Stalinist socialism: i ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona a me nā 'ano

Stalinist socialism kapaia ka kaiapili-pili aupuni'ōnaehana, i i hana, a ola i loko o ke au o Iosifa Stalina rula i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o na 1920s a hiki i 1953. I loko o kēia wā, ke Soviet Union ua hoano e industrialization, collectivization, kekahi mau ale o ka weliweli. Socialism Stalin au - he Classic totalitarian moku'āina me ke kauoha hoʻokele waiwai, a me ka palahalaha repressive i hoʻomākaukauʻia.

hou hoʻokele waiwai

Ka mua mea e pili ana i ka Stalinist socialism - keia mea i ka kokololio industrialization, i i paʻa i loko o ka USSR i loko o nā 1930s. Once i loko o ka mana, ka Bolsheviks loaa i ka aina devastated ma ka makahiki o ke kivila kaua a me ka loa? Aneiai hoʻoponopono ulia. No laila, no ka mea, o ka noaaeeecaoee o ka aoao alai ae e Lenin au manao e hele aku ma luna o ka ideologicalʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai, a hoʻoili i ka NEP. Ka inoa i haawiia i ka mea hou? Aneiai kulekele, a hoʻohuʻu ke ola ana o ka noa market hana.

NEP me ka hikiwawe e loaa i alakai ai i ka? Aeiino? Oeoey o ka aina. Ia manawa, i ka makahiki 1924, Lenin make. Mana i kekahi manawa i ka like. A puni ka helm o ka aoaoʻeleu hookiekieia Bolsheviks e ku ana no ka hoʻolālā o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, a me ka lanakila ma ke Kanawai War. Stalin i nā eliminated a pau kona nā kānaka hoʻokūkū. Ma ka huli ana o ka 1920s a me 1930s ua hoʻokumu 'wale nō ke totalitarian mana. Mālama 'kona mikanele kuleana e kahu ai i ka nui ana, General kakauolelo ma luna o industrialization. Ua lilo i ke kumu o ka mea e lilo koke no i ike i ka Stalinist socialism.

Five-Year Plan

Plan o industrialization oia no kekahi mau kī kumu. Ua hoʻomaka ke omo o ka lehulehu kaiaulu o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Ke aupuni hoʻokele waiwai ua manawa i ke ola mai a hiki i ka elima-makahiki kuka. Kukala aku ai i "hoʻokele waiwai '? Aaeei". A pau i ka waiwai o ka aina i hoolei aku i ka hana o ka hou nā hale hana.

Eia hoi, Stalinist socialism hana i ka loa industrialization - i ka mea i hanaia o ka mīkini? Iecaianoaaiiuo ma ka hana a me ka 'ē aʻe nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Kona manao i ka hele ana mai o na koena o ka hoʻokele waiwai agrarian. Ke aupuni Aʻole ole i lawa ka ua hoano e nā limahana, a me ka Soviet Union i ka lahui hoʻokaʻawale. No laila, i ka Politburo imi iho la e hōʻike i? Aneiai a me ka oaoieei Kuokoa, mai ke Komohana.

Puʻe wale akula kēlā industrialization Ua lawe mai ka manawa e deflate i ke kauhale kumu waiwai, wahi lulu loan, nike hana, o ka hale paʻahao ka hana a me ka proletarian ohohia. "E hoola i aaeei" Hōʻike 'ia ma nā mea a pau - noho, ka ai, ka uku. Ka moku'āina i hana i ka'ōnaehana oʻoʻoleʻa ka hanaʻino o ka heluna kanaka ma ka ke kaupalenaʻana kona hokii. Ma 1928-1935 GG. ma ka aina, ua ration pepa. Puʻe wale akula kēlā industrialization pushes ideology. Soviet mana ia no ka moe o ka honua kipi, a manaʻo nō hoʻi, e lawe ka lanakila o ka pōkole maha no ka hoʻokele waiwai hou, me ka a ka mea makemake e paio hiki ole aku i na imperialists. No laila, i ka makahiki o ka industrialization i loko o ka USSR (1930) kūpono i ole wale o ka muli o ka pōʻaiawaiwai qualitatively okoa, akā, no hoi e hooikaika ana i ka aina o ka pale.

kŰia? ieoaeunoai

Ke mua elima-makahiki papahana i hele mai i loko o 1928-1932 GG. New iiaacu i loko o keia manawa,ʻikeʻiaʻano nui i loko o ke kula o ka ikehu, metallurgy a me mechanical wilikî. Kanaka manao e e hoomakaukau no kela a me keia kaiaulu a me kekahi pakahi aku la ia nui aneiai wahi (e like, Kuzbass). Model ua i ka papahana Dnieper, ma i i kūkulu ieie-ku a me ka makua ma luna o ka Dnieper.

Stalinist socialism haawi i ka aina i ka hou lanahu, a metallurgical waena i loko o ka wahi o ka hoʻokomo kālā ma Siberia, a me ka Urals. Ma mua o ka hapanui o na hana aia i loko o ka Europa hapa o ka USSR. Ke mua elima-makahiki papahana i ka hoʻololi 'ana i na mea. Ano, Ua haawi Soviet hana ma luna o ka mokuna o ka nui aina hou 'O ke kaulike. Aoaao o pāʻoihana a hiki i ka hikina, a ua dictated hou ma ka makau o ka pili alakaʻi o ke kaua a me ka mea like Komohana.

I Stalin ka manawa ua Dalstroy-huli gula hoʻouku i loko o ka Hōʻole akula Hikina (oi loa i loko o ka Kolyma). Ma keia māhele 'āina, ka mea, ua' Imi hoʻohana 'ia ai ka hana o nā pio o ka Gulag. Kēia poʻe i kūkulu nui pāʻoihana mua elima. Ka mea iʻeli i ka kaulana White Sea Canal, a hui i ka Europa muliwai paipu o ka USSR.

Hoʻololi i ka mahiai

A me ka industrialization collectivization - mea pili i ka Stalinist socialism i loko o ka mua ia mea. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana, he ia laua, a synchronously. Me kekahi mea makemake eʻaʻohe'ē aʻe. Collectivization - i ka make ana o kekahi aina i loko o ke kauhale, a me ka paa o ka pono like aina, a i i kekahi o na kumu nuiʻano o ka hou Socialist nenoaiu.

Ka mua Soviet makahiki, hoʻololi i loko o ka mahiʻai kaiaulu o ka moku'āina kokoke i hahau. Kane aina ola pu ia me kekahi hana puupuu lima - ma ka mea, kuokoa mahiʻai o ka Western type. Ka mea, i enterprising kauwa, ka poe i hoʻolimalima i ke kauhale i ka awelika kulanakauhale alii. No ka mea manawa ole i Stalinist socialism i kaupalena kā lākou mau hana.

I ka 1929, i kaʻumikumamālua o ka lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, ke kakauolelo nui o ka aoao kuu mai i kekahi luawai-ike 'atikala, "A Year o Great Change". It Stalin kūkala i ka hoʻomaka o ka hou pae o ka papa hana i loko o ka kauhale. Ma December, oia no hoi akea hoopii ole no ka hoʻohāiki 'i ka kulaks, a me ka luku aku ia i ka papa. Koke ma hope o kēia mau'ōlelo a ukali ma ka ai-kapaia "collectivization".

cannibalization

E hoʻokō 'ia collectivization oihana e hoʻohana i kekahi papa hana i like i ke koa. Ke kulanakauhale huahelu agitators Communists hele. Ināʻaʻole i ka pono maluhia hoopii mahiai i hele aku i ka aina, a i ole haalele i kona waiwai kanaka, ka mea i repressed. Lawe mai i ka haoʻana o ka waiwai.

Puupuu lima i manaoia nona, e hana ma ka aina uku hana, kuai huahana, waiho churn paha? Yeia. A pau i "hoʻokō '" ma kahi o 15-20% o ka mahiʻai, ka poe i makemake ole i ka hele i loko o like aina. He nui o lakou me ko lakou mau ohana i hoouna mai ai e hana? Neeo eaaa?, O ka hale paʻahao, a hoʻokuewa wale 'ia. Oia kūikawā noho i hooneleia o Kivila pono.

"Kaʻona, me Oka"

Nui na makahiki o ka Stalinist kükohu o ka socialism ka oko ao boundlessʻino. Local aoao nā loko, a me ka nupepa i kapaia "'āina" i kānalua e hookonokono ae i ka inaina ma luna o ka papa malihini i na kulaks a me nā loan-revolutionaries. Middle kauwa a me kā lākou mau affluent hoalauna, pinepine ku repression. Ka mea, Ua pepehi communists a me organizers hoouna holo collectivization i ke kulanakauhale, a hoonoho iho la ke ahi i ka like aina, oki iho i ko lakou mau holoholona. A moʻo o ka makaukau hana ua noho'na makaainana i ulu. Ia i lawe i ka hoʻonohonoho ano, a me ka wa o ka crackdown aupuni.

Village i loko o ka Soviet au, ua ehaeha loa i wale Stalinist socialism. i ku ikaika Introduction o ka loaʻa pākeu i ka War Kanawai, ka wā i koiia mahiʻai nā hoʻohua e lawe 'ana o ko lakou ohi ana i ka moku'āina, ma ka mahiʻai. Na Bolsheviks i nā manawa i koho 'ē aʻe puʻe a me ka mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō o kona puʻe ma luna o ke kūlanakauhale.

Ma ke kupulau o 1930, Stalin, makau i ka poe ia'ku o na kulaks, kakau iho la oia i ka conciliatory 'atikala "kaʻona, me ka loaa". collectivization Tempo kekahi e hiamoe ana. A nui loa o na kauwa haʻalele i ka like aina. Naʻe, i laila, repression i loko o ka haule ana. Kaʻeleu pae o ka collectivization i pau ai i ka 1932, a ma ka 1937 i ka like aina oia no ma kahi o 93% o ka aina.

Ninini kumu waiwai, mai ke kauhale

He nui hiʻona o Stalinist socialismʻinoʻino huahana o ka totalitarianism a me ka hoino. Repression hoapono mai i ka hana o ka hou ke kaiāulu, a me ka 'upu' ana o ka malamalama wā e hiki mai. hoomaka ae la kekahi o na kumu nui hōʻailona o ka Socialist hoʻokele waiwai i loko o ke kauhale i mts - mīkini a me kaʻa kauō AYN. Lakou ola ma ka 1928-1958 biennium. Mts hoʻolako aina me ka hou lako a pan.

No ka laʻana, i ka piko o ka Soviet kaʻa kauō lilo Stalingrad, nona ka hola manawa o ke Kaua II i ua redeveloped i loko o ka pahu. Ua like moku'āina uku 'ana i kūpono iho huahana. No ka laʻana, mts ka pono EII ni mai o ke kauhale kumu waiwai. I ka elima makahiki mua o ka USSR 'Imi hoʻolilo palaoa wale aku no. E piele lākou i ole ana, a hiki i manawa o ka wi ma ka like aina. Ke dala i loaa mai, mai ke kuai ana o ka mānoanoa a me nā ulu, i ke aupuni o ka alakaʻi lilo ma ka hoomau ana o hōʻeleu i industrialization a me ka rula o ka hou koa-hanalima eiiieaena.

Nā successes o ka mobilization o ka hoʻokele waiwai i ka mea ia manawa, alakai i ka poino ma ka mahiai. Ua luku loa adventurous, ahu iho, mākaukau a me kaʻeleu mahiʻai ana hou aina ana entailed degeneration peasantry. Ko oukou pale ana i ka lima oki 26 miliona holoholona (ma kahi o 45%). Populations hoihoi hou ia ana i 30 makahiki. O ka mea hou mahiʻai hana ua i ae e lawe e ohi ai, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, a hiki i ka manawa o ka NEP. Nā oeeo ka mea,ʻaʻole loaʻa kiʻekiʻe ka pono hana, a me ka hoomahuahua i ka acreage.

Merging o ka moku'āina, a me ka 'aoʻao

Ma ka hapalua like-1930s ma ka Soviet Union hope i hana totalitarian socialism. Makahiki o ka suppression pilikino E pili ua hoʻololi loa lehulehu. Naʻe, i ka climax o repression hiki wale i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 1930, a pau ia pili kēia i ke kaua i ka hookuku kaua ana me Germany.

An pono o ka totalitarian? Eia i ka merging o ka aoao a me ka noho aupuni ana nā loko - ka aoao i piha mana o kau hana, a me ka pā hale, a me ka 'aoʻao hoʻi e paʻa ana i ka pilipaa loaʻa ma wale kekahi kanaka. Total Stalin i kekahi mau ale o na hoomaemae. I kekahi mau manawa,ʻeleu ka mea, ma ka aoao a koa, nā limahana, akā, kuʻi a me ka ano o kanaka.

Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ana ma ka aoao, a me ka poe koa

Ke repression lawe mai ma ka loli o ka inoa o ka mea e malu ai nā lawelawe (NKVD-MGB) kekahi mau manawa. Ka moku'āina ua e kū a pau spheres o ka lawelawe hana a me ke ola, mai ka haʻuki a meʻoe i ka ideology. E ho okumu i kekahi "hoʻokahi laina" Stalin kūpono i hana i nā mea a pau o kona mau hoa paio i loko o ka 'aoʻao. O lakou ka Bolsheviks o ka mua o ka hanauna, ka poe i ike i ka General kakauolelo nō 'ino ai hoʻokahuli aupuni. People e like Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin ( "Lenin ka poʻe koa e kiaʻi") - a pau o ia i noho i luahi o ka hōʻike hoao ana, kahi a lakou i akea ua ae kipi o ka motherland.

I ka piko o ka repression ku aoao cadres i hele mai i loko i loko o 1937-1938. I ka Ia manawa ua he hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka o ka Red Army. Ua luku aku ia ia a pau ke kauoha 'ole. Stalin makau kaua, e noonoo pono ia i ka hoʻoweliweli 'ana i kona kino mana. Ia i ae mai,ʻaʻole wale nō ka mea kahiko, akā, i ka waena kauoha kookoo. Palapala hōʻoia no hoʻomalu me ka hana ana o ke Kanawai War, ua aneane nalowale. A pau i kēia kūlana loli o ka poe koa, a pololei i kekahi mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaka e kona nui kaua.

Pest a me enemi o na kanaka

Ka mua hōʻike hoao ana, hekili ma ka aina, i wahi ma ka hopena o 1920s. O lakou ka "Shakhty hoʻokolokolo" a me ka hookolokolo ana o ka "Lolina Party". I loko o kēia wā, ke repression undergone oaoieei-a me ka hana 'enekinia, hoʻomalu. Iosif Stalin, i ka noho alii ana o ka i i wahi i loko o ka moʻo o Promotional paipai aʻo kai eʻe, ua loa leʻaleʻa o ka leo nui clichés a me ka lepili. I kona hoolohe, ua mau hua'ōlelo a me nā hōʻailona o ke au hou, e like me "pests", "enemi o na kanaka", "cosmopolitans".

Haliu ae la ia i ka repression hoomaka i ka makahiki 1934. Prior i mea moku'āina e terrorize i ka heluna kanaka, a me ka manawa ia ua ia ma luna o ka iconic aoao lālā. I ka makahiki i hala XVII Ahaolelo, i ikea iho la keia e like me ka "Ahaolelo Lahui o ka pana." Ua i kekahi koho no ka hou mau kakauolelo. Stalin Ua hou-koho, akā, he nui loa i kokua i kana poe candidacy. An nui huahelu o ka Ahaolelo Lahui i ka Sergei Kirov noʻonoʻo. A mau mahina ma hopeʻo ia i pana aku la ia make ma ka'ōpaha aoao poe hana Nikolaev ma Smolny. Stalin hoʻohana i ke kii o ka mea i make o Kirov, e no ka mea, he kapu hōʻailona. kai eʻe e ku ei ka poe kipi a me ka poʻe kipi i hai mai ia, e like me ka wehewehe propaganda, pepehi kekahi lala nui o ka aoao a me ka hele aku i kaʻana ia.

Aia he mau leo kālai'āina lepili: 'oiaʻiʻo ma loko, Zinoviev, Trotskyists. Manao konohiki "wehe" He hou malu hui, ae ho'āʻo ana e hanaʻino i ka'āina a me ka 'aoʻao. Anati-Soviet haʻawina i wahi i ka huikau kanaka, a, me ka loaa ina ua haule iho ma lalo o ka hau rink totalitarian mīkini. I ka makahikiʻino o ka makaʻu i loko o ka NKVD aponoia rula ma luna o ka helu o ka hana convicts, a me ka ia i nā luna e ua pono hana. Ke repression lawe mai ma lalo o ka hae o ka papa paio ka (i ka ia hoʻi, ua waiho imua mea i ka houʻana, e ia i ka hana o ka socialism, ka oi huʻi i ka papa paio ka).

Mai poina i ka lawe mai, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me Stalin ia lakou iho i loko o kūikawā lawelawe, o kona mau lima, a alakai aku ia hooko lehulehu, a me ka pā hale. NKVD ola mau ka paipai aʻo kai eʻe. I loko o kā lākou mau loa imua o pepehi i ke poo o keia Oihana - a Yagoda, Yezhov. No hoi, o ka moku'āina 'aʻole e lawe i kona mau maka mai o ka intelligentsia. Ka mea, he a me nā kākau moʻolelo, ho film a me ka hana keaka (Mandelstam, o Babela, Meyerhold), a me nā inventors, physicists a me ka poʻe akamai (Landau, Tupolev, Korolev).

Stalinist socialism i pau ai i ka make ana o ka luna i loko o 1953, i ukali ia e ka Khrushchev thaw , a me ka Brezhnev? Ac? Socialism. Ma ka USSR, loiloi 'ana i nā hanana e lauwili ke kaumaha ma muli o ka pilikia. Khrushchev hele mai i ka mana ma ka XX Ahaolelo Lahui o ka CPSU denounced ka cult o Stalin ka kanaka a me kona repression. Ma lalo o Brezhnev, i ke kii o ka alihi kaua o ka kūhelu ideology ia mālie.