Alexander Radishchev - mea kākau, haku mele: Kawaihae,ʻike hoʻokumu

Alexander Radishchev ola ana i ka kŘpa a pōkole ke ola - Ua hānauʻia i ka 1749 (August 31), a make iho la i ka 1802 (Kepakemapa 12). He ua i ke keiki i loko o ka waiwai aliʻi ohana mua - kona kupunakane Athanasius Prokopievich ua he nui landowner.

hauʻoli kamaliʻi

I makahiki he ma ka waiwai i loko o Nemtsov kauhale e pili ana i Borovsky County Kaluga'āina a kona makua kāne. Ka 'ohana ua kokoke loa-hookahi, na makua - pono-hoʻonaʻauao kanaka. , La oia i komo Makua, ka mea i olelo mau 'ōlelo, a me ka Roma me kana keiki. Boy ua he punahele o kona makuwahine. E like me ka mea i wehe i ka hanohano mau ohana, i aʻoʻiaʻo ia ma ka hale - keiki aʻo i ka Lūkini 'ōlelo' o ka liturgical buke - Psalter a me ka buke o nā hola, e aʻo'ōlelo'ē, ka hapanui Palani, he kono na kumu. Little Alexander mea i laki - i loko o kaʻaʻahu o ke kumu o ka Palani 'ōlelo iā ia i hoʻolimalima mahuka koa.

Hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana i ka maikai

I ka 1955 weheia Moscow University, a me Alexander Radishchev hoouna aku ai i Moscow, i ka mea maoli makuakane Mr. Argamakovu makuahine,ʻo kona kaikuaʻana, e noho ana i ke kia o ka Luna Hoʻokele (1955 -1957 makahiki). A ka mea haawi mai i ka pono no na keiki Argomakovyh a me Sasha Radishchev ma ka home, e loaaʻi ka ike ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o ke Kumu, a me na kumu o ka gymnasium ma ke kulanui. I kona makahiki 13, Alexander Radishchev i haawi mai ai i kaʻaoʻao i loko o ka pii a hiki i ka noho aliʻi ma ka 1762, Ana II, a ua hoouna aku no ka hou aʻo i loko o ka pūʻali Pages - i ia manawa i ka loa 'ihiʻihi hoʻonaʻauao kula o ka Russian aupuni a pau, i kona wahi i aʻo mai ka 1762 a hiki i 1766 makahiki.

kulanui makahiki

He ua waiwai, i iho mai ka kahiko aliʻi ohana, a me ka hapanui importantly, ua he haumāna maikai, a ua nui loa ikaika. Nolaila, i ka wa a Ana hoʻoholo ihola e hoouna aku i kekahi pūʻulu o ka uʻi aliʻi o 12 kanaka, i waena o ka poe i 6ʻaoʻao, o kekahi o ka mea mua ma ka papa inoa ua Alexander Radishchev. Ma Leipzig, hele aku la ia i ka noiʻi i loio i pono. Eia naʻe, 'Aʻohe wai iaʻu, mai ka OAXA' epekema a me ka ma-hohonu study o ōlelo na haumana i aeia e halawai, a aiiieieoaeuii me nā sciences. A. N. Radischev keu papa koho laau lapaau a me ka kemika, ma ka i, e like me ma ka 'ōlelo, nui hakahaka. Five makahiki lilo ma Leipzig, i piha me ka naauao, a pela A. N. Radischev lilo kekahi o ka loa hoʻonaʻauao na kanaka o kona manawa, aʻaʻole wale nō i loko o Rusia. Aia, ma kahi e, hoomaka ae la oia e kākau. A me ka loihi manaʻo i loko o nā makahiki ia i aloha ai me Ushakov, ka mea i he uuku mua, ke akamai a me ka oi naʻauao Alexander a me ka make ana o ka mea 'ē aʻe. I kona hoʻomanaʻo Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich i kākau i ka apana i ua ai-kapaia "Life o Fedora Vasilevicha Ushakova."

Makahiki o kona ola i loko o Rusia ma hope o ka hoʻi

Ma kona hoʻi i loko o 1771 A. N. Radischev me kona hoa Mikhail Kutuzov komo aku la i ka hana i loko o St. Petersburg Senate, kahi a lakou i ole hana no ka lōʻihi manawa no kekahi mau kumu. Mai kahi'ē Radishchev hoi freethinker. I ka 1773, ua komo i ka loio i kuhikuhi i ka ke keʻena luna o ka Pinilana mahele, Aia ma Saint Petersburg, kahi hoi aku la oia i ka 1775. Ua ua He manawa Pugachev kipi a me kona suppression. I loko o kēia mau makahiki, Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich hana mau AaOAaXIeAeAIE, a me "Ka Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo ma Helene mōʻaukala," Bonnot de Ka Mably. Ua radishchev ke kiʻekiʻe o lilo kekahi o na kanaka loa i laa, a me ka holumua ai ka poe noonoo i ka papa kuhikuhiE hewa Lūkini autocracy a me ka serfdom. Ma hope o ko Laieikawai A. N. Radischev mare i ke kaikuwahine o ka hoa me ka mea ana i aʻo i loko o Leipzig. I ka 1777, ua komo i ka St. Petersburg dute, kahi āna i hana a 1790 a me ka dosluzhivaetsya i ka lāʻau kū o kona mea kuhikuhi. Aiaʻo ia i mau hoaaloha me Kauna A. R. Vorontsovym, nana e kokua i ka Lūkini poe akeakamai a me ka thinker a hiki i ka pio ana ma Siberia.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE huahana o ke ola

ʻO i ka 1771, ua ike i ka malamalama o ke ala mua ana o ka papa kuhikuhi hana, i i kākauʻia e Alexander Radishchev. "Holoʻana mai St. Petersburg a hiki i Moscow" kanaka mokuna i paʻiʻia ma ka St. Petersburg "pena" Magazine. Ma ka 80-90s o ka XVIII kenekulia ma Europe he ua he unusually nui nohona uplift, kipi, mua i loko o ka United States, laila, i loko o Farani hahai aku la kekahi ma hope o kekahi. Lawe ka lanakila o ka maikaʻi aniau no ka paipai 'ana i nā manaʻo o ke ku okoa ana, Radishchev kaʻina kānāwai ma ka hale pai hale (ma keia Marata Street), a ma May 1790 hehi ihola au iā 650 kope o ka buke. "Palapala i ka Friend" mua, i ke ano ki ina hana i paʻiʻia. ʻO wai lā ka mea i kama'āina i ka hopuna'ōlelo "Ae, e ka he kipi ino ma mua Pugachev!" I hoʻopukaʻia e Ana II hope heluhelu i kēia paukū e pili pū. E like me ka no o ka mea, i hoopaaia A. N. Radischev ma ka la o Petero a me Paulo pakaua, a me ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make. A laila, i ka "aloha" Empress Ua auou caiaiai kona 10-makahiki hoʻokuewa wale 'ia i loko o Siberia, me ka deprivation o ka inoa o ke aliʻi, a pau na kauoha, a me ka moku'āina regalia.

The Book o ka hai mai oe ia-ka helu ana

Books hoʻowahāwahāʻia kēia mea kākau e e luku. Akā, kuai lilo aku la kope hoopuka ia Radishchev, koke mai, no laila, kope he nui i ua i ai me ia i ka 'ae' A. S. Pushkinu e hoike i kekahi mea: "! Radishchev - o ka enemi o ka hoʻoluhi - pakele censorship". A paha, ka nui Lūkini haku mele i haawiia i ka mea i ka censor, nana ae la ma o ka puke, aʻu i manao i keia mea i ke alakai ana i ke kulanakauhale, e like me ka mea helu pū 'ia nā kauhale, aia ma kapa alanui. A hiki i ua ola 70 mau kahua kaua. A laila, A. S. Suvorinym i ka 1888 i loaa ae i ka paka 100 kope o kēia puke, supposedly wale connoisseurs a me ka makemake o ka Lūkini moʻokalaleo no. He aha ka ai outraged puke naʻauao Empress? Ka puke wehewehe i ka weliweli o ka serfdom, he incredibly paakiki ke ola o na kauwa, i hou, o ka puke he he pololei denunciation o tsarism. Ua pono palapala, piha ka'ōleloʻano caustic olelo, a aole i waiho i kekahi indifferent. Ua komo "Liberty" a me ka "olelo e pili ana i Lomonosov". Ae, a me ka meaʻaʻole i hiki i keia autocracy i ka waiū.

Incorrigible swinger

Radishchev, kona hana, poetry, philosophical hoonoho, odes, a me "Liberty", mai laila puhi a me ka lepo pepa o nā mea wili, e noho ana i loko o Ilim o ka hale paʻahao. Akā, eia ka mea i Komikina'Āina ma Kauna Vorontsov aʻo i ke ola o ka lāhui 'ōiwi e noho ana ma Siberia, ke kalepa? Ooia ma ka akau wahi o ka nui aupuni, a me ka manawa kūpono o ka kālepa me Kina. He ua ia nei, a hiki i kona mau pomaikai. Ma ka hale paʻahao ka mea, ua palapala he wahi lihi iki o ka hana mana, a me ka ia, (a oia i kekahi widower) hele mai i kona kaikuahine-ma-kānāwai, ma ka mea e brighten i ka loneliness o kona pio. ʻO wai ka pii a hiki i ka noho aliʻi o Paul I, ka mea i inaina i kona makuwahine, au hoi aku la ka makaia poe akeakamai, akā, me ka mea pono, e Haʻalele i mai ka ohana pūnana i Nemtsov. Alexander au i wale haawi A. N. Radischevu piha ke ku okoa ana, akā, i kono aku ia ia e hana ma ka ke kaha kiʻiʻana o nā kānāwai a hiki i ke Kuleana.

He pepehi anaʻia iā iho paha ona inattention

Link i ole hoʻololi i ka mea kākau moʻolelo i ka manao a me ka lawe 'ana i loko o ka ke kaha kiʻiʻana o nā kānāwai, Alexander Radishchev, Kawaihae Ua piha ka holo-ins me ka mana i e, oia ua palapala "kupono ulozhenija papahana." Ua kāheaʻia ka manaʻo o ka like o nā mea a pau ma mua o ka kānāwai, e pili ana i ka pono no ka kūʻokoʻa o ka ōlelo a me ka ahakanaka, a me nā "noa manaʻo" e pela huhu i ka Peresidena o ka Komisina helu P. V. Zavadskogo i ka mea hooweliweli i ka mea kākau o kekahi pio i loko o Siberia. Ina papa ana ua derogatory, a me nä olonä thinker mahope hookuu mai ai ia, a me ka ola i loa compromised, ina ia he mea weliweli loa iʻike i loko o ke pio, akā, A. N. Radischev i kona hale, i uaʻapu kōheoheo ma ka lalau make. Loa kaumaha moʻolelo. Eia naʻe, he mea kekahi mana e hōʻike i ka pā kaua o ke kanaka nui o kona manawa,ʻuhane - ia ia e hele i ka moe he pepehi anaʻia iā iho, a ma ka hewa inu i ka mālie iho, e ku ana ma ka maka aniani o ka vodka. A ka mea, ua ka "Aqua regia" make i kānaka, moa, a me ka haʻalele i ka makahiapo a ka mea kākau moʻolelo no ka hoihoi hou ia ana o na epaulettes kahiko. Loa kaumaha moʻolelo.

A maikai a me ka nui kanaka

Ma kona hana, A. N. Radischev ua hopohopo e pili ana i nā nīnūnē a me ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana. He ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka Lūkini hoʻokahuli aupuni nā mea pono a me aesthetics, e like me nā kiʻina aʻo. A me ka mea noiʻi, philosophical hoonoho, hoʻoweliweli aku tsarism a me ka serfdom Radishchev, nona poem, ua piha i ke aloha no ka poʻe a me ke ano maoli, a ua kakau iho la na keiki i ka mele,ʻo ia ia he kūoʻo poem, nane, invented kela pāʻani a me Competition.

Oia hoi, he kanaka i aloha ai ke ola, akā, ua makemake ia i ka e maikaʻi hoʻi i nā mea a pau na kanaka i i ole ke kūlana kanaka serfdom ma Rusia. Maikaʻi 'atikala ma ka A. N. Radischeve kākau ihola A. S. Pushkin.