Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva: Kawaihae a me ka Hawaii photo

Zinaida Ermoleva ua he poʻokela 'elele o Soviet lapaau. Ua Ua hoʻokumu pū lehulehu ana-maka noiʻi, a i hāʻawi mai i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia wahi lulu microbiology.

i kakahiaka nui makahiki

Born Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva i ka 1898 Frolovo - kekahi o ka nui kauhale o ka wahi o ka Don Cossacks. I pau kula ma Novocherkassk. A hiki ia la manawa, e koho i kaʻoihana, i kona hoʻoholoʻana i kona oihana - lapaau. Ermoleva komo i ke Kulanui o Don ma Rostov-ma-Don. Kela manawa, i kona wa opiopio o ka haumāna hoike poʻokela hiʻona o konaʻano. Ua makamake nui o ka hoʻolaʻaʻana, paʻakikī hana, he makewai no ka ike, a me ka ikaika makemake. He nui hope, ma hope e lilo ana i nä känaka 'epekema kaulana, Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva hoomanao pehea kona aloha i ke kulanui malu' aneʻii loko o ka Keʻena mua ka mea, wehe i ka keu hora paha elua, e tinker me alabata.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kuko o nā haumāna koke lilo microbiology. Ka mea, ua kona Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva ua laʻa i kona pau makua ola. Ma hope o ua noho mai kulanui, ua noho ma ke kulanui me ka Hope o ka Oihana o Microbiology. Oi loa aku hoi i ka puu o ka poe akamai i hoʻolohe i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o pathogens. A laila, ma ka 20-ies o XX ke kenekulia, ua hou, pili ka hoʻopaʻi hoʻolaʻa ai i kēia mau mea. Mai ka Soviet Union Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna i keia 'oihana niche kekahi o ka mua, kona inoa i mau, ua pili me ka hou a me kekahi manawa hoʻokahuli aupuni discoveries.

cholera noiʻi

I ka 1922 ma Rostov-ma-Don ua he outbreak o ke cholera. Aie i ka nele o ka mākaukau o nā luna, a me ka heluna koke ia huli i loko o ka pandemic. No ka Ermoleva ka mea, ka manawa e noiʻi i ka maʻi mea,ʻaʻole ma ka ho'āʻo paipu, a ma na alanui o ko lākou mau kūlanakauhale. 'Epekema laila, i ike e pili ana i cholera mea,ʻaʻole no ka nui loa. He Ua ike pathogen - Vibrio cholera. Eia naʻe, loaʻa nō nā koʻohune, e like me ia, akā, aole hoʻokolokoloʻia e kānakaʻepekema, a hiki i ka hopena.

Ua mea me kēia mau microbes ua lōʻihi hana Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva. Ke ho'āʻo nei e maopopo i ka hopena o prototypes ma ke kino o ke kanaka, hele aku la kela i ka nui kamepiula. Ermoleva ia iho mailoko iho, e pana aku au i waiwai no ka 'epekema ka hoao ana. I ka hoʻokolohua ua i ka pomaikai. Ua Ua ua maopopo ia koʻohune pili vibrio i loko o kānaka, mutate a lilo ke ola-na olelo hooweliweli au.

Neʻe maila i Moscow

I ka papa kuhikuhiE manao o ka ho okolohua Ermoleva a me kona nā hoapili ua i ka laʻau koʻokoʻo i hiki hoomalu kanaka mai ka make ahulau. Nā koʻohune mea i cholera, i hoao ai e kū'ē'ē mai i na waiwai. Ma hope o ka lengthy a me ka manawa-e hoopau ana ho'āʻo ma Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna hoao iho la ia no ka kāohi hoomau ana o ka heluna kanaka, ua lawa ia chlorinate i ka wai. Nā hualoaʻa o kona noiʻi hana i hanaʻia i ke kumu o ka hou hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe rula mea e lilo koke no i OAXA no ke aupuni holoʻokoʻa.

Ma ka hapalua like-20s, ia ia i ike, ua neʻe i microbiologist i Moscow, kahi, alai ae i kekahi o na oihana i loko o ka Biochemical Institute o ka People ka Commissariat o Health o ka RSFSR. Ermoleva a me kona hui e hana ana ma luna o ke ao o microbes, a me ka poʻe loa V. cholerae. A noiʻi Ua loaa i ka hou subspecies o keia meaola. Pathogen ike okoa mai congeners i hiki glow ma ke kēpau pouli. A hiki aku i ka hoʻonohonoho 'epekema kaiāulu ike lea i ka hopena o Ermoleva, ka mea i hoʻoholo i ka inoa i kēia? Ueo kona inoa.

International iaia

I ka makahiki 1925 ma laila i mua piliʻike Soviet keʻena hoʻokolohua no ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i microbial biochemistry. I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā a me ka ulu ana o keia hanana kulanui lilo Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva. Photo kanaka noiʻi i mau paku ole ia i na akeakamai nā puke. Ma kekahi mau aina e, paʻi i kona 'atikala (ma ka microbiology, epidemiology, a no laila, ma luna o. D.).

A laila, Ermoleva hoʻoili i kekahi puu, e hana me ka toxins. Ma ka Soviet Union, keia kŰia ua hoʻopaʻa 'ana Singles. No ka mea wehe aʻe o invaluable hana ia i hoomaka ai e hele aku i na poe mikanele o kahi'ē, a me Palani a me Germany. Ma keia manao, ia mea a pau koʻu hoʻokoe manawa (o a he mau loa kakaikahi) uku i ka'ōlelo'ē. I ka 1928 kipa Ermoleva microbiological Institute inoa ma hope o Lui Pastera ma Palika. Hoao pakahi aku la ia hoohua laulima Zinaida Vissarionovna me kona Kelemānia counterparts.

I Central Asia

Ma ka pau ana o na 30s loaʻa i ua kekahi mau mele Soviet hoʻomalu i loko o ke kaua e kū'ē i cholera. Ke protagonist o keia pae ua Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna. Ua piha Kawaihae wahine, no ka mea, me keʻano o ka pilikia poe mikanele.

I ka 1939, i ke cholera ahulau ma Afghanistan. Soviet Aupuni hoʻomaka e hoonohonoho kāohi ana i ka maʻiʻaʻai ia,ʻaʻole ia i komo i loko o ka Central hawaiian Socialist Republics. I Tashkent Ua hoounaia mai he hana pae, alai ae e Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna. Keiki a me nā mākua, nā kupa o ka nui kulanakauhale a me ka loihi kauhale - ua mea a pau ma lalo o ka make māinoino o ka maʻiʻaʻai. Ka mea, kōkua lāʻau ulu Ermoleva. ¶ A i loko o Uzbekistan, he hou nenoaiu o ikea ai no ke alo o ka mea hoʻomaʻi i loko o ke kino, ua ho'āʻo.

E hana ma ka Institute o Tashkent, Zinaida Vissarionovna, i waena o nā mea a pau, i loaa i ka hou lāʻau, i hui laʻau koʻokoʻo, mai kekahi mauʻano o ka maʻi. Ka lapaau e'āʻiliʻili ana me ka cholera, diphtheria a me ka typhoid.

lysozyme

Ma na 30s i loko o ka Soviet Union lawe mai i ke ao o ka lysozyme, i alakaiia e Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna. Na makana i ka microbiology o ka wahine inā loaa i kekahi lāʻau nui. Ka mea, ua ka'ūhū lysozyme, a hoomaka ae la e e ia i loko o ka meaʻai hana me ka preservative, a ma ka lapaau me ka antiseptic.

Ma keia aoao o ka 'epekema Ermoleva pau hana o kona mau mua. Back i ka 1909, Paul weheia Laşcencov waiwai lysozyme. Ke nä känaka 'epekema loaʻa iā ia i loko o ka moa hua manu, a ike i ka mea e wehe' ia i ka laha ana o germs. Ma hope, lysozyme i loaʻa i loko o kanaka nā'aʻaʻa a me glands. Naʻe, uaʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia mau mea, ua ulu e pili ana.

hou discoveries

No na makahiki, ua ho'āʻo biologists e möakäka hou i ke ano o ke kino hoʻomalu mai koʻohune. I ka like o ka lysozyme ke hookiekie i ka paku o ka mahuka ma keia liluwelo pohihihi. Studyʻia a me kā lākou e kū pono i Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva. he kānaka apau i mākaukau microbiologist lehulehu, akā, ka mea, ua i kau mai ana iluna o kona Pohon, akā, wahi a nui, a hana productively no ka pono o nā mea a pau o ka 'epekema.

Ermoleva kilo no e kahińuli 'enehana lysozyme. Eia hoʻi, ka mea, ua ka mea mua, e noʻonoʻo mea hiki ia e hoʻohana 'ana i loko o ka hana pono i ka laau lapaau. Ho oholo i ka Nine Inch 'ano o ka waiwai, ka noiʻi ua hiki ke huai ae lysozyme i loko o nā ulu - horseradish, radish, etc. kēia loaʻa wehewehe i ka laulā o nā kānaka laau no nā maʻi a me kāna hana ...

Kumu a me Ph.D.

Lysozyme ua kumuhana Ermoleva noiʻi ma kona ola, e hoʻomaka ana me ka 30-ies. I ka 1970, i kona Keʻena ua hiki ke synthesize i kēia waiwai i ka mea pōaka palapala. Ma hope iho o ia, lysozyme Ua hoʻohana mua ma ka ophthalmology,ʻoki kino, pediatrics a me nā mahinaʻai.

Kekahi palapala noi o lysozyme loaʻa ma kaʻai a me ka mahiʻai na hana. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka preservative i kekahi perishable ai, e like me hua. Ka moku'āina Ua oaeuiinoe i ka hana o ka ia me ka hua nui 'oihana like Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna. Awards loaa microbiologist (Stalin uku, no ka papa o Lenin, a me ka Papa Hanohano o ke Banner Red o na Hana Lima) he i ka manaʻo o ka nui o kona hana. Eia hou kekahi, he kanaka noiʻi i ka makahiki 1935 mamuli lilo i kauka o ka 'epekema, a ma ka 1939 i ka Kumu.

kōkua Stalingrad

I World War II ka aina ua oi loa keaka he 'Oihana e like me Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermoleva. Ua hoʻouna "Nā Mākua" Soviet microbiology a me ka epidemiology i Stalingrad e lanakila i loko o ke kūlanakauhale i hoʻopilikiaʻia hoʻomaka i ka nalu o ke cholera. Huikau ana no ka hoololiia ana o kānakaʻepekema ma ka mua laina i lawe mai no i ka mea i ka mea, ua hiki ole i ka roundabout ala, e haawi aku i ka mea e pono ai preventative koʻi lipi i kūloko nā kupa. Ka wale manaolana o Stalingrad ua, e hookupaa aku i hana o ka medicament i loko o ke kūlanakauhale.

I loko nō o ka ka pilikia a pau pili i alanui hakaka, bombing a me nā weliweli o ke kaua, Zinaida Ermoleva me kona hui i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i ka nui vaccination o ka heluna kanaka. A hiki i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie i, ua hoʻokumu 'ia, hoomaka ae la i ka waiwai hoʻopololei 50 tausani kanaka e lawe i ka lā. Aie i ka hana ana hana o microbiologists a me na kumu e hoʻokele i ka pale nuipa a'ōkuʻu ua hoomainoinoia au ma ke kulanakauhale Wehrmacht.

Search antibiotic

Ia ma Stalingrad a me ka nana ana aku i ka eha koa o ka Red Army, Zinaida Ermoleva hukihuki lakou i ka noonoo ana i ka oiaio i ka hapanui o ka mea i make i i make no ka mea, o ka eha iho, akā, no ka mea, o ke koko maʻiʻaʻai, a pili complications. A laila, e hoʻomaka i ka noiʻi 'ana keʻena hoʻokolohua hoʻolaʻa i ka hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia.

Ermoleva i loko o kona noiʻi ua kipaku ia e ka loaʻa Aleksandra Fleminga. I ka 1929, oia loaa he pono hou lapaau no ka waiwai - penicillin. Kēia antibiotic, ma ko lakou ano i pili i ka hopena he, lilo iho la i kipi oiaio ma ka pharmacology. Fleming iʻaʻole hiki iā e kona Kaka massively loaʻa, mai ke kanana nei ua mahalo lolelua. Ano, ua hoonoho keia i ka hanaia i Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna. Penicillin hiki ia i ke kumu o ke ao laau no ka mai, kena ae la ia e streptococci a me ka staphylococci.

Ke muli o ka Soviet penicillin

Ka mua Eia kekahi laʻana o ka wahi lulu penicillin ikea i ka 1942. Ka mea nui naʻe i ka mea wale Soviet maka i nā mea i hoʻohana e synthesize ia. Ma hope o kekahi mau mahina i loko o ka Soviet Union hele mai e Govard Flori. Kēia nä känaka 'epekema i ke Kumu ma Oxford University, ka mea e hoʻokele e kū ai i ka ia pomaikai nui ma ka' Amelika.

Ka Briton lawe mai i Moscow i kona mau Eia kekahi laʻana no e like lāʻau. Ka Ikepili hōʻike i penicillin Ermoleva hoʻohana nui aku ka maiau. I loko nō o kēia, i ka makahiki 1945, ka Nobel Komite i hookoia i ka makana ma Physiology a Medicine ua Howard chlorine.

ma ke alo,

ʻOiai ka Great Patriotic War ua mua i loko o ke kahua hope loa, na tausani o Soviet koa i no pono pilikia kōkua. I ka hopena o ka makahiki 1944, hui pū me ka nui Ermoleva surgeon Nikolai Burdenko hele aku la i ka mua, e paa i ka lāʻau hoao i loko o ka hakakā ana. Soviet penicillin ola kekahiʻano nui ho'āʻo - ka lāʻau ua kōkua nui i kaʻeha Red Army. Ma hope i ka hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka lāʻau.

A pau i nā malamaʻeono ma ke alo o ke Kumu Ermoleva i ka hana i loko o loa ana. Her Keʻena ua i loko o ka hale ilalo, a ua hoakoakoa koke i ka lako a pau. I loko nō o ka malihini nā wahi, Makuakane he koʻikoʻi microbiologist me kona hana.

ma hope o ka kaua,

Ma ka postwar makahiki, hoomaka ae la Zinaida Ermoleva o ia ho i ka Soviet Union ma ka World Health Organization. I ka poʻe uʻi a haule iho ma luna o ia mea i ulia. Ua maopopo i nā 'ōlelo, a me ka helu o kona lawelawe ana i na wahi lulu lapaau ua poʻokela. I ka makahiki 1956, MEA epidemiologist alakai i ke Komite no na antibiotics. Ma keia kulana, Zinaida Ermoleva koe ia a hiki i kona make ana.

I 50-60 makahiki, ka mea i laila, kona journalistic haʻawina, keʻakeʻa ma ke kaua. Pono ka lōʻihi 'oihana Ermoleva ua no ka mea kākau hou ma mua o 500ʻepekema pepa. I ka Ia manawa ka mea, lilo iho la ia mea ma ka aina i ke aloha a hiki i Veniamin Kaverin. Soviet mea kākau hoʻohana 'ia i ke Kawaihae Zinaida Vissarionovna like me ka prototype o ke ola mōʻaukala o ka protagonist o kona puke "hamama puke." Ua Ua paʻiʻia ma ka hapa i loko o ka palapala, ai nā puke ma 1948-1956 GG.

Kaverin Ermoleva ike kino mai 1928. Lakou i lawe mai i ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka hoahanau - Leon Zilber, ka mea i ka noiʻi i loko o ke kahua o ka virology a me ka oncology. Nä känaka 'epekema no ka lōʻihi manawa ua he colleague Ermoleva. I Stalin ka repressions Zilber ua i loko o kahi i hoʻomoana ai. Ma kekahi o na halawai me Zinaida Vissarionovna ia i haawi ia ia i ka malu i kākau o kona? Iie hana, ka noiʻi, hele pololei i loko o ka gulag. Kēia episode, e like he nui'ē aʻe, e hōʻike mai i ke alahula mau koa a me ka hoʻolaʻaʻana i ka oihana Ermoleva. Zinaida Vissarionovna hana mau i ka hana, a hoʻopaʻa haʻawina a hiki i kona hopena. Ua make ma luna o Dekemaba 2, 1974, a waiho mamo Kiure scientific hooilina.