Biocoenosis - examples. Natural a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni biocenoses

Ma ka papa o ka maʻamau o ke ola i kela mea keia mea E nńnń pono i kā lākou mau hana kūleʻa me keʻano o ka maoli eiiieaenu. Kekahi pū'ā e hana, kakaʻikahi, koe wale no i ka 'oihana ecologist a biologist, uku maikai nānā i ka mea i ana i keia aoao o ka hale a me ka paka. Well au paʻa a me ka hala, no laila aha? Akā, i kēia mea he biocenosis. 'O kekahi mau involuntary, akā, i ka ikaika AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka ke kaiaola, kela mea keia mea o mākou e hoomanao, ina wale i ka noʻonoʻo. Mākou, e ho'āʻo e noonoo i hou aku au mamuli mea e like mea biocenoses, ka mea mau a me ka hilinaʻi nui.

He aha ka biocenose?

Loa paha, mau kanaka e hoomanao i ka mea aʻo i loko o ke Kula o biocenoses. Grade 7, ka wā i loko o kālaimeaola e ke kumuhana ua loa i loko o ka hala, a me ka hoole i ka hanana loaʻokoʻa. Ke hoole i mea like me ka biocenosis. I ka hua'ōlelo ua hana ma ka hoʻokuʻi pū o nā Roma hua'ōlelo, "BIOS" - ke ola a me ka "cenosis" - e, he pono ole. Kēia manawa Kû ka lākou o ka noho ana ma ka ia wahi, interconnected a me ka interacting microorganisms, fungi, mea kanu a me nā holoholona.

Kekahi liluwelo kaiaulu nā eiiiiiaiou ia biocenosis:

• microorganisms (microbiocenosis);
• kanu (phytocoenosis);
• holoholona (zoocenoses).

Radio kēlā me kēia no kēia mau eiiiiiaiou kūlana ano nui i a me ka hiki ke poe e kanaka o kekahi? ueo. Naʻe, ka mea e e kaulana ia phytocoenosis mea he alakai ke keʻena o ka hoomaopopo ana microbiocenosis a me zoocenoses.

Ka wā i hana ai i kēia manaʻo?

Ka manaʻo o "biocoenosis" Ua manaoia e ka Kelemānia hydrobiologist Mobius ma ka hopena o XIX kenekulia, ia ia i këia i loko o ka North Sea mau wahi oyster kaianoho koholā. Iloko o ke ao, ka mea i loaʻa i kēia mau holoholona ke noho wale me ka pololei i ho'ākāka 'ana, wehewehe aku ma ka hohonu, pele ana, ka wai mahana, a'ōmiko. Eia hou kekahi, Mobius kuhikuhi mai ia a me ka oysters ma ka ia ?? eoi? Noho ma ka pono-i ho'ākāka 'laha' o meaola mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Ma muli o kaʻikepili, i ka 1937, ka noiʻi ka hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo ma lalo o noonoo mea, e hoʻohuli i ka ahahui o ka pūʻulu o ola meaola, e noho ana a coexisting i loko o ka ia wahi, aie i ka mōʻaukala kūpono 'ana o ka laha' a me ka lōʻihi maoli wae. ʻO kēia manaʻo o "biocoenosis" kālaimeaola a me ka kālaikaiaola ua hoohalike ana i kekahi mau mea okoa.

Mea Maluna

I kēia lā, loaʻa nō kekahi mau hoailona ma ka a, e classify i ka biocenosis. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka Mea Maluna ma muli ma luna o Ana:

• makrobiotsenoz (kai, mauna, ka moana);
• mezobiotsenoz (piholo maila ulu, kahua);
• microbiocenosis (pua, he kahiko kumu, lau).

No hoi biocenoses hiki e hoʻolaha e like me ka kaianoho koholā. Ke poʻo kumu a mea ike i ke kēia ekolu ano.

• meaola;
• freshwater;
• honua.

Kēlā me kēia no ia i ke maheleia i ka superordinate, uuku kūloko hui. Penei, meaola biocenosis hiki ke maheleia i benthic pelagic a me nā shelves. Freshwater liluwelo nā kaiāulu i muliwai, Marsh a me ka loko. Ano honua kahi biocenoses nā Hawaiian a me ka uka, mauna a me ka papu a pau subtypes.

Ka simplest Mea Maluna o ka liluwelo nā kaiāulu o kā lākou mau mahele i loko o kona ano maoli, aʻimi hoʻopunipuni biocenoses. Mawaena o ka mea mua, e hoomaopopo i ka iniiaiie i hanaʻia me ka kanaka keiki, e like me ka pono me kiʻekiʻe, a i undergone i ka loli ku ai i ka hopena o maoli au i na ino a me nā hana o ke kanaka noho maikai ana. E noonoo oe i ka nui au mamuli o ko lakou mau hiʻona.

Natural liluwelo nā kaiāulu

Natural biocenoses ho i ka hui o ke ola kanaka, hana ma na mea maoli ia. Mau kaiaulu i nā 'oihana maoli e hoʻomōhala, hoʻomōhala a me ka hana e like me kona iho, kona mau kānāwai. German ecologist B. Tischler hōʻike 'na kēia mau hiʻona e emi iho e like me ka ho okumu:

1. Aia nā kaiaulu o prefabricated hehee wale, a hiki hana like lunamakaainana o kanaka? Ueo a me ka pau pono a pau o.

2. kekahi māhele o ke kaiāulu i ke auou caiaiai. No ka laʻana, e e puʻe wale mai kekahi? Ueo a pau UAIAaIN ma kekahi ua like e pono ai i na olelo o ke ola, a me ole io hopena no ka holoʻokoʻa nenoaiu.

3. No i ka mea e, ma ka pono o keʻano o ka biocoenosis e ku pono, alaila, ua ma muli o ka pau'ōnaehana supraorganismal a like paha i kahi balancing kaua kuhikuhi oppositely.

4. kēlā kaiaulu maoli ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka laupaʻi hooponopono o kekahi ano o kekahi.

5. Ka nui o kekahi supraorganismal nenoai hilinaʻi ma mawaho aʻe.

ʻimi hoʻopunipuni liluwelo nenoai

Biocenosis artificially hana, mālama 'a e hoʻokele ma ka ke kanaka. Kumu B. G. Ioganzen hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o ka kālaikaiaola antropotsenoza, oa ka hana artificially ma kanaka o ka maoli oihana, no kekahi laʻana, heʻahā like, terrarium paha aquarium. Mawaena o kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni biocenosis kaʻawale agrobiocenoses (agrocnosises) - kaiaulu hanaia ma ka ke kanaka e paka i kekahi me nā huahana. Mau nā:

• ? aieeeua;
• kaha;
• loko;
• moni loa wahi lepo wai;
• ʻai;
• kahua no ka ulu ana o kela ulu;
• malumalu mau hipuu;
• artificially pāhana kalana.

Agrocenoses ano hiʻona i:

Mauʻimi hoʻopunipuni nenoai ecologically loa ai lolelua ka, a e nei no e pili ana i ka makahiki, agrobiocenoses perennial mauʻu wanawana e ma kahi o ekolu makahiki paʻa me kanaka 'uao agrocnosisesʻai a me ka palaoa meakanu. Most ka pilina paʻa biocenosesʻimi hoʻopunipuni hua ulu, like me ka kanaka keiki, e e hiki ia nei i kekahi mau makahiki ka mea.

• agrophytocenosis me ke kumu o ke ola;
• ka nele o ka pakiko-hooponopono nenoai;
• haahaa ka nohona;
• ka dominance o ka holoholona a me mahi mea kanu;
• loaa hou kākoʻo mai ke kanaka (ka nāhelehele i a me ka pest mana, fertilization, etc.);
• hikiʻole i hoʻolōʻihiʻia kū i ole kanaka 'uao.

Naʻe, ka mea e e hoʻomaopopo i ke ahiahi, i ka poʻeʻilihune ma ka? Ueo 'ano agrocnosises i haku o nā ōlaʻi i o ka laha' o ka meaola i pili i ka oko? Aneeo a me ka taxonomic pūʻulu. I kekahi mahinaʻai hua a pau ma ke kanaka paha i ai ulu, - i ka heluna kanaka o kekahi ola meaola biocenosis. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike - keia kahua o ka rai a me ka hua palaoa, kahi okoa ka papa kuhikuhiE moʻomeheu "ola" a me ka nāhelehele; a me nā nā mea kolo (nā pests a me kā lākou mau hakaka); a me ka ai iiiaanoaa o microorganisms a me invertebrates.

Ke mall huahelu o ka biosystems

I oleloia, ma kona ano maoli a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni biocenosis komo ana o kekahi mau hale lio mall eiiiiiaiou e like me phytocoenosis, a me zoocenoses microbiocenosis. Ke alakai kekahi mea phytocoenosis, a mea he paa laau kaiāulu. Manawa i kona fixity a me ka immobility, i ka mea o ka kŘpa kumu no ka liluwelo 'ole o ke kahua. Microorganisms, e like mea kanu, e i pili i kekahi hapa o ka ili a me ka hiki ke lawe i ka makani mai ka wai 'ole ma kekahi' ano mamao loa. Interconnection o eiiiiiaiou hōʻike biocenosis kaumaha holoholona mai ka mea kanu, mai wale na flora hiki ai ke hoʻolilo'okanikaʻole 'ona i loko o ke aloha.

A nui kūlana i loko o ke ola o kekahi? Aneeo kaiāulu pāʻani i keʻano o nā microorganisms e hoʻonui ai i ka loli o ka poe make ke aloha mea i loko o nā minelala hao.

Ka 'ole o ka liluwelo nenoai

Kēlā me kēia biocoenosis i ho'ākāka '' ole wehewehe aku ma ka:

• Māhele, vertical paha papamoe, me ka a no o ke kūpono 'ana o ka liluwelo laha' ana o ka makahiki kaiāulu a me na hoahanau i kupu mai ka hoʻokūkū ana no ka ikehu.
• ? Ueony i ho'ākāka 'haku mele' ana, richness a me ka nohona o liluwelo nenoai eiiiiiaiou, e like me ka lākiō o ka helu ana o populations komo i loko o laila. ? Aneeo kaiāuluʻAno, me ka nui loa laulā e hoohalike ai, i kapaʻia Hoʻohaku.
• Trophic a me ka ai, a me ka nānā 'ana i ke kokuaia mai e wahi i puhi ai ma waena o meaola.

A pau o ka mea likeʻole mall, ao ke ano o ka biocenoses i pili loa interrelated. E like me ka rula, o ka oi luna 'māhele' ole ua hoʻonohonoho 'ia, ka waiwai a me ka oi ka nohona e hoohalike ai o kona? Ueo. Over manawa biocenosis kanu'ōiwi nā loli aʻe i loko o ka uuku huahelu. Oia ka moku'āina o ka pili ia'ku e ia lŘlŘ i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka constituent hehee wale, kapa homeostasis.

He noonoo i oi au mamuli o ka kumu 'ole characterizing biocenosis.

Ka māhele 'ole

Biocoenosis i ka 'ole i loko o ka lewa, a hiki e nā vertical a me ka papamoe.

Ke vertical 'ole i hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o ka puunaue ana o kekahi mau laha' o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona no kela kiʻekiʻena pae o ka Bio-nenoaiu, i hiki aku ai i ka ho okumu layering. Oia ka'ōnaehana ua pili kēia nānā 'ana longline kanu kaiāulu, oia ka wahi o ka lipolipo o ka loa hoʻomāhuahua ai māhele o ka mea kanu e like me ke aa'ōnaehana a photosynthesizing foliage. No ka phytocenosis ano nā aboveground a me ka lola honua layering. Ka mua hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o ka manawa kūpono o ke kākoʻo '-e ulu ana he nui laha' o ka mea kanu i ka i okoa pono i loko o ke Map. He ua ka hapanui maopopo hoikeia ma ka ululaau o ke aniau ciia, ma laila nō laau a me ka laau uuku mauka tiers, Aia iki ma lalo o ka laau uuku a me ka mauʻu, a me ka koke wahi o ka Honua ka ili honua - ke Honolulu pae, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO oia hoi o mosses a me lichens.

Lola honua layering ma liluwelo nenoai e leie aku phytocenoses pono hoʻohana o ke kamaaina ona mau, aie i kaʻokoʻa hohonu o ke kumu nenoaiu o ka mea kanu. Hehi wahi ua wehewehe aku ma ka ekolu-ʻilikai e auaaeaiea: i ka loa ke halawai bedded me ka piula wai'ōnaehana, i ukali ia e na aa o kekahi mau kiliala, a ua kokoke loa i ka ili honua - tubers, pu u kukui a me ka aʻa o ka makahiki mea kanu.

Hōʻikeʻana hale i papamoe biocenosis synusia - phytocenosis hapa oia hoi o kekahi a oi mea kanu o nā? Ueony, environmentally paha spatially kaawale mai kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea hiki e? Aiaiiuie a me ka mau, epiphytic, bunk paha subsurface.

Na kekahi 'ole o liluwelo nā kaiāulu

A kiʻiona hiʻona o kekahi biocenosis o kona maopopo 'ole. Ke ka manaʻo pohihihi a meʻano o ka haku mele 'ana? Ueo ua pili kēia nānā' ia e ka kaianoho koholā, a me ka degere o ka manaʻo pohihihi o na olelo ma i loaʻa biocenosis. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka? Ueo 'ano ilihune - kiʻekiʻe altitudes, tundra, wao akua. Biosystem me ka waiwai lākou o? Ueo - hāpāpā a me Tropical ululaau.

? Ueony, predominant ma ka helu, o ka laha 'ana o ka nucleus, a ua kapaʻia dominants. Penei, i loko o ka birch ulu ia e ia he birch, he mahinaʻai o ka huapalaoa - palaoa. Ma kekahi biocenosis loaʻa nō? Ueo i ola wale no o ka mea Hoʻohaku, no laila,-kapa predominanty, no kekahi laʻana, dia i loko o ka nahele undergrowth paha kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka tidara, a spruce ululāʻau.

Eia hou, na ka noho 'ana liluwelo i edificators, oa holoholona a kanu ioeo e ho okumu i ka mea olelo no ke ola i nā mea. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka mea hoike, ma ka hehi biocenosis ikaika edificator ka hulu.

I mea e loiloi i ke kūlana o ka laha 'ana ma o ka' ole o ka liluwelo kaiāulu, hoʻohana nā hoailona me ka nānā 'ana ma laupaʻi mooolelo, e like me kona nui, alapine (frequency) o ka hanana, ka Shannon' ano 'inideka, a? Ueo richness.