ka loa hoopaapaa nīnūnē ma ka ideological hoopaapaa a ma waena o nā poʻe i kākoʻo o kekahi theories. Eia naʻe, ma ka fairness, e pono ke kūʻai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka mea i na kanaka ololi Ua pâʻani' o ia i loko o kēia kūlana mea nui. Ke'ī mai, me ka manao o ka Slavophiles i pili kēia ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka spirituality o ka Lūkini kanaka, kona koke i ka orthodoxy a me ka ikaika ana i kona akua o nā hoʻomana kuʻuna. I ka Ia manawa ka Slavophiles lakou iho, ka hapanui o ia mau mea - i hele mai mai ka naita maʻohana i mau hahai i na oihana o ka Ekalesia. Westerners hoi mai i paipai excessive piety i loko o ke kanaka, eia nae lala kekahi i ka pono o (he vivid hoʻohālike -. P. Ya Chaadaev) me ka manao pono, manaoio aku ia spirituality, a, ma ka hana, o ka integral hapa o Orthodox Rusia. Mawaena o na elele o nā mea kū i haawi aku ai ia nā manaoio a me atheists.

A he mau no hoi ka poe i hui ole ia i kekahi o kēia mau mea kū i, kiʻekiʻe kolu e nana tidara. No ka laʻana, V. S. Solovov i kana mau palapala, kaulana i ke kupono pāʻoihana a hiki i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumuhana o ke kanaka i keia manawa i ole, ua loaʻa kekahi ma ka Hikina a me ke Komohana. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi e hana ma luna o ia mau mea a pau pono nā mea a pau, me ka a koe,ʻeleu koa o ka manaʻo kanaka, kokoke i ka pōmaikaʻi a me ka nui e hoolohe ana i kekahi i kekahi me ka pu. Soloviev manaoio aku i ka mea "maemae" Westerners a "maemae" Slavophiles - Ua kaupalena a me ka mea i hiki hoi o Pahuhopu hoopai kanaka.

e hōʻuluʻulu

Westerners a Slavophiles, i ka papa kuhikuhiE manaʻo mākou o ka a i noʻonoʻo i loko o kēia 'atikala, ma ka mea, he utopians. Ua idealized Westerners haoleʻaoʻao o? acaeoey, ke Europa enehana, ka mea pinepine hoʻopoina e pili ana i ke 'o Lūkini mentality a me ka makahiki-kahiko oko ao i loko o kaʻike manaʻo o ke komohana a me ka Lūkini. Slavophiles, ma ka huli, hoonani aku la i ke kiʻi o ka Lūkini kanaka, uaʻiʻini e idealize i ka moku'āina, i ke kiʻi o ka mō'ī a me ka Orthodoxy. A me ka poe a me kekahi poe e ae e ole hai i ka make māinoino o ke kipi, a hiki i nei i ka manaolana, e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia ma nā mea hoʻololi, i loko o ka maluhia. Uwa maila i loko o kēia pau ole ideological kaua līkaia hiki ole, no ka mea, hoopaapaa e pili ana i ka pono o ka mea i waeʻia ala o Rusia ka ulu, aole ia i hooki i kēia lā.