Hana o chromosomes a me kā lākou 'ole. He aha ke ano o na chromosomes i loko o ka halepaahao?

He 'atikala e kamaʻilio i ka' ole o eukaryotic keena, chromosomes, 'ole a me ka hana e? Anoee kālaimeaola hana, i kapa cytology.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Ua he nui ke keʻena o ka halepaahao nucleus, chromosome i loaa i loko o ka 19th kenekulia ma kekahi mau noiʻi. A Lūkini biologist I. Chistyakov aʻo ia i mitosis (ke kelepona hele mahele), German anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried av Waldeyer-Hartz ike aku ia i ka makaukau ana o histological hoomakaukau, a kapa chromosomes, i ka i hookohu aku i na bipikane, no ka poe ola, pane ana i kēia mau hale a ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ke aloha kalameaʻai magenta.

Fleming ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i ka 'epekema hoike ma ka papa ua hana ia e na chromosomes ma aeee i i hoʻonaniʻia ai ka nucleus.

Mawaho 'ole o nā chromosomes

Mau microscopic ho okumu aia i loko o ka nuclei - ka loa nui organelles keena, a lawelawe like me ka wahi o waho pūnaewele a me ka EYI o hereditary 'ike o ka meaola. Chromosomes iloko o ka kūikawā 'Oponopono - chromatin. He He conglomeration no he filaments - fibrils a me granules. Mai ka Nine Inch oiai, kēia hui o ka laina DNA nā lātoma (ma kahi o 40%) me kekahi histone nā polokina.

Pono a pau o i loaʻa i ka 8 peptides a me ka DNA nā lātoma nā huakaʻi ka hoʻoluli ma kumuʻiʻo globules, me coils kapaia nucleosomes. Ka manaʻo deoxyribonucleicʻakika kūpono ai 1,75 Hope a puni ke kumu kuleana, a i ke ano o ka ellipsoid ma kahi o 10 nanometers ka lōʻihi a me 5-6 i loko o ka laula. Ke alo aku o kēia mau hale a (chromosomes) ma ka lawelawe 'ana kāna mau' ōlelo me ka taxonomic hiʻona eukaryotic keena. Ua mea ma ka palapala o ka nucleosomes papa chromosomes like me ka malama ana a me ka EYI o aaiaoe kāna moʻolelo.

Ke kaukaʻi ana o ka 'ole o ka chromosomes o ka halepaahao kalapona pae

Inā o ka halepaahao i ka interphase, a ua wehewehe aku ma kona, pili ulu a me ka pūnao, akā, me ka nele o ka mahele, ka chromosomes ma ka nucleus i ke ano o ka lahilahi filaments despiralizovannyh - chromonemata. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ka mea, i intertwined, a visually māhelehele au iā lāua i loko o nā hale kaawale ole i ke Akua. I ka manawa o ka hoouka kaua o ka halepaahao mahele, i mea ma somatic aeee ua kapaia mitosis, a i keka - meiosis, chromosomes hoʻomaka ka helical a me ka hanaʻia naʻe, e oi hiki i loko o ka microscope.

Pae o ka hui ana o chromosomes

Units o nā kūpuna mai - chromosome, nana i au mamuli o ka 'epekema aaiaoe?. ʻepekema, ua loaʻa i nucleosomal ka pae ec DNA-histone nā polokina i hana i kaʻoni iho mua kauoha. Ke anuanu hāʻawe o chromatin 'ole ia lŘlŘ aie i ke kahua o ke kiekie mea - solenoid. He o kāna mau hoʻolālā a ua hōʻailonaʻia i loko o kekahi i oi luna 'a wili-'ōwili hao. A pau o ka mea ma luna o ka hoʻonohonohoʻia chromosome pae i loko o ko lakou hoomakaukau ana no na keena, e puʻunaue.

Ua mea i loko o ka mitotic kalapona mall pa alima o nā kūpuna mai, he o nā'ōewe i loaʻa ka DNA i hoopokole ole, a hanaʻia naʻe hoohalike me ka filiform chromonemata interphase wā o ma kahi o 19 tausani. Times. Ua olelo hoopomaikai palapala chromosome Kernel oihana i mea e hoolilo aaiaoe ano o ka meaola, ua makaukau hoi e puunaue somatic a germ keena.

Ke morphology o na chromosomes

chromosomes kuleana pili i hiki ke wehewehe ma këia lākou morphological hiʻona i mea maikai Hahai I loko o ka mitotic pōʻaiapuni. Ua Ua ho'āʻo ai i loko o ka kemikala kahua o ka interphase nuipa o ka DNA i loko o ka halepaahao ua pāpālua no kēlā me kēia kaikamahine aeea i hanaʻia ma ka mahele ana, e loaa i ka hookahi dala o aaiaoe 'ike e like me ka palapala makua. Kēia Ua loaʻa ma ka replication kaʻina - ka pakiko-a pāpālua hoʻi DNA loko ma ka'ūhū DNA polymerase.

Ma cytological hoomakaukau makaukau ma ka manawa o ka metaphase o mitosis i ka mea kanu a holoholona keena ma lalo o ka microscope pono i kēlā me kēia chromosome ua haku o nā'āpana, i kapaia chromatids. Ma ka hope kūlana o ka mitosis - anaphase, a oi loa aku hoi telophase - kā lākou piha kaawale ana i, ai kēlā me kēia chromatid i ke kaʻawale chromosome. Ua maupaʻa noke kana olelo hoopomaikai DNA lātoma, like hoʻi me lipids,ʻakika nā polokina a me RNA. Mea pōhaku waiwai ka mea, iloko makanekiuma a me ka kalipuna Ion.

Kākoʻo mall hehee wale chromosome

I ka chromosome hana i loko o ka halepaahao i laweia mai i ka piha, mau huahelu o nā kūpuna mai i ka kūikawā mea - ka iniiaiie constriction (centromere), a aole loa spiralizuetsya. I ka mea i hookaawale ai i ka chromosome i loko o nā puʻuʻelua, i kapaʻia nā poʻohiwi. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi o ka centromere, chromosome aaiaoe? Hoʻolaha i like huina (metatsentrichnye) neravnoplechie (submetacentic) a me ka akrotsentrichnye. Ma ka hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā iniiaiie constrictions i hana - kinetochores, i nā pā hōkū-me kumuʻiʻo globules ke aupuni 'ma na aoao a elua o ka centromere. Sami kinetochores komo o nā māhele: mawaho hui 'ana me microfilaments (wili kālī) pili ia ia.

Ma ka hoemi i ka filaments (microfilaments) ua pololei kauoha puʻunaue chromatids ec ka chromosome ma waena o ke kaikamahine keena. Kekahi chromosomes i kekahi a oi kiʻekiʻe constrictions, i ka mea,ʻaʻole kākou i loko o mitosis, mai kēia mau mea e ole hui i ka pae kālī, akā, i kēia mau mau (kiʻekiʻe constrictions) i ka hooponopono ana o ka hoʻololi kemikala o nucleoli - organelles i nā kuleana no ka ho okumu ana o ribosomes.

He aha mea he karyotype

Ikeia geneticists Morgan, N. Koltsov, Sutton ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, meticulously aʻo i ka chromosome 'ole a me ka hana i loko o somatic a me ka germ keena - gametes. Ka mea, ike i na halepaahao o ka laha 'a pau typical o ka kekahi nui o chromosomes me kekahi mau' shape a me ka nui. Ua aaeaaaaony i ka totality o chromosomes i loko o ka nucleus o somatic aeee kapa karyotype.

Ma kaulana moʻokalaleo karyotype ua pinepine equated me ka chromosome huapalapala. I mea, ia mea,ʻaʻole'ālike manaÿo. E laʻa me, kanaka karyotype He 46 chromosomes ma na nuclei o somatic keena, a i hoʻokohu 'ia e ka mau haʻilula 2n. Akā, na keena, e like me hepatocytes (ake aeee) i mau nuclei, kā lākou chromosomal hoʻokō denoted like 2n * 2 = 4n a 2n * 4 = 8n. ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka helu ana o chromosomes i loko o kēia mau keena e e oi aku mamua o 46, eia nae ka karyotype o hepatocytes mea 2n, alaila, he 46 chromosomes.

Ka helu o nā chromosomes ma germ aeee i mau mau manawa e emi ma mua o ka somatic (i loko o keena o ke kino), ua kapaʻia kēia 'ia paha haploid, a ua haawi ia ia e like me ka n. All'ē aʻe aeee i loko o ke kino i ka lākou o 2n, kapa diploid.

Morgan ka chromosome pähola 'o ka hoʻoilina

'Amelika geneticist Morgan ike i ke kānāwai o ua hoʻopili'āina hoʻoili o nā'ōewe, alakaʻi hoʻokolohua ma ka hybridization o ka hua nahu, hua nahu. Ma kona noiʻi, i? Anoee i ka hana o ka 'īnea i chromosomes o aeee. Morgan hoao i nā'ōewe ke aupuni 'o kokoke loci o ka ia chromosome,ʻAmelika, ili pū, a laila i ka lālau. Inā na nā'ōewe i aia ma chromosome aku mai kekahi i kekahi, ma waena o ke kaikuahine chromosomes hiki i kela kapa-ma - kaʻana like hoʻopunipuni.

Mahalo i ka noiʻi o Morgan, i hana aaiaoe palapala, ma i hoʻopaʻa haʻawina no ka hana o ka chromosomes a me kā lākou nui ana i loko o aaiaoe aʻoaʻo 'ia no ka hoʻoponopono' kumuhana o ka hiki pathologies o chromosomes a me nā'ōewe ma o na la hereditary ka maʻi i loko o kānaka. Ke ano nui o na hopena a o nā kānakaʻepekema, ia mea paakiki ke overestimate.

Ma kēia 'atikala, ua noʻonoʻo mākou i ka' ole a me ka hana ana o chromosomes, a ka mea hana i loko o ka halepaahao.