Sofya Kovalevskaya: Kawaihae, kiʻi a me ka hana maika`i. Ka honua ka mua wahine Kumu o ka makemakika

Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna i hanau January 3, 1850 ma Moscow. Kona makuahine ua Elizabeth Schubert. Makua General Korvin-Krukovskiy mea kaua, i ka manawa o ka hanau ana o kana kaikamahine i mālama ai i luna o ka arsenal. A ike iho ua eono, hoi aku la oia a noho iho la ma ka ohana waiwai. E noonoo hou, ana i ike Sofya Kovalevskaya.

Kawaihae: kamaliʻi

Once ka mea a pau ohana (nā mākua a me nā kaikamāhineʻelua) a noho i loko o ka ohana waiwai o kona makua kāne, i ke kaikamahine hoʻolimalima na kumu. Ka mea wale nō mea i i ka wā e hiki mai Kumu o ka makemakika i ole hōʻike kekahi panee, aole hoi i kekahi mana, ua makemakika. Eia naʻe, ua loli dramatically ke kulana ma manawa. I ka like o ka makemakika ana 10 a me ka hapa makahiki. A laila, Kovalevskaya Sofia noʻonoʻo i kēia wā, a haawi aku ia ia i ke kumu o nā mea a pau ike. Ke kaikamahine ua loa maikaʻi? Anoee e hoopii mai ai, a koke ke hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia. ia, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina makemakika Bourdon (elua-ka leo papa, i mea i ao aku ma ia manawa i loko o kona kumu Malevich mua hōʻailona helu ae o ka Kulanui o Paris). Kekahi o na hoalauna, 'ana i kumumanaʻo successes kaikamahine, kona makua kāne i ka manao ia e hoolimalima Strannolyubskiʻoihana moku lutanela no ka hoomau ana ka hoʻonaʻauao. New kumu ma ka mua haʻawina o ka palena pau calculus i haohao o ka mämä holo me a Sonia i aʻo i ka manaʻo o derivative a me kona palena.

fictitious ka mare

I ka 1863, ma ka Mariinsky Gymnasium wehe kumu aʻo papa i hui pū waha, a kūlohelohe-makemakika Oihana. Sisters Anna a me Sofia makemake e kiʻi ma laila. Akā, i ka pilikia ua i mare ole kaikamahine i loko o ke kula e,ʻaʻole i heluʻia. No laila, ka mea i haʻakoiʻia e komo i loko o ka mare ana. Fiance Anna Vladimir Kovalevsky i wae. Naʻe, i ka ahaaina mare ma waena o lakou, i ole lawe wahi. Ma kekahi o nā kipa 'ana i hai Anna ia ka mea, ua makaukau no ia e mare, akā, kona kaikaina, Sonia. Kekahi manawa ma hope,ʻo ia i hoʻokomo 'ia' i loko o ka hale, a hoomaka ae la ia me ka 'ae' ana o ka makua, ke kahu o ka lua o ka kaikuahine. I ia manawa, ua 26, a me Sophia - 18 makahiki.

A hou ola ke kahua

No kekahi noonoo wale laila mea hana nui loa ia ma hope o kā lākou mau ahaaina mare Makuakane Sofia Kovalevskaya. Kawaihae ana o kana kane, ku i konaʻano hoʻohihi maoli o ka mea i ike ia ia. Hoomaka ae la oia e loaʻa i loko o 16 makahiki, e haole novels unuhi i Gostiny Dvor poʻe kālepa. Kovalevsky i uluhia e ka prodigious hoomanao, halawai hana a me ka aloha kekahi i kekahi faculties. He categorically hōʻole i bureaucratic hana, opting kahi no kona hoʻopuka puke hana ma St. Petersburg. Ua i ka mea nana i kikokiko ai, a unuhi moʻokalaleo, i i i ka nui koi e holumua ai kanaka o ka aina. Ma hope o neʻe ana me kana kane, a ke kaikuahine i loko o St. Petersburg, Kovalevskaya Sofia hoomaka hele haʻi'ōlelo ma ka malu. Ua hoʻoholo ihola e haawi i ka mana a pau wale i ka 'epekema. Ka mea wale nō mea i makemake e komo i loko o Sofia Kovalevskaya, - makemakika. Kaahele o ka hōʻike, a loaa i ka palapala o ka waiwai nui, oia hou hoi i Strannolyubski. Me ia,ʻo ia i kaumaha hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o ka 'epekema, hoʻolala i hope e hoʻomau i ka hana wale aku no.

ho okumu

I ka hoʻomaka o April 1869 Sofia Kovalevskaya me kona kaikuwahine, a me kāna kāne e hele i Vienna. Noho iho la na kanaka hulihonua i nele i laila Vladimiru Onufrievichu. Eia naʻe, ma Vienna ua ikaika ka noiʻi. No ia mea, Kovalevskaya nō e hele i Heidelberg. I kona hoolohe, ka mea, ua ka i olelo mua iaʻi aina no nā haumāna. Ma hope o lanakila i ka helu o ka pilikia i ka luna i ka malie Sophia e hoolohe i ka haʻi'ōlelo ma ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika. No ka ekolu ka haumāna mai, i hoolohe i ka papa Koenigsberger, ao mai la lakou i ka kumumanaʻo o elliptic hana. Eia hou, i hoolohe haʻi'ōlelo ma ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, lāʻauʻoka Raymond hana i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ma lalo o ka lima o ka chemist Bunsen. mau kanaka a pau a pau laila, pono-ikeʻepekema ma Germany. Nā kumu a pau nā mea hiki komo Kovalevskaya. Sofya hana nui ikaika. Wikiwiki E ke Kumu i ka ho omaka, i ae ia e hoʻomaka i kou iho noiʻi. Ua loaa rave hōʻike manaʻo no ka iho e Koenigsberger kona kumu - he nui ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao o ia manawa Karl Weierstrass. Hope wā i kapaʻia "he kanaka kālailai nui."

E hana ana me Weierstrass

Kovalevskaya Sofia ma ka inoa o ka mea kiekie ae wae lanakila oia maluna o ka makau a me ka shyness, a me ka hoʻomaka o Okatoba 1870 hele i Pelelina. Kumu Weierstrass uaʻaʻole ihola ke kamaʻilio a me ke kiʻi pohaku uinihepa, o ka malihini i ka, haawi mai ia mau hana, mai ka wahi o hyperbolic oihana, kono pūʻia mai ia i loko o ka hebedoma. Me ka ua manawa e hoʻopoina e pili ana i ka makaikai, ke nä känaka 'epekema, aole ia i makemake e ike Kovalevskaya i ka manawa i'ōleloʻia ai. Uaʻikeʻia i loko o ka puka, a hai mai la i na pilikia a pau i wehe pilikia. Kekahi manawa ma hope Weierstrass noi no ka mea Kovalevskaya i hoʻokomo i ka lohe ana i ka makemakika haʻi'ōlelo. Naʻe, ka mea, ua i hiki ke hoʻokō i ka kiʻekiʻe ahaolelo 'ae' ana. Ma ke Kulanui o Pelelina ole wale lākou i heluʻia nā wāhine nā haumāna. Ka mea, i ole i ae e hele i ka haʻi'ōlelo like noa listeners. Nolaila, Kovalevskaya i ia e kaupalena 'wale i kekahi kau me Weierstrass. E like me kaulana ma ka wā, i ka hale hoʻokamakama nä känaka 'epekema ua ana uhi pū listeners noʻonoʻo superiority. Akā, lanakila a me ka make wai no ka ike Kovalevskaya koi Weierstrass loa haʻawina. He ia iho pinepine ia e hoʻoponopono i kekahi pilikia, i ponoʻole pane i muli o kona kulana luna 'ninau o kāna haumāna. Wāʻike i ka pono, e mahalo Kovalevskaya, no ka mea, ua hiki ke hookaawale ia mai ka panina o Weierstrass.

Ka mua kuokoa hana

Ma kona noiʻi no ke koena o Saturn ka apo. Mua e hana ana i kēia hana Kovalevskaya Laplace (Palani astronomer, physicist a me ka mathematician). Ma kona pepa, aole ia i manao Saturn ke komo lima i loko o ka palapala o ka luna 'o kekahi mau lahilahi, mai ho ololi i kekahi i kekahi, oihana mua. Iloko o ke ao, ka mea i loaʻa i loko o keʻa-pauku ka mea, ua hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o ke kino o ka ellipse. Naʻe, i kēia pāʻoihana ua wale i ka mua, loa simplistic. Kovalevskaya Ua maliuia e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina no ka oi pololei equilibration apo hookahi. Ua Ua nānā 'ia i loko o kekahi laau kea maluna pauku pono e hōʻike i loko o ke kino o ka'ololaha.

ia hoʻi

Mai ka hoʻomaka o ka hooilo 1873 a me ka kupulau o 1874 Kovalevskaya i hana i loko o ke ao o ka palena pau nā helu kaulike ka helehelena nā mea loaʻa. Ua Ua manaoia e haawi aku ai ia i ka hana me ka doctoral dissertation. Kona hana ua kena ae la mahalo i loko o ka 'epekema kaiāulu. A iki ma hope, nae, ka mea i loaʻa ia ia i ke ao i mua e paa ana ia Augustin Cauchy - he koʻikoʻi Palani ka poʻe puni hoʻonaʻauao. Akā, ma kāna hanaʻo ia iā Kovalevskaya theorem palapala, hemolele i loko o kona naaupo wale no, a me ka mea koʻikoʻi ia miomio. No laila, hoomaka ae la ka pilikia e e kapaia "Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem." Ua Ua komo i loko o nā mea a pau kumu o Ka Ikepili papa. Of mau panee mea i loko o kona Ikepili o ka wela helu kaulike. Ka Kovalevskaya like hoike i ke ola ana o kūikawā. Ka mea, ua nui no ka manawa puka. Ma kēia wā o kona apprenticeship i pau ai. Ka 'Aha o ke Kulanui o Gottingen iā ia i ka doctorate i ka makemakika kālaiʻike, a me ka Haku o Nice Arts "me ka lani kiekie loa, e hoolea ana" i kumu kāki.

Me kana kane

I ka 1874 Kovalevskaya Sofia hele mai hoʻi i Rusia. Eia naʻe, ma kona home i ia manawa, he mea weliweli loa ia aku ana i ka mea hiki ole ae ia, e hahai 'epekema e like me kona makemake. Ma ka manawa o ka mare ana me kana kane i ka makana. First manawa noho ma Hawaii, ka mea, i noho ai i loko o kekahi kūlanakauhale, i hoʻonaʻauaoʻia i loko o kekahi kula. Palapala a me kana kane i mālama 'ia ma palapala. A laila, nae, o ka pilina i kaʻokoʻa palapala. I ka 1878, Kovalevskaya i ke kaikamahine. ka mea, ua hanau ma kahi o eono mahina ma hope o Sophia pau keia la ma kahi moe. Kauka i ole ka manaolana o ke ola. Ka meaola nō lanakila, akā, me ka naʻau i ua pepehi i kekahi maʻi nui.

Ka'opi o ka ohana

Kovalevskaya ua he kane, he keiki, he punahele pastime. Ua makemake mea i keia mea i ua lawa ia e loa hauʻoli. Akā, Kovalevskaya ua auaneʻiʻoukou maximalism puni. Ua mau mea kiʻekiʻe koi o ke ola, a me ka poe a pau a puni ona. Ua makemake mau hoolohe mai i kaʻu kane hoohiki ana o ke aloha, iini iho la ia a pau i ka manawa ana i hoike mai i kona leo kāhea o ka. Akā, Kovalevsky i hana ole. He ua he okoa kanaka, e like me ka nui ohohia no ka 'epekema, e like me kana wahine. Piha'opi i ka hoahanau i hele mai ia lakou i manao e hoʻomaka i ka hana. Naʻe, manaʻo huhū keia, Kovalevskaya koe oiaio i ka 'epekema. Akā, ua hiki ole e hoʻomau i ka hana i loko o Rusia. Ma hope o ka pepehi ana o ke alii o ke kahua ma ka aina ua deteriorated dramatically. Sophia a me kana kaikamahine, hele akula i Pelelina, a me kāna kāne - i Odessa, kona kaikaina. Eia naʻe, Vladimir Onufrievich nui hihia i loko o kā lākouʻoihana noho, a ma luna o ka po o ka 15 ma luna o April 16, 1883 hana he pepehi anaʻia iā iho. Kovalevskaya ua ma Paris ka wā aʻu i loaa i ke kūkala nūhou. Ma hope o ka hoʻolewa, hoi ae la oia i Pelelina, hele aku la kela i Weierstrass.

Stockholm University

Weierstrass aʻo no ka make ana o kana kane Kowalewski, ka mea mau e Sophia i na manao e e 'epekema i ke AIM o nā mea a pau ke ola, kakau iho la Mitgag-Leffler, i kona colleague. Ma ka palapala, i kamailio mai ai e pili ana i ka mea i kēia manawa, aohe mea i noho e ae i ka haumāna e hoʻomau i ka ha awina. Koke Weierstrass ua hiki ia lakou ke hooluolu i Kovalevskaya maikaʻi pane mai Kuekene. January 30, 1884, ua heluhelu i ka haʻi'ōlelo mua. I ka holo ana, i heluhelu i loko o Kelemānia Kovalevskaya, ua o ka malü ano. Akā,ʻo ia i ka wahine i maikaʻi loa nā manaʻo paipai. I ka pau ana o June 1884, ua loaa i ka lono i kauoha mai ai Kumu no 5 makahiki.

hou hana

More a oi wahine Kumu Mamua ma ka noiʻi. Ano ka mea, Ua këia i kekahi o ka mea nui loa ho'āʻo e pili ana i kaʻoʻoleʻa kino kuapo. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo i ina ia hiki ke hoʻoponopono ia, kona inoa e e hou ai i ka helu o ke pookelaʻepekema o ko ke ao nei. E like me kona koho, 5 makahiki e pono e hoʻokō 'ia kekahi hana.

makakū palapala

Ma ke kupulau o 1886 Sofya loaa mai i ka lono o ke ano nui o kona kaikuahine. Hele aku la ia wahi. Kovalevskaya hoi i Stockholm me ka naau kaumaha. Ma keia wahi, e hiki ole hoʻomau i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina. Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa he ala e kamailio e pili ana i kā lākou mau manaʻo e pili ana ia lakou iho, i ko lakou manao. Ka palapala, ai hana i ka lua o ka mea nui wale nō, a ua hana ia ma Sofia Kovalevskaya. O ka puke, a ua kakau iho la i ka manawa me Anne-Charlotte Edgren-Leffler, no laila, hopu ia, ia i loko o keia manawa i ole e hele mai hoʻi i ka noiʻi.

Ewa, Kaka

Ma hope o hou ana mai o ka hawewe, Kovalevskaya hoi i ka 'epekema haʻawina. Ua UOAAaOON e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka kuapo o kaʻoʻoleʻa kino a puni ke kaumaha kūpaʻa wahi. Ho'ēmi i kā ka pilikia a hiki i ka hoʻohui 'ia o ka' oihana o nā helu kaulike i ua mau hoakaka i ka ekolu integral. Ka pilikia ua pau Wehewehe i nā hāʻina, ka wā e mea hiki, e imi i ka ha. He Ua palua ua loaʻa mua o ka puka o ka Kovalevskaya. Epekema, ka poe i aʻo i ka pilikia i Ua Lagrange a me Euler. Kovalevska ia akulla 'kolu o ka hihia, a me ka ha integral ana. Ka olelo hooholo i loko o kona olelo e lilo ua hala loa huikau. Ana Makuakane me ka hana kokua ike lea hyperelliptic hana. Ano, 4 algebraic integral nei wale i loko o ekolu hihia: Lagrange, Euler, a me Kovalevskaya.

Borden Achievement

I ka 1888, 6 December, ka Paris Academy hoouna mai i ka palapala Kovalevskaya. Ua Ua olelo mai ia ia ia i hookoia ka makana papa. Ua pono e olelo mai ia ma luna o kekahi hapa keneturia hope kona hoʻokumu ka mea, lilo iho la ia i ka mea nāna o 10 kanaka. Ma keia hihia, a pau o kēia mau quire manawa ia iʻaʻole maopopo i hookoia, akā, no ka mea kanaka, ke hana pāʻoihana. Prior i ka puka o ka Kovalevskaya makana i kekahi i i hookoia no Kime Poʻokela makahiki. A pule ma hope o ka loaa ana o ka lono, hele mailaʻo ia iā Paris. Peresidena o ka Academy o Janssen, astronomer a me ka physicist, ikaika hoʻokipa Sofya Vasilyevna. I mai la ia ia no ka mea, o ke koʻikoʻio o ka noiʻi mea, ua mahuahua ka uku nui mai ka 3 a hiki i 5 tausani francs.

Ka hoʻolilo 'ana o ka Kuekene Academy

Ma hope o ka loaa ana i ka ia nā kumu kāki Borden Kovalevskaya noho kokoke Paris. Here kana pule nui haʻawina o ke kuapo kino no Competition no ka hoʻolilo 'ana o ke alii Oscar II o ka Kuekene Academy. I ka Akuma ka, i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau ma ke kulanui,ʻo ia hoʻi i Stockholm. Ka hana hele loa koke. Kovalevskaya makemake e i manawa e hoʻokō 'ia i ke ao, e waiho hana no ka Competition. No kona hana, ua lanakila 'o ia he umikumamalima haneri leialii.

Ae ho'āʻo ana e hoʻi i ka Rusia

I loko nō o ka successes, Kovalevskaya ua i hauʻoli i kekahi mea. Hele aku la ia no ka 'inikua lapaʻau, akā, i hoopau ia. Ma hope o ka pōkole manawa, ke olonā wāwae hou kona ola. Ma keia wahi, Kovalevskaya ua hiki ole e hoʻomau i ke ao a me ka hou huli i ka moʻokalaleo. Kona iini nui no Rusia, ua ho'āʻo e mokuhia e mai i nā moʻolelo o ko kanaka a me kā lākou'āina. Ua ua loa unbearable ia ia ma ka aina e. Akā, mamua o ka poi pu pomaikai, ka mea, ua ole paha, e lawe wahi i loko o ka kūloko kulanui. Hope hele mai ka wā November 7, 1888 ua koho he hoa like o ka ke kālaikūlohea a me Balanced o ka Russian Academy. I 'Apelila 1890, ua hele aku ka hale. Kovalevskaya i manao ia ia, e koho i kekahi lala o ka Academy i make Schwarz hakahaka. Penei, ka mea hiki ke loaʻa kālā kuokoa, a makemake paipai hou noiʻi i loko o ko lakou aina.

Ka hope makahiki o kona ola

Ma St. Petersburg Kovalevskaya kekahi mau manawa ua kipa Peresidena o ka Russian Academy. Grand Duke Konstantin ua mau polite a me keia ano ia ia, i mai la i ka mea makemake e kiʻi ina ua hoi aku la i ka hale. Akā, i ka wā Kovalevskaya makemake e haawi aku ai ia i ka correspondent lālā o ka Academy ma ka huiʻana, ua hoole no ka mea, ua "i mau". Oi aku kūamuamu i loko o Rusia ka mea hiki ole hoopai. Ma September, Kovalevskaya hiki hoʻi i loko o Stockholm. January 29, 1891, ua make ma ka makahiki o ka 41, i ka makahiki o ka naau ole.

ka hopena

Kovalevskaya ua he kanaka kupaianaha. Ua Ua like ae kauoha mai ana ma na mea a pau i hoʻopuni iā ia. Kēia mea i maʻamau Lūkini mathematician a me ka lunaʻenehana, he nä känaka 'epekema nui, nana i haawi mai i kona ikehu a pau i ka' epekema. He kaumaha e hoʻomaopopo i loko o Rusia ma ia manawa, aole ia i ana no hoʻolohe i ole, ua ike kona pono, hoʻowahāwahā i ka hiʻona kiʻekiʻe ma ka 'epekema koʻikoʻi a hanohano wale aku no. 'Aʻole loa, mai ka Great Onion Museum ua ke aupuni' Sofia Kovalevskaya. Polibino i kona lua'āina, i ka wahi kahi i hoike mai i kona attraction i ka 'epekema.