Sophistry - He kū hoʻokahi philosophical kula o ke kahiko

Ke alanui o philosophical manaʻo i loko o nā mea a pau o ka'āina hoʻomohala ma ka like rula: e puku i kela paʻa Ke Ana Hoʻohālike hele mai aʻo e ku e ikaika aku i nā mea a pau metaphysics, a i kapa i ka hoʻokau 'o ka ike paka i a me ka cognition. Descartes a Leibniz hele mai Imanuela Kant, no na materialists o ka umikumamaiwa ke kenekulia, a me Hegel - positivists. Ma kahiko Greece, ka cradle o pau na sciences, a me ka kālaiʻike i ka nui, e like me ke kahua e e mau. Kekahi kula nema aku ana, a ke Säkona i ka 'ē aʻe, a laila, hope versa. Eia naʻe, ua nui na kanaka, ka poe i mohai aku i ka palapala kākoʻo pāʻoihana o nā hoopaapaa, ina a pau kula o ka manaʻo i loko o nā theories hoole aku paha i kekahi'ē aʻe, a laila, paha a pau o ko lākou mau "kūʻiʻo" a me "kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē" i wale "manao"? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i loko o maoli mea,ʻaʻohe kekahi i ike ai o Iehova, a me ke Akua, ka Mea nana i hana, a finite a mana loa ia. Sophistry - ka mea, o like me ka ia "Akala a" ku e ka pau ole philosophical kaua.

ʻO wai ka mea sophists?

Ka maikai-ike laʻelaʻe 'ia o keia kula, he Protagoras, Antiphon, Hippias, Gorgias, Prodicus, Likofron. Sophistry - he kahua e kālele ana ma luna o ke ao ana o ka pono, ka naauao, kākā'ōlelo, a me nā kumu o ke o ka'ōnaehana. Mai kēia na kii, ua kokoke loa i ka mea, he mea Deyl Karnegi. Kahiko sophistry o ka mua'ōnaehana, i i na poe e ka ai-kapaia "ike-kūʻai" ka poe i lawe i ka hoʻonaʻauao kū hoʻokahi, 'ano o ka pilina ma waena o nā haumāna a me ka hoʻonaʻauao' - ae kamaʻilio a me ka ewaewa ole lapaʻau.

He aha e noho ana na elele o keia kula o ka manaʻo?

Na Sophists ao aku i ka hoomaopopo mai ia kanaka, e manaʻo no lakou iho, a ua ua pili i ka muli o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu ma na mea he nui Greek kulanakauhale. Ka mea i haʻi mai i ke kumu rula o ka like ma waena o kanaka, ua kau aku imua o ka kumumanaʻo o ka manaÿo, a ultimately hoonoho i ke kahua no ka hana ana i kēia pili ma ke kahua o ke kānāwai a me ka lehulehu hooponopono. Sophistry - o ke kumu no kaʻike manaʻo, 'epekema philology, ke kūpili, theories o ke kumu o ko lakou hoomana ana.

He aha ke ano o ka manawa "sophist"?

Sophistry - he kula o ka manaʻo e ua palahalaha ae i kahiko Greece. Keia ao ana, ua hookumuia ia ma kaʻepekema, mai ka Greek polis o Atenai e pili ana i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka lima o ka kenekulia BC. Kaʻia "sophist" ua unuhi ia mai ka olelo Helene, o like "kumu wahine." No laila, kapa 'oihana kumu, i ke akamai o ke kākā'ōlelo ao ana kanaka. Eia naʻe, ua kokoke loa hoʻi i nā palapala o ka hoʻokumu poe kupuna, a hiki i kēia lā kokoke i kekahi mea, hele mai. Eia naʻe, ma ka hoʻohana 'ana iʻauhau'ēʻaʻe ikepili i hookupaa i keia caste o ka poe akeakamai i i ho'āʻo i ka hana i ka hoʻokahi ano o ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana a me ka naauao. Lakou i i paʻa i kekahi mea nui e systematize aʻo. Ke kumu o ka Sophists i kekahi - e ao aku i nä haumäna, e hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana, a, e wehe i ke kūkākūkā. Ua nolaila, ua noʻonoʻo i ka Classic sophistication ma kālaiʻike - ke ao ana nona rhetoric.

"Pāhana" sophists

Ma muli o ka mōʻaukala kaʻina,, ua hiki ke kamailio e pili ana i ke ola ana o nā mea kū i - ka "kula kiʻekiʻe '" a me ka "Junior" poe akeakamai o ka sophism. "Pāhana" (Gorgias, Protagoras, Antiphon) Sophists poe noiʻi kuanaʻike o nā mea pono, kālai'āina, kānāwai a me ka moku'āina. Relativism o Protagoras, ka mea i koi ia "ke kanaka - i ke ana o ka mea" lawe i keia kula hōʻole o ka oiaio i loko o kona Pahuhopu ano. E like me ka manaÿo "kula kiʻekiʻe '" o ka Sophists, mea - mea lolilua a me ka loli, a no ka mea, o ka mea, ua lilo iho a me nā loli i pokole mau. Ua penei i ka pā like oiaio o na mea i hūnāʻia mea iho objectively haawi i ka mea ole e hiki, nolaila, e kamailio e pili ana i ka mea hiki ia i kekahi mea 'oe makemake. Kahiko sophistry "kula kiʻekiʻe '" ka loa pilikino, a posits ka relativity o ka ike, a me ka mākaukau. A pau i kākau o kēia au hiki e Hahai I ka manaʻo e ola iho hakuʻole, no ka mea, i ka ike ana o ka mea hiki ole ke objectively kaʻana like me ka 'ē aʻe.

"Pehea" sophists

Ka "Junior" lala o keia kula o ka manaʻo, a loaʻa Kerete, Alkidama, Likofron, Polemon, Hippodamus a me Frazimaha, sophistry - he "juggling" manaÿo a me nā hua'ōlelo, ka hoʻohana 'ana o ia paena wahahee i makemake nā i ka wahahee a me ka oiaio ho'āʻo. Ma Helene, i ka hua'ōlelo "sophistry" 'o ia hoʻi "maalea", i ka lewa i loko o nā hana o na ukali o keia ao ana e like me ka hoʻohana' ana o ka 'ae waha' ia paena i mea alakaʻi hewa. Laha wahahee manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē ma muli ma ka 'aʻe' ana o ke kūpili.

Ke methodological rula o ka sophistry

He aha ka sophistry i hua'ōlelo o kona noi? A kaulana iaoia mea "quadrupling" i kue i ka rula o ka syllogism i pono e ole aku ma mua o ekolu hua'ōlelo. Nolaila ka mea hana i kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi wahahee, a hoʻohana 'ole-wahine paha, o apparently like manaÿo. No kekahi laʻana: "O ka aihue, aole ia i makemake e kuai i kekahi mea kūpono '. Ka āpana o ka mea maikai - e Aloha maikai pāʻoihana. Nolaila, o ka aihue eager e hana i ka hana maikai. " I kaulana iaoia - mea he like kau awelike ka wā syllogistic kuhi hua'ōlelo o Nyos hoi o ka makana ma ka buke. No kekahi laʻana: diplomats - kanaka, kekahi kanaka hoʻohālike i ka violin, na diplomats a pau paani i ka violin.