Animal keena - i ka mōʻaukala o ka ike

Ke kelepona hele 'ole o ka' ano hoikeia i na kanaka a koke ma hope o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka microscope. I ka 1590, he mea ua hanaʻia ia e H. Jansen, lawe mai noiʻi i ka hou kiʻekiʻe. Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o na keena hoomaka mai ia koke. Epekema o ia manawa hoʻokokoke loa i ka ike pa alima o nā mea a pau e noho ana, a ua he loaʻa nui. Ke kanu aeea Ua ike mua, a aʻo i ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia botanist a me ka physicist Robert Hooke i ka 1665 ma ka pauku o Cork , ua loaʻa hana lauana, ko lākouʻano like i ka nalo hopeʻeha kauwahi waihona meli. Mau kapa iho la oia keena. Akā, Robert Hooke mälie kuhihewa i loko o kā lākou mau haʻawina, A laila'ōlelo akula ia i nā aeee ia lakou iho i ka ipu, a me kā lākou mau pā pōhaku, a ua ola mea.

Hou 'ana o ka optics ua kūpono i oi holomua Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o microscopes. Ua mea ma ka maka aniani o ka polokalamu Dutchman Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ua hiki ke ike pehea e kapili i ka holoholona aeea. Aole ia i waiho i ko lakou mau mea, ua ulu ma ka pepa i loko o ka palapala o ka ia-pena, depicting ia ike ma ka microscope. Ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ma ka koʻohune, sperm, e like me ulaula koko keena, a me ko lakou ana ana ma ka capillaries. Akā,ʻo ka naʻe o ka noiʻiʻepekema, ka mea, ua lōʻihi koe unsolved nīnau - paha na keena maoli nō ka iwi kuamoo o ka 'ole o nā meaola e ola ana. Ua ua wale i ka 1838 - 1839, i mai la ia ia ke haawi aku i ka botanist M. Schleiden a me ka zoologist T. Schwann. Ka mea, ua kālaiʻia ka walaʻauʻana postulates o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo, a mau ae la ia a hiki i ka i keia lā, me ka hoʻololi iki, like me ka mea hopeʻepekema discoveries.

Ano, Kelemāniaʻepekema ua kālailai i nā ikepili i loaʻa iā ia, ua hiki ke hooholo ia ia mea loa na mea kanu a me nā holoholona a pau i haku ke keena. Penei, kēlā mea kanu a me ka holoholona aeee i pākahi kuokoa pa alima, e noho ana i loko o ke kuʻikahi, harmonious me ka mea a pau meaola. Akā, i ko lakou hopena a ole he loa pololei. Eia naʻe, ua piha no ia i hana 'ia i ka mōʻaukala o ke ao o ka halepaahao. Ma hope o kekahi wā lākou compatriot ua hiki ke hooiaio i na halepaahao ua loko mai o nā keena Virchow, a me speculation e pili ana i ke kumu o ke kelepona mea mai o ka wahi, i ma kona mau mua, e kau iaʻo Iosepa, pololei ole.

Animal aeee ka poʻe paku ole ia i noiʻi i loko o nā mea he nui. Penei, a hiki mua i ke kahua o ka halepaahao kumumanaʻo, ke English botanist R. Brown loaa he OAXA ke keʻena o kēlā me kēia halepaahao - ka nucleus. A ma ka 1895, T. Boveri ua hiki ke ike ma ka microscope, a wehewehe i ka bipi keiki, e moe ana ma ka nucleus, i i kapaia centrioles. I ka 1890, nä känaka 'epekema R. Altman hōʻike dvumembrannye organelles kapa mitochondria. E like me ia, i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka mitochondria ua e hoolako keena me ka ikehu. A, surprisingly, keia mea mahuʻi hoao ia e pololei a me ka ua, ua hoopaaia ma ka makahiki o ka noiʻi.

A laila, ma ka lōʻihi manawa au, nā hoahānau hemolele ka manaʻo microscopes, hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina hou pili loa o ka 'ole o ka halepaahao. Kekahi manawa, he mau discoveries, corrective nei aeea kumumanaʻo. Akā,ʻo maoli liluwelo Ua Hopu ma hope o ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka huina'ine microscope wale. K. kiaʻi puka i ka makahiki 1945 ua hiki ke huai ae, a wehewehe i ka endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum), ma a ka holoholona aeea produces kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, o nā mahi kō a me lipids. Hope, i ka 1955 makahiki hoʻohana i ka malamalama microscope lysosomes i? Anoee - mau globular hale no ka splitting a me biopolymers i loaʻa ka likeʻole proteolytic nā'ūhū.

I ka like o ka holoholona keena o ka loina hooponopono "mai ka poe noonoo ole - i ka pilikia". Hoikehonua, noiʻi epekema ae e hoopau ai i ke hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka DNA hehee wale, o ka haku mele 'ana o ka protoplasm, a mea' ē aʻe. No laila, a me ka holomua o ka 'ike loea hou ma laila mea i ka manawa kūpono o ka ike ana i na mea a pau e noho ana honua. ʻo ia, ua mālama i ke kanaka naau.