Atom kemika - he ... Model o ka'Ātoma. 'ole o ka'Ātoma

Manaʻo e pili ana i ke ano o na nā wahi i hoomaka ai, e kipa manaʻo kanaka loa ma mua o ka heyday o kēia noho maikai ana. Mua, ua nūnē nui na kanaka e pili ana i ke ola ana o kekahi mana kiekie ae, a, aole lakou manaoio, hoʻoholo ma mua o ka pau ia. Akā, nani koke, poe akeakamai a me na kahuna, hoomaka ae la e manaʻo e pili ana i ka oiaio o ka mea, ma ka mea, o ka loa lole o ke ola. Theories i ua kau, akā, i loko o ka mōʻaukala kuanaʻike lilo Hoʻohaku'ātoma.

He aha ka ke'Ātoma ma kemika? Kēia, e like me ka pōmaikaʻi me nā mea a pau nā kumuhana apau loa mākou e kamaʻilio i loko o kēia 'atikala. E manaolana aku kakou i loko o ia 'oe e huli pane i kou mau ninau a pau.

I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka'ātoma kumumanaʻo

Where ka mua kemika haʻawina huli no? Ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma - o ka papa kuhikuhiE theme like. Oe ke hoomanao i ka hua'ōlelo "'Ātoma" ua unuhi ia mai ka olelo Helene, 'ōlelo e like me "indivisible". Ano, he nui loa moʻolelo manaoio i ka mea mua i manaoia ke kumumanaʻo, i aku la kekahi o ka moku (particles) e e i na mea a pau i nei, Democritus. He noho i loko o ka lima o ka kenekulia BC.

Eia naʻe, ka mea o keia poʻokela thinker kokoke i kekahi mea ua ike. Ua ua i hiki mai i kekahi palapala kumu o ia mau manawa. A no ka mea, o na haumana nui o kona manawa, manaʻo, mākou i ke aʻo wale mai i ka hana o Aristotle, Plato a me nā Greek thinkers.

No laila mākou theme like - "Ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma." Ma kemika, i nā mea a pau i kiʻekiʻe lākiō i, akā, he nui loa hoomanao i i kūkuluʻia ai ka hopena a pau o nā kānakaʻepekema kahiko wale n? I kuhi. Democritus ua i ke koe.

E like me aʻu i kamailio aku Democritus?

Kona kūpili ua nui loa na mea, akā, i ka mea ia manawa maikaʻi loa. Manao wale ia oe i na sharpest pahi i loko o ke ao nei. E lawe i ka ohia, no kekahi laʻana, a laila, hoʻomaka e oki ia: mau halves i wahi, puunaue hou ia ... Ma ka olelo, ma neia hope aku oe, e kiʻi i kekahi meager slices o ka mānoanoa e hoʻomau e mahelehele au ia laua e kāinoa mua e hiki ole. Eia ka mea, e ia indivisible'Ātoma. Ma kemika, keia assertion ua manaoia ka oiaio, aneane hiki i ka pau ana o ka 19th kenekulia.

Mai Democritus i ke kālā no nā manaʻo

It E e kaulana ia, mai ka kahiko Greek manaÿo o ka microcosm koe wale hoʻokahi hua'ōlelo "'Ātoma". Ano, na schoolchild ike ia ke ao nei a puni mai ua i mai o ka nui hou apau a me nā uku haʻakiu. Eia hou, mai ke kuanaʻike o ke kālā no 'epekema, ka pähola' ana o Democritus ua mea oi ma mua o ka hoʻokahi wale nō mea hypothetical computation,ʻaʻole i kākoʻo 'ia e loa i hoike. Eia naʻe, i loko o ia mau lā,ʻaʻohe huina'ine microscopes, no laila hoao ia ma kekahi 'ano ma ka thinker makemake ole i hiki mai.

Ka mea mua e hoʻohuoiʻia i Democritus mea nae i pono ma laila ma ka chemists. Ka mea, koke ike i na mea he nui o ka waiwai mai hemo mai ia i loko o simpler eiiiiiaiou i ka naoh. Eia hou, e lawe loa Nine Inch regularities o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana. No laila, ka mea, i kekahi i ka mea lawe ewalu nuipa a hapa iki o ka o oxygen, a kekahi no ka wai - hydrogen (Avogadro ka kānāwai).

Ma ka Middle Ages, i kekahi materialist ao ana, a me ke kumumanaʻo o Democritus, o ka makana a me ka? Acaeoey hiki ole loaa i nā mea a pau. A wale nō i loko o ka XVIII kenekulia, ua hoi hookahi manawa hou kānakaʻepekema i ka'ātoma kumumanaʻo. Ma ka manawa o ka chemist Lavoisier, mākou nui M. V. Lomonosov a me ka loea English physicist D. HaleakaLā (a mākou e kūkākūkā kaawale), ua convincingly kakaʻikahi i kā lākou nā hoapili i ka ike maopopo ana o nā'ātoma. It E e ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia i ke ahiahi, ma ka naʻauao 18th kenekulia'ātoma pähola 'no ka lōʻihi manawa he nui poʻokela manaʻo o ia manawa seriously noʻonoʻo.

Ka mea a ka mea, ua, akā, uaʻaʻole i waiho aku i kēia mau kānakaʻepekema nui ka pähola 'ana o ka' ole o ka'Ātoma, e like me ia i noonoo i kekahi a me indivisible huna, i ke kumu o na mea a pau.

Eia naʻe, Nine Inch ho okolohua ke ole maopopo hooiaio i ka ike maopopo ana i ka huli ana o kekahi mau nā'ātoma i loko o nā 'ona. Akā, i ke kumu 'epekema i loko o këia ka' ole o nā'ātoma ua kaʻoi loa kemika. Nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma i ua aʻo no ka lōʻihi manawa, he maikaʻi loa Lūkiniʻepekema, me ka i ia mea hiki ole e hoi i noonoo ai i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia 'epekema.

Ke ao ana D. I. Mendeleeva

A nui kūlana i loko o ka ulu ana o ka'ātoma olelo hoʻokani D. I. Mendeleev, ka mea i loko o 1869 i hana i kona maikaʻi loa papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika kahua. A kumumanaʻo, ua hōʻike mai iā ia i ka 'epekema kaiāulu, i ole wale i ole ai ia e hoole, akā, pono nā mea mahuʻi hoʻokō a pau materialists. Ua i loko o ka 19th kenekulia, ua hiki ke hooiaio i ke ola ana o electronsʻepekema. A pau keia mau mea, ua ulu alakai i ka mea maikaʻi manaʻo o ka 20th kenekulia e seriously hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka'Ātoma. I kemika keia manawa hoailono aku la no hoi ia ma ka hailona ana i discoveries.

Akā, i ke ao ana o Mendeleyev mea waiwai,ʻaʻole wale nō i kēia mau mea. He nō unclear pono ana i ka palapala nā'ātoma o kekahi Nine Inch hehee wale. Akā, ua hiki ke hooiaio mai conclusively ia ka mea, i nā mea a pau i ka nui Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema, me ka a koe, e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi.

Opening HaleakaLā

Akā, ke e hiki ke hoomaopopo i ka mau disparate ikepili hiki wale Dzhon HaleakaLā, kona inoa ua mau loa imprinted i loko o ka loaʻa o ke kānāwai wale. Nō kāu, ua aʻoʻepekema wale i ka hana o ke kinoea, akā, me ka laulā o ka pomaikai ka mea, ua nui lehulehu. I ka 1808 hoomaka ae la oia hoolaha ana i kona hou kumu hana.

Daltons Ua hilahila i kēlā Nine Inch hehee ai hoʻopili like i kekahi'Ātoma. Akā, ke nä känaka 'epekema, like Democritus na kenekulia mua ona, nō manaoio aku i ka mea, e pau loa ia inseparable. Ma kona mau kikoo diagrammatic Nails, ma a na nā'ātoma poe ma ke ano o ka poe noonoo ole pellets. Kēia manaʻo, a originated oi ma mua o 2,500 makahiki aku nei, uaʻaneʻane hiki i ka keia lā! Eia naʻe, wale kŘpa a nei ia i ua 'ike akula' hohonu maoli 'ole o ka'Ātoma. Kemika (Grade 9 i pau) a hiki i keia la ua pili kēia alakaʻiʻia e nā manaʻo i i mua Kupanaha i loko o ka 18th kenekulia.

Hoʻokolohua e hooiaio ai no ka divisibility o nā'ātoma

Eia naʻe, kokoke e pau kānakaʻepekema i manaoio i ka'Ātoma mai a hiki i ka pau ana o ka 19th kenekulia - ka palena ma kela aoao o a, aohe mea i. Ka mea, manao iho la ia i ke kumu o nā mea a pau i hanaia i kēia nui ia. Kēia i kōkua ai i nā ma kekahiʻano o ia mea: o ka mea a kekahi e olelo aku, akā, i hoʻololi mea wale nō ke lātoma, ana o ka uku a me na nā'ātoma o ka waiwai i ole i hoʻomaka ai loa he mea hiki ole ke wehewehe wale kemika. Ka 'ole o ka kalapona nā'ātoma, no kekahi laʻana, koe pau loa ua hoʻololiʻia a hiki i kekahi allotropic Hawaii.

Ma pōkole, no ka lōʻihi manawa, ua loaʻaʻohe manaʻikepili mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kahiko o ka'āina hoopaa Ua ulu maila o kekahi kānakaʻepekema i loaʻa nō kekahi hou apau o (particles). Wale nō i loko o ka 19th kenekulia (i ka liʻiliʻi loa hoomaikai i ka hana o ka Curies) ka mea i hoike ia ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu na nā'ātoma o kekahi hehee ai hiki ke iho i loko o ka 'ē aʻe. Mau discoveries lilo i kumu o kēia manaʻo e pili ana i ke ao nei a puni mākou.

Hua waina, a puddings

I ka 1897, George. Thomson, English physicist, ka mea i loaʻa i loko o kekahi'Ātoma he mea i kekahi huina o negatively i hoopiiia (particles), a kapa aku la ia i "electrons". Kela manawa, i ka 1904, ke nä känaka 'epekema i hana mai i ka mea mua'ātoma kükohu, a ua maikaʻiʻikeʻia ma lalo o ka inoa "plum pudding". Ka inoa ua hala loa pololei Hōʻike 'o ka pā like. Ma muli o Thomson ka pähola 'ana o ka'Ātoma i loko o kemika - ia mea he "moku" me uniformly haawi maloko kauoha a me electrons.

E noke i keia palapala i ka holo a hiki i ka 20th kenekulia. Hope ka mea, huli mai i ka mea, ua loa hewa. Aka, ka mea, ua ka mua manao hoao e ke kanaka (a ma luna o ka 'epekema' aelike) e recreate i ka puni microcosm, a kaumaha aku i kekahi kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma, he poe noonoo ole a me ka hala ole.

ho okolohua Curie

Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka hui, Pierre a me Mariya Kyuri waiho iho i ke kahua no ka mea'ātoma ke kālaikūlohea. O ka holo ana, o ka makana o kēia poʻe kānaka o ke ano akamai, ma ka mea mohai aku la i kona ola kino a me ke ola,ʻaʻole hiki ke underestimated, akā, kā lākou mau hana, he mamao loa aku apau. Kokoke ka poʻe me Rutherford ka mea, hoao iho la ia'Ātoma - Ua nui oi eiiieaena a me ka heterogeneous 'ole. Ke kŰia o ka radioactivity, i ka mea kaupaona i nā, e ka e pili ana ia a me ka olelo ana.

I ka hoʻomaka o ka 1898 Maria paʻi i ka mua 'atikala pau i ka pāhawewe. A mahope, o Maria a me Per Kyuri ua hōʻike ana i ka läÿau, o chlorinated i huiʻia o ka uranium a me ka radium e hoomaka ana i ka hōʻike 'ē aʻe' ona, i ke ola ana o ka mea ana i kanalua i ka kūhelu kemika. Ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma i mai hoomaka e makaikai i ka makana mua.

"Planetary" kokoke loa i kahi

Hope Rutherford Hoʻoholo ihola ia e kaumaha metala'Ātoma bombardment α-(particles) (loa ionized helium). A nä känaka 'epekema hookahi? Aaeaaaaony i ka mālamalama electrons mea i hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ala o ka huna ka noi. Alaila, o ka lakou hoopuehu ke i wale kekahi kaumaha eiiiiiaiou i hiki ke loaʻa ma loko o ka nucleus o ka'Ātoma. Koke, ua e hoailona oukou i ka palapala Rutherford i i koi ae e hoʻololi i ka "pudding" kumumanaʻo. Kēia kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma i kuhi impeccable.

No laila, ka hopena ua aneane pau loa na (particles) me ka pilikia a kaahele lakou ma ka lahilahi ahu iho la ka kālā, ia mea e kāhāhā. I Ka pono ia koke ihola i kekahi o ka helium nā'ātoma i deflected pono 30 °. Ka mea, ua i mea e olelo aku i ia manawa kemika. Haku mele 'ana e like me Thomson'Ātomaʻana iʻaʻahu o ka makana o ka electrons. Akā, i kēia mea pono ka mea ku ole i ka malamaʻike manaʻo.

He loa pohihihi, akā, i kekahi mau (particles) lele i ka huina, he 180 °. Rutherford ua i loko o ka hohonu ka pilihua. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ia ia ke hoole i ka "pudding", he kauoha i i manao ia e (e like me Thomson kumumanaʻo) kōā kaulike haawi. Nolaila, i ka haoʻa i hoopiiia kahua i hiki repel ka ionized helium, ua kahi e.

He aha hopena a hele mai Rutherford?

Mau ka noho ana ua paipaiʻia kānakaʻepekema i ka manaʻo i ka'Ātoma ka hapanui nele a me wale i ka piko kālele ana kekahi hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' ana me ka maikaʻi ka uku ole - ka Kernel. A ua ka planetary ho o ka'Ātoma, i postulates ke kēia:

• E like me mākou i olelo mai nei, ka mea, ua aia i loko o ke kikowaena hapa o ka Kora naʻEsau, a me kona leo (pili i ka nui o ka'Ātoma ia iho) mea negligible.
• ʻaneʻane a pau o ka'ātoma nui, e like me nā mea a pau me ka maikaʻi 'āhewa' ana i loaʻa i loko o ka nucleus.
• Electrons revolve a puni ia. He mea nui i ko lakou helu, ua like ia me ka maikaʻi malama.

paradoxes kumumanaʻo

A pau makemake e maikai, akā, 'aʻole i wehewehe i ke kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma kā lākou mea hiki ole resilience. Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia i na electrons neʻe i loko o orbits me ka nui hoʻonui. Ma nā kānāwai a pau o ka electrodynamics ka mea ma luna o manawa, e lilo kona kauoha. Inā mākou e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka postulates o Newton a me Maxwell, na electrons ma mau e popopo i ka Kora naʻEsau, e like ka huahekili ma luna o ka honua.

O ka holo ana, i keia mau mea, ke ahaʻia i loko o ka lanakila. Kekahi'Ātoma ole wale loa ai hoʻopale, akā, ma laila i e loa ai kona palena manawa, ai ole pāhawewe eʻaʻole e hele aku. Kēia discrepancy ua wehewehe ia e ka mea i ai i ka microworld mākou e ho'āʻo ana e pili kānāwai i mea i pololei ia wale nō i loko o ka mahalo o ka panina mechanics. Lakou huli mai i ka'ātoma-unahiʻole, iʻike manaʻo mea i pili i nā mea a pau. A no ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma (kemika, Grade 11) puke kākau ho'āʻo i ka wehewehe ana i like ka nui me ka hiki i ka mea hua'ōlelo.

Bohr ka olelo

Denemaka physicist Niels Bohr i, ua maopopo ia ma o ka microcosm hiki ole e paha i ka ia kānāwai, nā mea i ho'ākāka 'o i nā henua pololei no macroscopic mea. Ua ua i kona manaʻo i ka microcosm o "alakaʻi" wale n? E quantum kānāwai. O ka holo ana, alaila, aole he quantum kumumanaʻo ia iho, akā, Bor maoli, hoomaka ae la kona kupuna, hōʻike i ko lakou manao ma ka palapala o ka ekolu postulates i "ola" ka'Ātoma, ka mea e inevitably make, ināʻo ia "ola" e like me Rutherford ka kumumanaʻo. Ua Ua kēia kumumanaʻo Dane i ke kumu o nā mea a pau quantum mechanics.

Bohr ka postulates

• Ka mua o kēia mau heluhelu i kekahi'ātoma'ōnaehana hiki e wale i loko o kekahi'ātoma Hawaii, a no kela a me keia o ia i kekahi ano waiwai o ka ikehu (E). Inā wahi moku'āina o ka'Ātoma (noho malie), a laila, hoʻokuʻu akula ia e hiki ole.
• Ka lua o ka postulate mai nei i ka ea puka ana o ka malamalama ikehu ia lŘlŘ wale i ka hihia o ka hoʻololi mai i ka moku'āina me ka oi ikehu i loko o ka oi lōpū. Alaila, o ka ikehu kuu mea like me ke koena unuhi o ka loina ma waena o nā wahi Hawaii.

Niels Bohr ho o ka'Ātoma

nä känaka 'epekema? aaei ma 1913 ma ka semiclassical kumumanaʻo. He noteworthy i loko o kona kumu, ua waiho planetary kumu hoʻohālike o Rutherford, nana koke mua ia i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka'Ātoma o ka waiwai. Mākou i mai la mua i panina mechanics hoʻomaulia Rutherford ka mea ku ole: ma luna o ka kumu o ia, ka mea i hilahila ia me ka manawa uaʻoiaʻiʻo, e haule iho ma ka ili o ka'Ātoma ka huina'ine.

I mea e "hele a puni" keia hoopaapaa ole ia, na nä känaka 'epekema i hoʻolauna i ke kupaianaha ke komo. Kona o Mānoa, ke moe i loko o ka mea e pāhawewe hou ikehu (i ka manaoia e alakai i kā lākou downfall), hiki wale nō electrons neʻe ana ma kekahi ka Astronomical. I ka neʻe like lākou nā trajectories oleloia Nine Inch nā'ātoma noho i loko o ka OE moku'āina. Mamuli o ke kauoha Bohr ka kumumanaʻo, ua orbits i ka poe laupaʻi wahi ana a ua like ke Planck ka ikaika.

Ke quantum pähola 'o'ātoma' ole

E like me mākou i mai la ia, i ka lā, i loko o ka papa quantum kumumanaʻo o'ātoma 'ole. Kemika nā makahiki alakaʻi wale n? E ia. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i eha apau o axioms.

1. mua, ka duality (corpuscular-nalu 'ano) o ka huina'ine wale. Aloha kau, i ka huna hoi a pehea ka mea mea (he corpuscle), a me ka hawewe. E like me ka huna i kekahi mau 'kauoha a me ka nuipa a. I ka hiki ana o na electrons a hiki i ka diffraction ma ka pono me ka panina nalu. Ua like nalu lōʻihi (λ) a me ka huna māmā holo (V) i ke ua hoʻopili i kekahi i kekahi ma ka kūikawā de Ka Broglie hoahanau: λ = ka h / MV. E like me 'oe ke koho, m - ka hū o ka huina'ine.

2. hŘnń ia a me velocities o na (particles) e ana me ka loa miomio mea loa ole. Ka hou pololei hoʻoholo i kahi kūlike o, ka mea i oi aku ka maopopo i loko o ka māmā holo. Like, nae, a me ka hope versa. O kŰia ua kapaia Heisenberg maopopo, i hiki ke hoʻohikiʻia ma ke kēia iwaena: Δx ∙ ka m ∙ Δv> Z / 2. Aaeuoa X (Δh) hōʻike maopopo kulana kūlike i loko o ka makahiki. Alaila, aaeuoa V (Δv) ho i ka māmā hewa.

3. kue i nā mea a pau mamua mahaloia manaoio, na electrons mai e hele ma ka pololei hoakaka orbits me Loko ma mawah. Quantum kumumanaʻo mai nei i ka huina'ine hiki ia ma kekahi wahi i loko o ka lewa, akā, i ka pahiki o keia mea okoa no kēlā me kēia Hoʻohana.

I ka hapa o ka wa pono a puni ka'ātoma nucleus ma i keia pahiki mea maximal, ua kapaia ka orbital. Hoikehonua, kemika 'ole o ka huina'ine leho o nā'ātoma o nā haʻawina, mai keia wahi o ka Hawaii. O ka holo ana, e ao mai na kula i ka pololei o ka makana o ka electrons ma na pae, akā, loa paha, ma ka ike maopopo, ka mea ÿokoÿa loa okoa.

4. Na kāna mau 'ōlelo kikowaena ka'Ātoma o nucleons (protons a me neutrons). Ke pūkaʻina helu o ka hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa Hōʻike i ka helu ana o protons i loko o kona nucleus, a me ka huina o nā protons a me neutrons mea like i ka'ātoma nuipa a. Eia pehea e wehewehe i ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma nucleus kemika o keia la.

Nā Mamua o ka quantum mechanics

'Ōlelo Aʻo i nā kānakaʻepekema, ka poe i ka makana nui a hiki i ka ulu ana o keia nui kaiaulu: ka Palani physicist Louis de Ka Broglie, Heisenberg Kelemānia,'Aukekulia, Schrodinger, ka Pelekāne Dirac. A pau o kēia kanaka i hope i hookoia ka Nobel uku.

Like loa me ia ma keia manao hele kemika? Nine 'ole o ka'Ātoma, ka hapanui o ia mau makahiki i kuhi ano lawa: he nui wale i ka makahiki 1947, eia ka mea hope hoomaopopo i ka ike maopopo ana i ke ola o ka haʻahaʻa (particles).

kekahi hopena a

Nui, i ka wa e hana ana i ka quantum kumumanaʻo ua ole me mathematicians, e like me nā mea a pau o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana hiki ke ho omaulia wale me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka luna' ho. Akā,ʻo ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia mea i ka wahi. ʻO keʻano o ka hanaʻana i i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kēia kumumanaʻo, i loaʻa mai ai i ko kakou poe makaukau wale, ma naʻe o ke kēia? Iie enehana a pau, akā, i paʻakikī.

No ke kanaka, a me kekahi hiki ole i noonoo ai i keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o microcosm, e like me ka mea, i ole makemake i kaʻike manaʻo i ke mālama i loko o ka macrocosm. Iki manaʻo: ka polokalamu discoveries haawi kumu e kuhi i na quarks, neutrinos a me nā pono kīvila kanaka (particles) nei i loko o ka eiwa-Ana (!). E like me ke kanaka e noho ana i loko o ka ekolu-dimensional kahua, hiki i ka hola hōʻike kā lākou hana?

I ka manawa, ua hiki wale hilinai aku ma luna o ka makemakika, a me ka mana o kēia kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a, paha, e e hoʻohana no ka anakahi iki-honua hōʻulu. Ālai 'kōkua a me ka kemika:'ātoma' ole, e oiaio no e hooponopono hou, ma hope nei epekema hana ma keia kula, hai mai la i ka loaʻa mai o ka houʻano o Nine Inch hoopaa.

ʻO kēia manaʻo o ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma

Inā 'oe pono heluhelu a pau o ka luna, e paha lakou ia lakou iho e e hiki ke olelo aku nei au i keia la i ka kiʻi o ka' ole o ka mea nā'ātoma. Akā mākou e hoomaopopo: ka mea, ua iki Hoʻololi 'pähola' o Rutherford, inā ma invaluable kauoha o Niels Bohr. Aloha kau, i kēia lā ka mea, ua noʻonoʻo i nā electrons hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka chaotic, blurred mau kuamoo, a puni ka nucleus, a ua i mai o neutrons a me protons. I ka hapa o ka makahiki a puni ia, ma a ka huina'ine mea loa paha hanana ua kapaia orbital.

Oiai ia mea,ʻaʻole e hiki ke olelo pono pehea e hoʻololi mākou hoomaopopo ana o ka'ātoma 'ole i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. Kela a me keia lā, kńnaka e hana ana ma luna o ka anal i loko o nā mea pohihihi o ke microcosm: ka LHC (Large Hadron Collider), ka Nobel lua i loko o ke kālaikūlohea - i keia mea i ka hopena o ke anamanaʻo aeaiiuo.

Akā, i kēia manawa, ua hiki ole ke manao, a He kokekau wale kiʻi o ka mea nō hūnā nā'ātoma. Ua akaka wale i ka'Ātoma ia iho ma luna o ka pālākiō o ka microcosm - he nui keʻena hale, ma a mākou i hookolokolo aku la ia, koe ka palaoa mua, a hiki laila,ʻaʻole loa. Ua aneane kela makahiki, aia no na hoike e pili ana i ka manawa kūpono o ka puka oi a me ka oi hou kula haʻahaʻaa (particles). A hiki i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o nā'ātoma e e loa pau, e ole lawelawe e kilokilo hoʻokahi i keia la.

Lawa ia i ka olelo aku i ko makou hapai ana o lakou i hoomaka ai e hoʻololi wale i ka makahiki 1947, ka wā o ka pela-kapa V-(particles) i loaa. Prior i keia, kanaka wale iki Mamua o ka pähola 'ana i ka 19th kenekulia i ka nānā' ana kemika. 'Ole o ke Atom - he kupaianaha Puzzle Hoʻoponopono' ia o ka i noho i ka maikai manaʻo o ke kanaka.