Sulfuricʻakika. Haʻilula, ka waiwai, e hoʻomākaukau ai a me ka hoʻohana '

Sulfuricʻakika o ka mōʻaukala inoa: aila o ka vitriol. I ka like o kaʻakika hoomaka i loko o ka wā kahiko, ma kana mau palapala, ka mea, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma: ka Helene kauka Dioscorides, i ka Roma naturalist Pliniy Starshy, ka Islamic alchemists gebera, Razi a me Ibn Sina a me na mea e ae. Ma Sumer ua he papa inoa o ka vitriol, a i hoʻolaha ma ke ano o ka waiwai. I ko kakou manawa, i ka hua'ōlelo "vitriol" e hoohui mai ia mea pōaka hydrates sulfates o divalent ke hooheheeia.

Ma ka 17th kenekulia, Hōlani, German chemist Johann Glauber sulfuricʻakika loaa mai ma ke ahi me ka sulfur potasiuma nitrate (KNO3) i loko o ke alo o ka wai ka ohu. I ka 1736, Dzhoshua Uord (he pharmacist mai London), ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia hana i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie. Kēia manawa hiki e manao like i kekahi wahi o ka maopopo, ka wā mua o ka nui me ka unahiʻole, hoomaka ae la e e hua mai la sulfuricʻakika. It haʻilula (H2SO4), nuiʻana i ia e hoʻouka kekahi Kuekene chemist Berzelius (1779-1848) hāmau hope.

Berzelius ka hoʻohana alphabetic huapalapala (i koho Nine Inch oihana mua) a malalo kikohoʻe nā loina (hōʻike ma ka helu i loko o ka lātoma, nā'ātoma o ka hāʻawi 'ano) loaʻa i loko o kekahi lātoma he 1 ka sulfur'Ātoma (S), elua hydrogen nā'ātoma (H) a me 4 o oxygen'Ātoma (O ). Mai ia manawa, ia la ia mea qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele 'ana o ka lātoma, i mea, hōʻike i loko o ka' ōlelo o ka kemika sulfuricʻakika.

Ke mall haʻilula, e hoike ana graphically ka manao lokahi hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o nā'ātoma ma ka lātoma, a me ka Nine Inch mea paʻa ma waena o lakou, (ka mea i ana denoted ma ka laina) hoʻomaopopo 'o ia i ka piko o ka lātoma mea he luaipele'Ātoma i mea papalua palapala hoopaa i mau ka oxygen nā'ātoma. Me ka mea 'ē aʻe oxygen ma nā'ātoma mau i kela a me keia o ka a ua hoʻopili i ka hydrogen'Ātoma, i pili ma ka hookahi paa ana i ka luaipele'Ātoma.

waiwai

Sulfuricʻakika - colorless paha kānaka yellow, h ÷ wai, wailana i loko o ka wai i nā mea a pau nā hoʻohui like. He He ikaika mea pōhaku ʻakika. ʻakika mea nui corrosive i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia (kiaʻana i kāna hana me ka hao me ka hahana maoli nō kēia, a me ka mea passivates) pōhaku, holoholona nā'aʻaʻa a me nā pono hana. Ua loaʻa kiʻekiʻe hygroscopicity, a me ka hai ikaika oxidant waiwai. I ka wela o ka 10,4 ° Cʻakika solidifies. I ka enaena i 300 ° C aneane 99%ʻakika haalele i ka sulfur trioxide (SO3).

Kona waiwai hoʻololi i ke kaumaha ma muli o ka lehulehu o ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana. Aia i na inoa iʻakika pāʻoihana. Diluteʻakika ua manaoia e e 10%. Rechargeable - mai ka 29 a hiki i 32%. Ma nā hoʻohui like (e like me ka ho'ākāka 'ana ma ISO 2184) emi o 75% ka mea, ua kapaia o ka hale kaua. Inā ka lehulehu o 98%, a laila ia e e sulfuricʻakika kia. haʻilula (Nine ole mall) i loko o nā hihia a koe ua hoʻololiʻia.

I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i kia sulfuricʻakika, luaipele trioxide a oleum ua hana fuming sulfuricʻakika, kona haʻilula i ke kākau i: H2S2O7. Upenaʻakika (H2S2O7) mea he paa me ka mahele heheʻe i ka mahana o ka 36 ° C. sulfuricʻakika hydration naoh wehewehe aku ma ke kala o ka wela ma ka nui dala.

Nāu kekahiʻakika ua reacted me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia reacting me ka i hōʻike ikaika oxidant waiwai. Kēia e hooponopono i ka sulfuricʻakika, i loaʻa ka hoemiia (i ka 4, 0 'ole -2) i ka sulfur'Ātoma i hana haʻilula waiwai, hiki e: SO2, S paha H2S.

Ua reacts me ka 'ole-ke hooheheeia, e laʻa me, kalapona a me ka luaipele.

2 H2SO4 + C → 2 SO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2SO4 + S → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O

Reacts me ka paʻakai koloriside:

H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl

Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka electrophilic hakahaka naoh o ka hydrogen'Ātoma pili i ka benzene apo o ka onaona hui i -SO3H hui.

? eaia

I ka makahiki 1831, i Palapala Sila Nui i ke kui ano o ka loaa H2SO4, i mea a ianoiyuaa a ka papa kuhikuhi. I kēia lā loa o ka sulfuricʻakika ua hua mai la i ka hoʻohana 'ana i kēia hana. Ka maka mea hoʻohana sulphide i eliia (IeAUPIIe, IAa IO hao pyrite FeS2), a ua kuni i ka mea i loko o kūikawā umu, ma ia ho okumu i ka calcined kinoea. Mai ke kinoea mahana mea like me 900 ° C, a laila ka mea i ho'ēmi sulfuricʻakika me ka lehulehu o ka 70%. Ke kinoea i loko o ka cyclone, a me ka electrostatic precipitator ua ua holoiʻia mai ka lepo ma ka holoi mau hale kiaʻi me kaʻakika lehulehu o 40 a me ka 10% o ka hōʻeleu hoomake iho no hoi (As2O5 a me ka fluorine), pulu electrostatic precipitators oʻakika aerosol. Next, ka calcined kinoea i loaʻa ka 9% sulfur dioxide i (SO2), maloo a me ka hānai a hiki i ka papa i hoʻomākaukauʻia. Maalo ae la oia ma 3 papa o ka vanadium hōʻeleu, SO2 ua oxidized i SO3. E hoike mai i ka mea i hana ka sulfur trioxide, i kia sulfuricʻakika ua hoʻohana 'ia. Haʻilula pāʻoihana o ka sulfur trioxide (SO3) i loko o anhydrous sulfuricʻakika o H2S2O7. Ma keia palapala oleum ma kila poʻina nalu ua nō i ka consumer kahi e ua nāu kekahi i ka makemake lehulehu.

palapala noi

Aie i ka kekahi Nine Inch ka waiwai, H2SO4 i he ākea huahelu o ke noi. Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kaʻakika ia iho, e like me ka electrolyte i loko o ka kēpau-ʻakika iuo aaoa? E hana i ka likeʻole cleaners, ia mea i nui ka reactant i loko o ka Nine Inch oihana puolo. Ua ua i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie: waiʻona mai ke kino, lula ea, make, laholio, ester, adhesives, pahū, soaps a me detergents, pharmaceuticals,ʻiʻo pepa a me ka pepa, ka aila.