Sulfatedʻakika: haʻilula a me ka Nine Inch ka waiwai

Kekahi o ka mea mua mea pōhaku nāʻakika, a i kapa ai i ke kanaka - Ua sulfuricʻakika, a sulufahate. 'Aʻole wale nō ka mea, akā, he nui o kona paʻakai i hoʻohana' ia ma ke kūkulu, lāʻau lapaʻau, ai ka hana, a no ka iiaie oaoieei hana. Pela no a hiki i keia manao, aohe mea i loli. Kekahi mau ano e paʻaʻakika sulphate,ʻo ia ia ka oluolu paʻa mau i loko o Nine Inch syntheses. Eia kekahi, i kokoke a pau nāʻoihana o ka hana a me kela la i keia ola ana e hoʻohana paʻakai ma laila. Nolaila, ke noonoo i ka au mamuli mea ia mea a me ka mea mau i nā 'ano hōʻike waiwai.

Aʻano o nā inoa

E ka hoʻomaka me ka mea i ka inoa o keia mea i ka hailona. Mawaena o lakou i ka poe mea i hana ma ka naauao nomenclature, a me ka poe mea i Hawaiʻi nei. Pela, ua haawi ia keia hui i like:

• ʻakika sulphate;
• vitriol;
• sulfuricʻakika;
• oleum.

ʻOiai ka manawa "oleum" mea ole loa pono no ka waiwai, no ka mea, o ka läÿau, o sulfuricʻakika, a kiekie ae'okesaside luaipele - ¶ I _3.

ʻakika sulphate: hakakino haʻilula a me ka 'ole

Mai ka viewpoint o Nine Inch hua h ÷ ailona kakau i ka haʻilula o keiaʻakika i e ai: H ₂ ¶ _4. Ka mea, ua maopopo i ka lātoma ua haku o nā hydrogen cations a me kaʻakika koena anion - sulufahate ion i loaa i ka 2+ kauoha.

Ke'ī mai loko o ka lātoma, i ka i kēia palapala:

• covalent Polar waena o luaipele a me ka oxygen;
• ikaika Polar covalent ma waena o hydrogen, a me kaʻakika koena ¶ I _4.

Sera me 6 unpaired electrons ano apau mau papalua paa ana i mau ka oxygen nā'ātoma. E like me ka hoeeia e - hookahi, a me ka poe ma ka huli - he hoʻokahi hydrogen. E like me ka hopena o ka hakakino 'ole e leie aku ia ia e ikaika kupono. I ka Ia manawa, i ka hydrogen cation ka loa lawe lima a me ka oluolu, e hele, no ka mea, i ka luaipele a me ka oxygen ma ka nui nui ma electronegativity. Huki i ka huina'ine nuʻa ia iho, ka mea, i ka hydrogen anoe maikaʻi ka uku ole, i mea piha ka wā detaching. Pela i hanaʻakika pāʻoihana ma i ka H ^+.

Olelo ana e pili ana i ka'okesaside Huipuia, o ka oihana mua i loko o ka hui, o kaʻakika sulufahate haʻilula kahi H ₂ ¶ _4, eaaei e leie aku ka i ka ho omaulia o: hydrogen y me +1, y me -2 oxygen, luaipele ma +6.

Like i loko o kekahi lātoma, ka upena kauoha o Aʻohe.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Sulufahateʻakika ua ike ia kanaka, mai ka manawa loa kahiko. ua hiki ke loaa ia kekahi mau ano o ka calcining sulufahate hiki alchemists. Mai ka IX kenekulia, ua loaa ia kanaka, a hoʻohana 'ia kēia waiwai a pau. Hope ma Europe Albertus Magnus aʻo e extract i kaʻakika ma ke kaʻina hana o ka decomposition o ka hao sulphate.

Naʻe, i kekahi o nā kiʻina hana ua i waiwai. A laila, e lilo ia i ike ai-kapa hoʻololi kemikala keenaʻano. No keia ahi luaipele a me ka nitrate, a me ka Hawaiʻi ma ka ohu Komo 'ka wai. E like me ka hopena,ʻakika sulphate hana.

Aka ma hope, ua hiki ke 'imi i ka makepono ano o ka loaa ana i ka waiwai o Beritania. Mākou hoʻohana 'ia ka pyrite - FeS _2, hao pyrites. Kona ia i kī pū a mahope naoh me ka o oxygen nō i kekahi o ka mea nui hanalima keʻano o ka hanaʻana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o sulfuricʻakika. Oia maka kumuhana hou ho'āmana, affordable a me ka mea e like ai no ka nui ka leo? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

physical waiwai

He mau koho, a me ka mea mawaho, i mea okoa, mai nāʻakika sulufahate. Helu waiwai hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma loko o kekahi mau kumu:

1. Ma lalo hae rula, - wai.
2. Ma ke kiaʻana i kāna moku'āina ia mea kaumaha, oily, no ka i, ua kapaia oia "ka aila o ka vitriol".
3. Waiwai nuʻa - 1,84 g. / Knm ^3.
4. He mea ole waihoʻoluʻu a honi.
5. Ua loaʻa he ikaika "keleawe"ʻaiʻana.
6. Ua hoike mai i loko o ka wai loa pono, aneane kona palena.
7. Hygroscopic, ia mea hiki ke paʻa nā noa, a ua nakiiia ma ka wai, mai na nā'aʻaʻa.
8. Ka nonvolatile.
9. Baila aʻela i wahi - 296 ° ^C.
10. Ke Kēhaupaʻa ma 10,3 ^° C

Kekahi o ka loa nui hiʻona o keia hui o kona hiki e hydrate me ke kala ana o ka nui nui o ka wela. Ia mea ke aha la hoi i ke kula, na keiki i ke ao ana i ka wai ua hou a hiki i kaʻakika ma kekahi hihia ia mea hiki ole, akā, pono i ke ku pono. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, o māmā ma ka pa apŘ ka wai, no laila ia e loaa ma luna o kaʻili kai. Inā dramatically hui ia i kaʻakika, ke kūpono naoh hoike mai ka nui o ka ikehu i ka wai hoʻomaka e paila a eʻawa pu me (particles) o ka mea pepehi waiwai. Ua hiki i loa Nine Inch'ā ai i ka ili o ka lima.

It E Nolaila, e trickle nininiʻakika i loko o ka wai, alaila, ua enaena, ikaika ka hui, akā, nā kapuahi e 'aʻole i hoʻomaka ai, a nolaila splashing pū.

Nine Inch mall

Mai ka Nine Inch viewpoint, keiaʻakika ka loa ikaika, o ka oi aku ina mea ua kiaʻana i kāna kākoʻo pāʻoihana. Ua dibasic, nae iiyoaiiay dissociates e hana gidrosulfat- a me ka sulufahate anion.

I mau, kona AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me nā hui me nā mea a pau i ka walaʻauʻana reactions typical o keia ano o ka waiwai. Aia mau examples o kekahi mau nā helu kaulike i komo ia haumāna sulphateʻakika. Nine waiwai i hoike ia ma kona AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me:

• paʻakai;
• mea hiki ke hooheheeia oxides a me hydroxides;
• amphoteric oxides a me hydroxides;
• mea hiki ke hooheheeia e ku ana ma ka electrochemical hopena ua i ka hydrogen.

E like me ka hopena o ia mau hana kūleʻa maʻaneʻane na hihia a pau i ka uuku paʻakai i hanaʻia o kaʻakika (sulfates), a me kaʻakika (hydrogen sulfates).

A kūikawā hiʻona mea no hoi ka mea i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma ka mau alanui, Me + H ₂ ¶ ₄ = MeSO ₄ + H ₂ ↑ ka pāʻoihana o ka waiwai (reacts), a laila nāuʻakika. Inā mākou e lawe i ka i kia a lahui paʻa kūhohonu loa (oleum), i loa okoa ka naoh huahana.

Special waiwai o sulfuricʻakika

Kēia loaʻa he pono i kia pāʻoihana AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Pela, aia no he kiʻikuhi hōʻike ana i ka rula a pau o kēia mau reactions:

1. Inā ka metala mea hana, i ka hopena o ke kahua o ka hydrogen sulphide, paʻakai a me ka wai. I ua, ua hoemiia ka luaipele i -2.
2. Inā kaʻawelike hana o ka metala, i ka hopena - luaipele, paakai a me ka wai. Ia mea, loaa no ka sulufahate ion i noa luaipele.
3. Ke hooheheeia haʻahaʻa Nine Inch hope (ma hope o hydrogen) - sulfur dioxide i, paakai a me ka wai. Ka luaipele i'okesaside moku'āina +4.

I kūikawā waiwai sulufahate nāʻakika i ka hiki e oxidize kekahi ole-ke hooheheeia i kā lākou lani kiekie loa'okesaside moku'āina, a pane koke me eiiieaena i huiʻia me ka oxidizing ia lakou i ka mea waiwai.

Nā Papahana no ka hana hana

Sulphate kaʻina sulfuricʻakika ua haku o nā kumu o ke ano:

• kui;
• hale kiaʻi.

Ua mau ka loa e like me ka ano o ka hana nā hualoaʻa a. Keʻano mua ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hoʻohana' ana i kekahi mau kumuhana maka hao pyrites a pyrite luaipele - FeS _2. I huina, he ekolu kūlana:

1. Calcination o ka maka mea e hana like me ka huina hoonui o ka'ā o ka sulfur dioxide i.
2. Eʻoi mai ana i kēia kinoea ma o oxygen ma luna o ka vanadium hōʻeleu e lilo ka sulfur trioxide - ¶ I _3.
3. Ke omo halekiai ua lawe mai mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia i ka anhydride i loko o ka pāʻoihana o sulufahateʻakika me ka kiʻekiʻe lehulehu pāʻoihana ho okumu - oleum. Loa kaumaha oily manoanoa wai.

A lua oʻano - Uaʻaneʻane ka ia, akā, e hoʻohana i ka naikokene oxides like hōʻeleu. Ma hua'ōlelo o nā mea kiko'î e like me huahana quality, kāki a me ka mana hokii, i ka maemae o ka maka mea, o ka hana ana, ka mea mua iaoiaeii Ua oi pono a me ka hooluolu, no laila ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia hou pinepine ana.

hoʻololi kemikala keʻena hoʻokolohua

Inā 'oe makemake e kiʻi sulfuricʻakika ma ka mea uuku no keʻena hoʻokolohua ikea ai, i ka pono ala e pāʻani aku me ka hydrogen sulfide AEeOEXAaI metala sulfates.

Ma kēia hihia, ke kahua o ferrous sulfide, a ua hanaʻia e like me he he hopena ia o sulfuricʻakika. No ka haʻawina uuku ka mea koho mea pono, akā, i ka maemae o iaʻakika e e oleʻokoʻa.

¶ A i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua hiki ia i qualitative pane i ka sulufahate pāʻoihana. Ka loa, he pono ole mea kemikala mea he koloriside o barium, mai BA ²⁺ Ion pu me sulufahate anion precipitates i keʻokeʻo precipitate - barite waiu: H ₂ ¶ ₄ + BaCL ₂ = 2HCL + BaSO ₄ ↓

Ka loa, he pono ole ka paʻakai

Sulfatedʻakika a sulfates i ka mea, ano, ua nui i huiʻia ma na hanalima a me ka hale i nā mahinaʻai, a me ka ai. Ka loa olelo sulfuricʻakika paʻakai i nā kēia:

1. Gypsum (ipu, selenite). Nine inoa - koʻana koko hydrated kalipuna sulphate. Haʻilula: CaSO _4. Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kūkulu, lāʻau lapaʻau,ʻiʻo pepa a me ka pepa hana, i ka hana o ka Jewelry.
2. Barite (barytes). Barium sulufahate. Ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana He He nō precipitate. I ka paa palapala - aniani moakaka nā pōaka. Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o'ōnohi manaʻo, X-Ray pāhawewe, no ka hana ana i ka hō'īpale ka penaʻana.
3. Mirabilite (Glauber ka paakai). Nine inoa - mea pōaka paʻakai sulphate decahydrate. Haʻilula: Na ₂ ¶ ₄ * 10H ₂ O. It Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka lapaau me ka laxative.

Kekahi ke kuhikuhi aku i examples o na paʻakai, i mea o ka mea hiki manaʻo nui. Naʻe, i ka luna-i oleloia - ka loa, he pono ole.

kraft lama

Kēia waiwai a pau o ka pāʻoihana a ua hanaʻia e ka thermal lapaʻau o ka laau, a laila kelulose. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o keia pili - kiʻi kona lama ke kopa ma ka maluhia iho la. Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka sulufahate waiona, ua like penei:

• lignin;
• hydroxy;
• monosaccharides;
• phenols;
• kēpau;
• a yiaeaiiacaaeneiie momoma nāʻakika;
• sulfides, chlorides, carbonates a me sulfates o ka paʻakai.

Aia nō nā papa kuhikuhi hoailona ia mea o nā mea: keʻokeʻo a me ka eleele kraft lama. White hele i kaʻiʻo pepa a me ka pepa hana, a me ka eleele hoʻohana no kaʻeleʻele waiona ke kopa i loko o ka hana.

Main noi

Ka makahiki? Iecaianoaaiiuo o sulfuricʻakika o 160 miliona. Tona no ka makahiki. Kēia mea he nui loa nui huahelu, a hoike i ka nui a me ka prevalence o keia hui. Aia i kekahi mau hana a me nā wahi ma kahi e mea pono i ka hana o kaʻakika sulphate:

1. Na na pu ki aloha e like me ka electrolyte, o ka oi aku ma ka kēpau.
2. I mea kanu kahi sulphate mea hoʻomomona hua. Ke bulk o kaʻakika o kaʻoi loa o ka hana o ka mea pōhaku fertilizing mea kanu. No laila, ka mea kanu no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o sulfuricʻakika, a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o fertilizers pinepine kūkulu kokoke.
3. Ma ka meaʻai hana me ka emulsifier, i hoʻokohu 'E513 kuhi.
4. Lehulehu ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala like me ka dehydrating Agena, he hōʻeleu. Pela i loaa pahū, kēpau, detergents, nylon, polypropylene a me ka'etolina, make, Nine Inch olona, nā mea kemika a me nā hui.
5. E hoʻohana i ka kānana no ka wai maemae a me ka hana o ka i puhi ia wai.
6. Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka pōʻalo a me ka aaioee o pohihihi keia oihana, mai ka mea e hoohehee ai.

A me he wahi lihi iki o sulfuricʻakika ua lilo ma ka keʻena hoʻokolohua ho'āʻo ma, kahi i ua hua mai ma ka kūloko mea.