ʻO wai ka populists a me ka mea o kā lākou hana?

Ke ideology o ka Populists, iʻikeʻia i loko o ka Russian aupuni a pau i loko o 1860-1910-ies, ku mai no ka hoʻololi o ke kaiāulu i kekahi "maikaʻi" pololei mai feudalism e socialism, capitalism ua lele komo. Ua manaʻo Ua manaoia, a? Ac? E Herzen, Bakunin, Belinsky, Chernyshevsky. Mākou hana ku ei ka Marxists. Ka mea, ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka ka pukaʻana i loko o ka Lūkini'ōnaehana hiki wale nō ia i ka capitalist.

ʻano nui ha awina populists - mea heʻano o ka uapo i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni o ka neʻeʻana mai o ka hanohano (ole Decembrists) ke kahua a hiki i ka Marxist ( 'o ia hoʻi, proletarian). Naʻe,ʻaʻole na nā paʻi hua, ua susceptible i ka propaganda o ke kipi. A me ke aupuni repression kiʻi aku e kaua i kēia Initiative. Naʻe, ka mea haʻalele i ke ao alohilohi i Trail e hoʻomanaʻo i ka mōʻaukala o Rusia. ʻO wai ka populists a me ka mea ka mea, ua kaulana? Mākou kamailio e pili ana i keia ma ka au mamuli o ka pauku.

kanaka ka oiaio loaa

ʻO wai ka mea i ka populists i loko o ka 19th kenekulia? Kēia intelligentsia, maka'āinana, ka poe i imi i ko lakou wahi ma ka kaiāulu. Ka mea, e hoomainoinoia au ma ka manaʻo i ka mea, ua lōʻihi ua wahine hemo la, mai na kanaka, i kona akamai a me ka oiaio. I mai la ua kauwa morally lōʻihi ma luna o lākou iho. Wale ka mea, e illiterate, e noho ma kaʻilihune, e ae mai ka ponoʻole. A ua pono, e kokoke ia ia, e wehe i ko lakou mau maka, a, e ao aku ma ka ala akau. Ma keia - o ka hana ana o ka pilina i na kanaka. He mea pono e equalize a pau nohona strata, a mai kēlā lawe i ka pono.

I Outlook hope-lā defenders o ka hana poʻe ma muli o ka manaoio ana Rusia - he aina ano pono'ī. Ke peculiarity o kona hoʻokele waiwai - ka aupuni? Iecaianoaaiiie. No ka mea, i ke kū hoʻokahi, okoa, mai na aina e, i ka alanui o? Acaeoey. Populists imi iho la e hoʻomōhala kona mau aneiai ÷, a makemake hoopii o na industrialists a me ka maʻamau kauwa. Herzen, no ka laʻana, ua palapala e pili ana i hoʻokahi wale nō "Lūkini socialism". Kēia i ka hōʻailona no ka hana.

Nā kêia kanaka o ke ao ana

ʻepekema Ua kuapo he nunui-faceted mōʻaukala ua Lūkini. A mawaena o na mea he nui nā hana kālai'āina ka neʻe 'ana o ka pau hoihoi o ka ninau ana o ka poe i ka populists a me ka mea i ka lepo i haawi ala i keia kŰia. No ke aha la sensible ma mua kilohi, ua pilikia i hāpai 'o ka pā o ka misunderstanding?

Rusia i loko o kēlā mau makahiki - agrarian, hope. Capitalism mea underdeveloped. kanaka kua'äina ola hoʻohana aina kamaʻilio. Kona hoa hana i uluhia e ka hoʻomaopopo like kuka o ka aina. Society kumu hoʻomalu ia maʻamau hana a me ka 'ohana ke ola, hōʻoia' like nā pono kīvila i mea a pau, e hoomalu aku i na mau kama'āina, mai ka luhi o ka nui landowners, ke kula.

Ua Ua hope, i ka wa a ke kauhale hoʻomaka nohona stratification, ke kaiāulu ua lilo ia i uhai mai la hoi i ka ulu ana o aina. I ka manawa, ua ua he kükohu pa alima o ka Lūkini ke kaiāulu, a me ka mentality o Lūkini kanaka i he kupaianaha wahi. No keia, a hopu ka poe iā i ka neʻeʻana o ka Populists.

Herzen - o ka mua o ka populism - kiai inoino ma Europe i pau ai i ke kipi ana o 1848-1849. He lilo ka manaoio i socialism Eulopa. Hoʻohālikelikeʻia kona aupuni, a komohana, hele mai la ia i ka hopena i socialism i loko o Rusia e lawe aku oe i mua. A ka mea, ke ole pela paʻakikī. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ke kaiāulu i loko o ke kauhale - makaukau aeea Socialist lehulehu. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhi o Mānoa, o ka pane ana i ka ninau: e noho ana i ka populists?

E hoʻokolokolo pono 'ole ka hoopai?

Ka poe i hele mai i ka palekana 'ana i na pono o ka mea keakea, koi ka hookumu ana o ka wā e hiki mai kaiāulu ka pono. A me ia mea i maopopo. Mea maʻa mau, ka mea holoʻokoʻa Lūkini moʻomeheu ua nānā 'ana ma luna o laila. "MaiʻAʻole au e koi aku e hoʻokolokolo pono a me ka pololei!" - wahi a Alyosha Karamazov ma Dostoevsky ka puke. Kēia theme like mea mau i loko o ka kekahiʻano, i ka leo i loko o ka moʻokalaleo a me ka holo ikaika aku nei i ka wā 1860-1910 makahiki. Eia, he ike hihio no i ka populists ma ka mōʻaukala, nui okoa mai ka mea'ē aʻe hoʻokahuli aupuni-manao pūʻulu. Penei, Marxists i ke kākauʻana ma ka like ana o kanaka. A ka mea, i ole e hālāwai me nā pono kīvila o ka Lūkini kanaka. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i hiki wehe 'ia ka Marxists mai na realities o Lūkini moʻomeheu. Mākou i haha aku ia kaumaha.

Kohoʻia i ka mahiʻai

E maopopo pono i ka populists, ia mea e pono ia ke hoole i Herzen me kona "Lūkini socialism." He hukihuki lakou i ka noonoo ana i na kauwa. Ma hope o ka nui kaiapili kumu! No ka mea, o ka pahuhopu - e hoʻopau loiloi landowners e wehe i nā kama'āina a me kā lākou mau mea e kukaʻi (me ka uku), e komo aupuni.

Chernyshevsky manao i ke kaiāulu i hana mua i ka kūlana o kekahi mau 'ano o ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a me ka capitalist, a laila, i nā puku ia.

Mai revolutionaries i anarchists

Oe e ike i naʻano o ka neʻeʻana i ka e ike i ka populists. Aia he ekolu papa kuhikuhiE LIKE: ka hoʻokahuli aupuni a'ano'ē, lokomaikaʻi, a me ka propaganda, a me ka anarchist.

The Liberal (KS) ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o kona ideologue P. Lavrov i ka manaʻo o kekahi mau kūikawā, akā,ʻaʻole i ke ala o ka capitalist? Acaeoey i loko o Rusia. Ae, ka mea i kapaʻia no ka hana hou ana i na ola o maʻamau kanaka. Akā, ma ka mea ala? Reformatory. Lākou koi - e luku aku i ke koena o ka feudal'ōnaehana, e hoʻopau nui pae ka waiwai o na konohiki a me ka hana na mea a pau i hiki i "ka hewa o ka capitalism" ua i komo iloko o loko o Rusia. Marxist kumumanaʻo ka mea, ua ike pono. E heluhelu a hiki unuhi i loko o Lūkini a pau ekolu puke o "Capital". Akā, no ka mea, noʻu iho au, noonoo iho la ia unacceptable.

Kekahi mea makaʻu, ka mea i hooleia, i ke koloheia. Ke alakai ikaika ma ka mōʻaukala - ka intelligentsia. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, pehea e manaʻo o loi oia ike. A me ka mahiʻai i mea e makaukau ai no ke kipi. No laila, e hoomakaukau mua mākou i nā promoters - ka intelligentsia. A e na kanaka e hele, e hai aku. Akā,ʻaʻole e hoʻokū i nā nā paʻi hua, e kipi koke. He He lōʻihi wehewehe hana e alakai i nā kūlanakauhale a hiki i ka hoomaka ana o ke kipi.

A me ka mea i oe i hana ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa? Ka mea, i ka "pähola 'o liʻiliʻi mau hana." I mau, nā kiʻina hana a ka populists - he mālamalama Pili I waena o ka heluna kanaka.

Ma ka papa he na Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke, a pau ano o ka lehulehu ahahui a me ka hoʻonohonohoʻia, kūkā a me Zemstvo papa, oa koho kino o kūloko ka hoʻoponopono-aupuni.

No (i kakahiaka nui me 1880-1890) populists hele mai, e hoomanao i ka ai-i kapaia pähola 'o liʻiliʻi hana. Ka nupepa "Week" e hoike i ka mea heluhelu i ka mea o ka hanohano ka pilina - kōkua i nā kama'āina. Ka mea, e i lanakila ma luna o nā pilikia a iʻikeʻia ma luna o nā kumu o ka makeke hoʻokele waiwai. 'Oe ke kōkua i ka mahiʻai' oihana i loko o nā hanana Zemstvos.

Press hoopii i na kumu, agronomists, kauka, "E hele i ke kauhale a me ka hana e holomua ai ka noho ana o na kanaka." Ka Magazine "Lūkini waiwai" vigorously kamaʻilio nui kauhale nīnūnē. "Nolaila e waiho i lalo ma ka honua," i ka publicist kapa Engelhardt, kākau moʻolelo Leo Tolstoy a me nā wā nui. Ka mea, i ko laua kamailio ana i ka pono superiority o na kanaka o ka hoʻonaʻauao kanaka.

Mākou i hele aku i ka kekahi ala

'ano'ē a hoʻokahuli aupuni populists, hui ma ka lola honua hui. Ka mea, kapa aku la lakou ia lakou iho i poe hoolike o Chernyshevsky. Lākou ana i kekahi - hookeai a me ka ruthless hookahuli ana o ke alii, a me ka koke hoʻololi i socialism.

Bright huahelu i waena o lākou - Lenin ke kaikuaana Alexander Ulyanov. He ua kekahi o na organizers a me na luna o ka poʻe hoʻoweliweli he mokuahana "People ka Will". It Ulyanov Sr. i ka polokalamu o ka paio e ku ei ka tsarist aupuni lākou.

I wale hoʻokahi makahiki o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni populists kukulu no hoi iluna i kona malu i ulanaʻia. He 80 pūʻulu. Ka holaʻelima haneri activists - ma ka-oaio? A, a ma luna o ka honua. I ka mau, oia hōʻiliʻili i ka pae ana o kekahi mau tausani adherents. Volya Ua i elima ho'āʻo ma Alexander II, hele aku la ia ma ka moolelo like me ka "liberator" a me ka "nui reformer." Ma hope o nā mea a pau,ʻo ia hoopau loa serfdom, he kālā, a me nā mea hoʻololi. Eia naʻe, ua imiia lakou paakiki poʻe hoʻoweliweli no ia. Iloko o ka hope hoao March 1, 1881 ka Auguseto i fatally eha.

Mea mea: Alexander Ulyanov kuai i kona mau mekala gula, i loaa ia ia no kona mau haʻawina, a kuai aku la me ke kala pahū no ka pōkā pahū.

21-makahiki-kahiko poʻe hoʻoweliweli i hopu, oiai e hoomakaukau ana e kaua kīmopō iā Alexander III, a hooko aku la i. Ma hope o ia i ka lono kaumaha hope o ka opiopio Lenin mai la: "Aole, mākou e hele aku i ka kekahi ala!"

A laila, i hahai ma ka nuipa a hopu o "kolohe", nui hōʻike hoao, hooko i ke aupuni. I wale ekolu makahiki (mai ka makahiki 1881 a hiki i 1884-la) he umi tausani kanaka i repressed. A oki ia nei "Narodnaya Volya".

kipi ke koko

Anarchists - ke kolu o ka lālā o ka populism. Lakou i wale i i manaʻo e one puka ma kekahi moku'āina, akā, iʻike mai i kekahi o ia mau mea. P. Kropotkin a Mikhail Bakunin - Lūkini ideologists o anarchism - hoomaopopoia mea a pau mana uhi, hookauwa kanaka. A Lūkini - he kipi i ka naau, ke koko. Na kauwa i makaukau no ka kipi. No laila, i ka hihia no ka uuku - e hoonohonoho i ka aina kipi. Aʻo ia e kāʻili i kēia moku'āina a me ka e ole ae i ka mea i hanaia o ka hou kekahi. Kela a me keia moku'āina nakeke ma ka ho'ākāka 'ana ua mea hewa.

Kropotkin i olelo mai ai o ke alakai kūlana o nā nā paʻi hua. Ka mea, hiki reformat i ka aina. Kekahi i wale, e hookupaa aku i ka kū kaʻawale o ke kamaʻilio a me ka Hui.

More hiki ole ke tolerated

He aha kāu kiʻina hana i hoʻohana populists keia manawa? Ma ka aina piha iho nuipa a kue, a kalaka nui-loio i koʻikoʻi a hanohano. Wale kekahi poe wale propagandists, oiai kekahi poe - i ka poe kipi.

Ka Pepa Ha laau waikahe Kharkiv, Moscow a me na kulanakauhale e ae. I ka hapanui o ka opiopio kanaka makemake i ka hoʻokahuliʻia o ke aupuni mō'ī ma ke kipi. Ka hou mea - i ka hui ana o ka wahi. O ka holo ana, ke aupuni pekelala, a ua kauoha aku ma kekahi koho ia i ua ahakanaka la.

Great keiki i loko o ke kapikala a puni pepehi i ka "Land a me ka noho kauwa ole ana" - He hui pu malu. ¶ A i loko o St. Petersburg, a me ka pae "People ka luku" ma Moscow. Kona mau lala i hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kekahi mea, aka, o ka "kua'āina kipi".

poe mihi io kaukaualiʻi

Aia ua like kekahi mau pōʻai me "ka mihi aliʻi." Ma kona ola, ka mea i hoʻolaʻa ai, i ka i e hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ai no ke kenekulia ma mua o nā kānaka hewa a noʻu iho a me koʻu mau kūpuna.

I ka pōkole, kekahi aoao ai kekahi, akā, kela mea keia mea makemake e hoala i ke kanaka o ko lākou mau "Socialist instincts." A pau keia i Ua loa kaulana, hou, nui. Kākau moʻolelo a me nā kānaka moʻolelo akahele i kākau 'ia ma kēia mau kamaaina. Artists hana pena. No laila, e hoʻoikaika i Ilya Repin ka pena "ka hopu ana o ka propagandist" Ua ike.

Akā, i nā hoomaka populism, e lilo lākou hiʻona a me ka ole i ka lehulehu. Ke hou aku i ua mua i hoala i kona poo i ka hana papa.

Ua ua he utopia

Peter Struve, he economist a me ka politician, maopopo iho la i wehewehe i ka populists. Kēia idealization a me ka subsistence a me primitive like. Aloha e kaumaha ana i ka obsolete aneiai 'ole, i ua kūkuluʻia i loko o ka a pau ka nohona a me ka pili aupuni kahua. I mea ia mea - ka ideology o ka intelligentsia, a i na kanaka.

Eia hou, e like me nā noi hou i loko o ka mahiai-ma muli'āina. A ka mea, ua i kā lākou hoʻololi i industrialization. Fans o kēia mau manaʻo i manaoia e kūkulu i kekahi kumu hoʻohālike o capitalist kūpono 'ana, a me ka heluna kanaka ke kiʻekiʻe o ke hakuloli i na rula o ka hoʻokele waiwai modernized. Akā, ka mea, aole e hana, no ka mea, ka mea unreal.

he maikaʻi kumumea

Ka makaʻu o ka Populists i loko o ka mea i kā lākou aʻoʻana a me ka hana pili kēia kōkua e consolidate i ka lāhui kanaka - ma ka hoʻopau o ka papa ka hanohano. Ka mea, Ua hana preconditions e hana i kekahi loio i pokole - kekahi no kēlā a me na strata o ke kaiāulu.

i maopopo hoao i ka fallacy o ka manao, e malama i ke kenekulia uuku aina. Makaʻu nā kaʻa mokulele, hoi, i ole paka i nā hualoaʻa.

New hanauna ulu mai, ua makaukau no ka pakiko-mōhai i loko o ka paio a me ka mea kahiko? Eia.