X-Ray kumu. Ua ka X-Ray şarkı kumu o ionizing pāhawewe?

Ma ka mōʻaukala o ke ola ma ka Honua meaola i mau paku ole ia i cosmic kukuna a me ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻia ia i loko o ka lewa o radionuclides, a me ka pāhawewe ma ka maoli ai 'ia waiwai. Hoikehonua, ola ua like ia i ka pau ana o na hiʻona a hoʻokau 'ana o ka papa, e like me ia ma kona ano maoli kumu o ka X-kukuna.

I loko nō o ka mea e kiʻekiʻe pae o ka pāhawewe, o ka papa, nā palapala i ke kino, i kekahi mauʻano o ka pāhawewe i mea nui no ke ola. No ka laʻana, ke kāʻei kua pāhawewe i hoʻokumu i ke kumu kahua o Nine Inch a me liluwelo evolution. I ke ahuwale 'o ka mea i ua hoomakaukau i ka wela o ka Honua ka kāna mau' ōlelo a me ka mālama 'ia e ka hoʻopöʻino' wela o ka iniiaiie, a he hana radionuclides.

cosmic kukuna

Ka pāhawewe o extraterrestrial ka molekumu o, a noke bombard i ka Honua, i kapaʻia ka cosmic.

Ka mea i ka penetrating pāhawewe e kau mai ma luna o mākou Honua mai mawaho makahiki, akā,ʻaʻole o ka honua me Kinohi, i loaʻa i loko o ia mea, e ana i ka ionization ma kekahi altitudes, mai ka 'ilikai a hiki i 9,000 m. It Ua loaʻa i ka hoemi i ka nui o ka ionizing pāhawewe i ke kiekie o 700 m, a me ka hoomau i ka piʻi hikiwawe loa māhuahua. Ka loiloi mua emi hiki e wahi ana i ka emi ma ka nui o ka honua gamma na kukuna a me ka mea ulu - cosmic.

X-Ray kumu ma ka makahiki e like penei:

• hui galaxies;
• Seyfert galaxies;
• i ka la;
• hoku;
• quasars;
• ʻeleʻele puka;
• supernova koena;
• keʻokeʻo dwarfs;
• pouli hoku a me na mea e ae.

Hoike o ka pāhawewe, no ka laʻana, mea e hoomahuahua i ka cosmic Ray pinepine 'ike i loko o ke ao nei ma hope o flares. Akā mākou hoku mea,ʻaʻole he nui hui kōkoʻolua i ka huina koko, e like me kona i kela la likeʻole, ua uuku loa.

Mau 'ano o nā kaola

Cosmic kukuna i maheleia i iniiaiie a me nā haumāna. Ka pāhawewe ke 'Aʻole e pāʻani aku me ka mea i loko o ka lewa a me hydrosphere lithosphere o ka Honua, i kapaʻia ka puke Paipala. Ua ninoieo o protons (≈ 85%) a me Alpha-(particles) (≈ 14%), a me ka mea uuku i pele (<1%) kaumaha nuclei. Secondary cosmic X kukuna, pāhawewe kumu a - ka iniiaiie pāhawewe, a me ka lewa komo o subatomic (particles) e like me pions, muons a me electrons. Ma ka 'ilikai, kokoke a pau o ka malama i ka pāhawewe maupaʻa kiʻekiʻe cosmic kukuna 68% o ka i ua manaoia no muons a me 30% - ma electrons. Emi iho malalo o 1% o ka pele ma ka 'ilikai ninoieo o protons.

N cosmic kukuna kamaʻilioʻana i ka i weliweli kinetic ikehu. Ua olelo ikaika mai, papa mai, a me ka waiwai ikehu no e hoʻonui i kaʻume mākenēki kula. I ka holo i kahi hakahaka i hoopiiia (particles) e ola mahope aku o ka lōʻihi, a hele miliona o ka malamalama makahiki. Ma keia holo ana, e kuai kiʻekiʻe kinetic ikehu no ka mea o ka 2-30 GeV (1 GeV = September ¹⁰ eV). Kanaka (particles) i ikaika a i ke 10 ¹⁰ GeV.

Ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe o ka iniiaiie cosmic kukuna ae aku ia lakou e literally Wāwahi i ka hookui ana o nā'ātoma i loko o ka honua i ka lewa. A me ka neutrons, protons, a me subatomic (particles) hiki ke hana māmā hehee wale e like me hydrogen, helium, a me ka beryllium. Muons mau papa, a me ka koke hoʻopöʻino 'ia i loko o electrons paha positrons.

ʻume mākenēki pale kaua

ʻO ka nui o nā cosmic na kukuna a me ka ala ia e kau i kekahi i kā mākou i kahi o 20 ei. 20 ei i ka luna o ka lewa (i ka 50 km), ka pinepine 'emi.

Kēia kumu, he pono e hoonuiia? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka haumāna pāhawewe ma ka hoʻoulu i ka pa apŘ ea. Ma ka kiʻekiʻena o 20 ei nui hapa o ka iniiaiie pāhawewe i komo i loko o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, a me ka pinepine 'ka ho'ēmiʻana mai 20 ei i ka' ilikai Hōʻike 'ka uptake o ka haumāna kaola lewa, like ia ma kahi o 10-mika wai, ahu iho.

Ka pāhawewe pinepine 'ua i pili i ka latitu. Ma ka Ia kiʻekiʻena cosmic pele, piʻi pū mai ka equator e ka latitu 50-60 °, a koe ia a eia i ai i na auamo. Keia mea aie a hiki i ke kinona o kaʻume mākenēki kahua o ka Honua a me ka puunaue ana o ka iniiaiie pāhawewe mana. ʻume mākenēki laina o ka poe ikaika no lakou ma kela aoao o ka lewa ua nui ia laua i ka honua i ka ili honua ma ka equator a me p ÷ haku i na auamo. Papa mai (particles) hiki wawe ka hoʻoneʻe maʻume mākenēki kahua laina, akā, me ka pilikia i ka lanakila kona transverse ao ao. Mai ka auamo i 60 °,ʻaneʻane a pau o ka iniiaiie pāhawewe kīnā o ka honua i ka lewa, a ma ka equator wale (particles) me ka ikaika a oi aku 15 GeV, ke komo iloko ma kaʻume mākenēki pale kaua.

Secondary kumu o ka X-kukuna

E like me ka hopena o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o cosmic kukuna me ka mea noke hua mai la i ka nui nui o radionuclides. Ka hapa nui o ia mau koena ai, akā, kekahi o lakou, i hanaʻia ma ka ho'ā hope o ka pilina paʻa nā'ātoma me neutrons a me muons. Natural? Iecaianoaaiiuo o radionuclides i loko o ka lewa hoʻopili like me ka nui o ka cosmic pāhawewe i kiʻekiʻena a me ka latitu. About 70% o ka ia ana i loko o ka stratosphere, a me ka 30% - i loko o ka troposphere.

Koe no ka H-3 a me C-14, radionuclides i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ka uuku loa nā hoʻohui like. Tritium ua nāu kekahi, a hui me ka wai a me ka H 2, a me C-14 hiehie me ka o oxygen, e lilo CO _2, a ua hui pu me ka o carbon dioxide lewa. Kalapona-14 komo i ka mea kanu ma kāʻamaʻai.

pāhawewe o ka Honua

No ka mea he nui radionuclides i hoʻokumu i ka Honua, wale he mau i ka hapa-ola lōʻihi kupono e wehewehe i ko lakouʻikena ka'āina. Inā ua hana e pili ana i 6 ieeeea makahiki aku nei i ka Honua, ka mea, e noho i loko o ke ana pū mea, e hoopai auanei ka hapa-ola o ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 100 miliona makahiki. O ka iniiaiie radionuclides, i mea nō i loaʻa, ekolu mau loa nui. X-Ray kumu o ke K-40, U-238 a me TH-232. Uranium a me ka thorium palaho kaula, kēlā me kēia palapala huahana i mea kokoke mau i loko o ka alo ana o ka palapala kālaiōewe. ʻOiai he nui o ke kaikamahine radionuclides i pōkole-noho ana, ka mea e pono ole ma ke kaiapuni, no ka mea, ua mau hana, mai ka lōʻihi-ola precursors.

Other lōʻihi-olaʻana palapala X-Ray kumu, ma ka pōkole, i loko o loa haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like. Kēia Rb-87, La-138, ce-142, SM-147, Lu-176, a no laila, ma luna o. D. maoli ai 'ia neutrons kuahene nui no hoi na radionuclides, akā, me ko lakou lehulehu, IeAUPIIe, he haʻahaʻa. Ma ka 'oihana Oklo ma Gabon, Aferika, Aia hoike o ke ola o ka "maoli mīkini'ātoma" ma i nukelea reactions ana. Depletion o U-235 a me ke alo o ka fission huahana loko o ka waiwai uranium hoʻokomo kālā, e hōʻike ana ma kahi o 2 ieeeea makahiki aku nei, ma laila i wahi spontaneously kāhea i ke kaula naoh.

I loko nō o ka mea i ka palapala radionuclides i ubiquitous, kā lākou lehulehu hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka wahi. Ke kumu nui? Aieeeua o maoli radioactivity o ka lithosphere. Eia kekahi, i loko o ka lithosphere ia loli aʻe nunui. I kekahi manawa ka mea, ua pili ia me kekahi mauʻano o ka hui a me nā minelala hao, kekahi manawa - loa regionally, me iki mea hoʻopili i nāʻano o nā pōhaku a me nā minelala hao.

Hoi o ka makana o iniiaiie radionuclides a me kā lākou mau kaikamahine me nā huahana ma maoli nā kaiaola hilinaʻi nui ma luna o na mea he nui aʻe, me ka Nine Inch waiwai o na nuclides, physical aʻe o ka ke kaiaola, e like me ka pono me physiological a? Aneeo aʻe o flora a me? Aaoa. Weathering o nā pōhaku, kā lākou mau papa kuhikuhiE? Aieeeua e pau ai i ka lepo U, TH a me K. TH a U palaho huahana mea no hoi e lawe kekahi i loko o kēia polokalamu. O ka lepo K, RA, U iki, a me ka mea uuku la kemu mea kanu. Ka mea, hanaʻia potasiuma-40 like hoʻi me ka pilina paʻa, a K. Radium, U-238 palaho huahana, hoʻohana 'ia e ka mea kanu,ʻaʻole no ka mea, o ka kālaiōewe, a no ka mea, mea chemically like ke kalipuna. Omo o ka uranium a me ka thorium kanu i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO uuku, mai kēia mau radionuclides i IeAUPIIe, IAa IO insoluble.

radon

Most nui o nā kumu o maoli pāhawewe hehee ai ka tasteless a me ka odorless,ʻike makaʻole kinoea, i mea 8 manawa kaumaha ia ma mua o ka ea ole, radon. Ua he o elua papa kuhikuhiE isotopes - radon-222, kekahi o ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia huahana o U-238 a me Radon-220, i hanaʻia ma ka hoʻopöʻino' ia o TH-232.

Pohaku, ka lepo, mea kanu, holoholona hoʻokuʻu akula radon i loko o ka lewa. Ke kinoea mea i ka huina hoonui o ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka radium, a hua mai la i loko o kekahi mea i kekahi mea. Mai radon - inert kinoea, ka mea hiki ke kaʻawale surfaces ma ka hui 'ana me ka lewa. Ke dala o ka radon, i emanates mai ka haawi nuipa o ka pōhaku hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka nui o ka radium a me ka 'ilikai wahi. Ka uuku o ka ole, o ka oi ia ke wehe i radon. RN lehulehu i loko o ka lewa kokoke radiysoderzhaschimi lako mea i kalele iho ma ea māmā holo. I ka hale ilalo, ana a me mines, a i ka poe ilihune ea holo, i ka lehulehu o ka radon ke hiki nui pae.

RN koke decomposes a ano i ka moʻo o ke kaikamahine radionuclides. Ma hope iho o ke kahua o ka lewa radon palaho huahana i hui me (particles) uuku o ka lepo, a kikiʻo ma ka lepo, a mea kanu, a me ka ua ana ma na holoholona. Ua oi loa ka pono hoomaemaeia lewa mai radioactive hehee wale, akā, i ka hookui hookahe koko ana a me ka palapala moʻopane o aerosol (particles) i ka paipai 'ana kā lākou palapala moʻopane.

Ma pakiko aniau i loko nō, i ka lehulehu o ka radon i loko ma ka awelika ma kahi o 5-10 manawa kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ke ao o waho.

Over ka mau makahiki i hala iho nei, i ke kanaka "artificially" hua mai la i kekahi mau haneri radionuclides hele pū ana X-Ray pāhawewe kumu, ka waiwai a me ka palapala noi a pau i hoohana ia ma ka oihana lapaau, koa, mana hanauna, a me ka instrumentation no ka mea pōhakuʻimi loa i ka lewa.

Kanaka 'ole o ke kanaka-i ka pāhawewe kumu loli aʻe nui. Ka hapanui o ka poʻe e hoʻomau i ka kŘpa a uuku mahele lāʻau oʻimi hoʻopunipuni pāhawewe, akā, kekahi - nui na tausani manawa i ka pāhawewe o maoli kumu. Man-i kumu i maikaʻi lāʻau ma mua o maoli.

X-Ray kumu ma ka lapaau

Ka hanalima a me ka 'inikua ana, e like me ka rula, wale maemae radionuclides, a simplifies i ka' ike o ka aoao, e liu mai ka pūnaewele ioauoa, a hoʻolilo kaʻina.

pāhawewe palapala noi ma ka lapaau Ua laha a hiki palena papaha i ka nui hopena. Kēia nā X-Ray kumu i hoʻohana ma ka lapaau no:

• lapaʻau ';
• Inc;
• mākau kaʻina hana;
• i auhele.

No ka PalekanaEND_LINK hoʻohana like Pekelala ai, e like me ka pono me he ākeaʻano o radioactive tracers. Health iauaeoia i hookuu maopopo i ka palapala noi me radiology a me nukelea lapaau.

Ua ka X-Ray şarkı kumu o ionizing pāhawewe? Me tomography a fluoroscopy - he luawai-ike PalekanaEND_LINK ke kaʻina hana i ua hana me ia. Eia kekahi, ma ka 'inikua radiography, ua nui na palapala noi kālaiōewe kumu me gamma a me ka Hoʻokolohua, a me ka mana neutron kumu no ka hihia kahi X-Ray machines i kekahi kaʻao ka, misplaced, a i e weliweli. Mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ke kālaikaiaola, X-Ray pāhawewe mea i pilikia like loa me kona kumu noho hookolokoloia, a hoolilo o ka pono. Ma keia manao, o ka moʻolelo hehee wale radium, radon a me nā paipu radiysoderzhaschih luminescent i huiʻia ka mea, e hooikaika ana.

X-Ray kumu ma ke kumu o ka ⁹⁰ M. a ¹⁴⁷ pm mau i hoʻohana. Ka muli o ²⁵² CF like me ka lawe neutron mīkini hana wāwahie neutron radiography i lohe nui i loaʻa,ʻoiai ka mau, keia iaoia mea noʻelemakule e kaukaʻi ma o ka loaʻa nui o nukelea reactors.

nukelea lapaau

Ke kumu nui weliweli o ka? Aneie hopena i radioisotope lepili i nukelea lapaau a me ka X-Ray kumu. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike undesirable ai na kēia:

• irradiation o ke ahonui;
• waiū o ka haukapila limahana;
• irradiation ka wā transporting radioactive pharmaceuticals;
• hopena i loko o ka manufacturing kaʻina hana;
• i ka hopena o radioactive wahi neoneo.

Ma nā makahiki he ua nui i ka welelau o e emi i ka waiū o nā mea maʻi ma ka hoike ana o pōkole-noho isotopes hou hakaʻeleu hana, a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka oi loa IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE huahana.

Puu uuku hapa-ola ho'ēmi i kā ka aoao o radioactive neoneo , mai ka hapanui o ka lōʻihi-noho oihana mua o ia auoiaea ma nā puʻupaʻa.

Apparently, i ka hopena ma luna o ka papa ma ka sewerage'ōnaehana aʻole i hilinaʻi ma luna paha o ka hoʻomanawanui i loko o ka haukapila ole ia ma luna o ka outpatient manawa. Oiai ka hapanui o ka hoʻomehana honua o radioactive hehee wale hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha ia e pokole-makahiki, huina hookoia me ka nui loa aku i ka nui o ka haumia ea o nā mea a pau nukelea mana mea kanu hui.

Ka loa mau hoʻohana radionuclides ma ka lapaau - X-Ray kumu:

• ^99m Tc - kaʻimiʻana i ka puniu wale no a me ka lolo, cerebral koko scan NineManga.com, naau, akepaa, akemāmā, thyroid gland, placental IIeEeAIEUAA;
• ¹³¹ I - ke koko, ake scan NineManga.com, placental IIeEeAIEUAA, kaʻimiʻana a me ka hana o ka thyroid;
• ⁵¹ Cr - manao paa o ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ke ola o kaʻulaʻula koko keena a sequestration, ke koko ka leo;
• ⁵⁷ Makeke - Schilling hāpana;
• ³² P - metastasized i ka iwi.

Laha ana o ka radioimmunoassay hana pāhawewe Ka Ikepili o ka mimi a me nā noiʻi kāu kiʻina hana ka hoʻohana 'ae' ia ke aloha i huiʻia me ka nui loa, a mahuahua nui i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka wai-scintillation hoomakaukau. Ke aloha phosphorus pāʻoihana i ana nānā 'ana i toluene a xylene, lakou i kekahi' ano nui ka leo o ka wai a ke aloha neoneo a pono e hoolilo o. Aaioee i ka waiʻona, ka palena papaha hoʻopōʻino a environmentally unacceptable. No keia kumu, koho ua haawiia mai e hoomaunauna incineration.

No ka mea, lōʻihi-noho ³ H 'ole ¹⁴ C i ka haiia wailana i loko o ke kaiapuni, kā lākou hookoia mea i loko o ka maʻamau laulā. Akā, i ka huina hopena hiki e nui loa.

Kekahi 'inikua ana o radionuclides - ka hoʻohanaʻana i plutonium iuo aaoa? No pacemakers mana. Tausani o ka poʻe e ola ana i keia la i ke aloha i ka mea i kēia mau mea, he manaʻo kōkua hana i ko lakou mau naau. Hoailonaia he kumu ²³⁸ Pu (150 GBq) surgically e kanu pūʻia i loko o nā mea maʻi.

Hanalima X-Ray pāhawewe: kumu, ka waiwai a me ka noi

Medicine - mea ole ka mea wale nō kahi i loko i loaʻa i ka hana ana o keia hapa o ka electromagnetic a pae. A nui loa o ke kanaka-i ka pāhawewe i hoʻolilo 'ia e hoʻohana' ia i loko o hanalima radioisotopes a me ka X-Ray kumu. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kēia noi.

• hanalima radiography;
• pāhawewe huahelu;
• uahi detectors;
• pakiko-luminous mea;
• X-Ray crystallography;
• scanners no ka inspecting ukana, a lawe-ma ukana;
• X-Ray kukuna;
• synchrotrons;
• cyclotrons.

Mai ka hapanui o kēia mau palapala noi pū i ka hoʻohana 'ana o encapsulated isotopes, irradiation i wahi i ka halihali, hoolilo, a me ka mālama' ana i ka hanaʻana.

Ua ka X-Ray şarkı kumu o ionizing pāhawewe i ka hana? Ae, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka politika-luku international airport hooponopono nenoai, ma ka aniani noiʻi, mea a me nā hale, hanalima nana. Over kaʻumi makahiki i hala iho nei, i ka mahele lāʻau o ka pāhawewe waiū ma ka 'epekema a me ka' oihana, ua hiki aku ka hapalua o ka waiwai o keia anakahi ma ka lapaau; nolaila, he nui na makana.

Encapsulated X-Ray kumu e lakou ia lakou iho i uuku ai. Akā, i ko lakou halihali, a hoʻolilo e makau ia ka mea, e lilo paha accidentally kiola i loko o ka dustbin. Oia X-Ray kumu i ana lako a hoʻouka kekahi ma ka papalua-sila iwi kuamoʻo a me nā paukūʻolokaʻa. Nā capsules i i ka kuhiliʻole kila, a koi papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nana no ka liu i. Me hoʻopōʻaiapuni hiki ia i ka pilikia. Pōkole-Noho kumu ke hoola a me ka palaho, akā, a hiki ma keia hihia, ka mea, e pono ia i loko o ka mooolelo, a me ka pono e hoolilo i ka i koeʻeleu mea o loko o kekahi i ka hoʻopaʻa laikini wahi uku paha. I ole ia, E ke hoʻouna i nā capsules i hana kūikawā kulanui. Lākou mānoanoa e hoʻoholo i ka nui o kaʻeleu mea, a me ka X-Ray kumu kauwahi.

Waho pūnaewele makahiki X-Ray kumu

A ulu pilikia o ka palekana decommissioning a me ka decontamination o hanalima kahua kahi radioactive mea i waiho i loko o ka hala. Holo nōhie ia mua kukulu hana no ka aaioee nukelea mau mea, akā, pono e 'ana o nā hana, e like me nā hale hana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hoʻoponopono-luminous tritium hoailona.

A kūikawā pilikia o ka lōʻihi-noho haʻahaʻa-ilikai kumu, a i hoʻomano puunaue. No ka laʻana, ka mea ²⁴¹ ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka uahi detectors. Ma waho aʻeo ia radon o ka papa kuhikuhiE X-Ray kumu i loko o ka hale. Pākahi ka mea, e ole ho oweliweli i kekahi pilikia, akā, he nui helu o ia hiki e he pilikia i loko o ka wā e hiki mai.

nukelea Naita me ia

Over ka 50 makahiki i hala, kela mea keia mea i na hoopai ana i ka hana o ka pāhawewe mai radioactive fallout, kena ae la ia e nukelea mea kaua ikea ai. Lakou ihu lua i 1954-1958 a 1961-1962 makahiki.

I ka makahiki 1963,ʻekolu nō'āina (USSR, USA a me Beritania Nui) kakauinoa kekahi 'aelike ma luna o kekahi hapa pāpā ma nukelea e ho'āʻo ai i loko o ka lewa, a me ka moana mawaho ka lewa. Over ka mea e hiki mai ana nā makahiki, France, a China hana i ka moʻo o ka mea liʻiliʻi hoao ana, a oki ae la i ka makahiki 1980. lola honua e ho'āʻo ai i nō i mālama 'ia, akā, ka mea, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO e mai i ke kimu ole.

Radioactive mea hoʻohaumia ma hope o ka lewa e ho'āʻo ai haule kokoke i ka paena o ka Naita. I ka hapa, ka mea noho ma ka troposphere, a ua laweia aku la oia e na makani a pau ma luna o ka honua ma ka ia ka latitu. E like me mākou hele nei, ka mea e haule iho ma ka honua, e noho ana no e pili ana i ka mahina i loko o ka lewa. Akā, i ka mea maikaʻi loa ua pahu i loko o ka stratosphere, ma kahi haumia ea koe no na malama he nui, a ua kuu iho mālie ma ka Honua.

Ke fallout nā haneri, a okoa radionuclides, akā, kakaikahi wale no ia e hiki ke hana ma ke kino o ke kanaka, no laila lākou nui mea uuku loa, a me ka palaho mea kokololio. C-14, cs-137, Zr-95 a me M.-90 i ka loa nui.

Zr-95 i ka hapa-ola o 64 mau lā, a me ka cs-137 a me M.-90 - ma kahi o 30 makahiki. Wale kalapona-14 me ka hapalua ke ola o ka 5730 makahiki, e noho hana i loko o ka wā e hiki mai mamao.

nukelea ikehu

Nukelea ikehu o ka loa controversial o nā kanaka-i kumu o ka pāhawewe, akā, ka mea, ua he uuku loa na makana i ka hopena ma luna o kanaka ola. Ma maʻamau hana o nukelea iauaeoia hoʻokuʻu akula i loko o ka papa o ka uuku nui o ka pāhawewe. Ma Pepeluali 2016, he 442 ke hoʻohana kivila nukelea reactors i loko o 31'āina, a me kekahi 66 i lalo kūkulu. 'O kēia wale nō kekahi hapa o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kalapona o nukelea wahie. Ua hoʻomaka me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie a me ka wili o ka uranium na mea i eliia, a kŰlń ao ka Ioi o nukelea wahie. Ma hope o hoʻohana i ka mana kanu wahie aeee i kekahi manawa hoʻokō 'ia no ka loaa o ka uranium a me ka plutonium. Eia hoi, o ka pōʻaiapuni welau a me ka hoʻolilo o nukelea neoneo. Ma kēlā kahua o keia pōʻaiapuni hiki liu radioactive mea.

About hapalua o ko ke ao nei? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka uranium na mea i eliia hele mai ana, mai ka lua e hamama ana, me ka 'ē aʻe hapalua - mai ka mines. Ua Ua laila wāwahi ihola ma loko o nā mea wili kokoke i paka nui dala o ka wao - haneri o ka miliona o tons. Kēia wao akua koe radioactive no miliona o ka makahiki ma hope o ka poʻe aɃe kona hana, e like nae me ka pāhawewe ea puka mea he uuku loa hapa o maoli mau kaʻao.

Mahope, i ka uranium ia iho i loko o wahie e hou aaioee a me ka huikala ma luna kiaʻana i kāna mea wili. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana alakai i ka makani a me ka wai haumia ea, akā, ua nui e emi aku ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka wahie ka mea, kalapona.