Caliphate - He aha ka mea? ¶ʻO'Araba Caliphate, kona ho okumu a me ka palaho. I ka moolelo o ka Caliphate

Mawaena o ka honua i ka hoomana ana, i ka muli loa o Hoʻomana Mohameka, i ka hanau ana o ka i pili i ka VII kenekulia, a ua pili i ka inoa o ke kaula, Muhammad, e hana monotheism. Ma lalo o kona aoao ma Hadzhize - ma ka Western Arabia - kaiaulu o kanaka i manaoio i hana. Hou i waiwai ai ma Nā Poʻe Isalama o ka Arabia Peninsula, Iraq, Iran a me na aina e alakai aku i ka muli o ke ¶ʻO'Araba caliphate - he ikaika hawaiian moku'āina. Ua Ua komo i ka helu o ka lanakila aina.

Ke Caliphate: He aha ka mea?

Ka hua'ōlelo "caliphate" ma Apapika i mau manaʻo. 'O kēia ka inoa o ka nui moku'āina hanaia ma hope o ka make ana o Muhammad kona mau, a me ka inoa o ke kiekie ma luna o nā mea ma lalo o ka mana o ka aina o ka caliphate. Iloko o ke ola ana o ka moku'āina o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana, ia ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe o? Acaeoey o ka' epekema a me ka moʻomeheu, hele aku la ia ia ma ka moolelo like o ka Golden Age o Hoʻomana Mohameka. Conventionally, ka mea, ua manaoia e ia i ka palena o 632-1258 makahiki.

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o ke kaula, Muhammad mōʻaukala o ka Caliphate i ka papa kuhikuhi manawa ekolu. Ka mua, i hoomaka i ka 632, no a hiki i ka hanaia'na o ka Mea Caliphate, ke poo o ka poe i noho ma ka huli eha caliphs, i ka pono a haawi kona inoa a hiki i ka State, e mālama iā lākou. Makahiki o ka noho alii ana paha ma ka helu o ka nui i waiwai ai, e like me ke kāʻili 'ana i o ka Arabia Peninsula, ka Caucasus, ka Levant, a me ka nui loa o North Africa.

Haipule hoopaapaa a me nā kenekoa i waiwai ai

Ke muli o ka Caliphate ua pili loa aku i ka hoʻomaka o ka make ana o ke kaula, Muhammad hoopaapaa e pili ana i kona hope. E like me ka hopena o ka nui paio kālaimanaʻo lokomaikai kiekie alii, a me ka kahuna lilo i kokoke hoaaloha o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā a Hoʻomana Mohameka - Abu Bakr AL-Saddiq. He hoʻomaka i kona noho alii ana me ke kaua e kū'ē i nā apostates ka poe i haalele mai i ke aʻo o ke kaula, Muhammad koke ma hope o kona make ana, a lilo ukali o ke kaula wahahee Musailima. Kanahā tausani o ko lākou poʻe kaua ana ua hee o ma ke kaua o Arkabe.

E hahai pono caliphs hoomau i ka naʻi aupuni, a? Anoe? O nā panalāʻau e malalo iho o ia ia. Ka hope o ia mau mea - Ali Ibn Abiezera Talib - i ka luahi o kipi renegade mai i ka papa kuhikuhiE laina o Hoʻomana Mohameka - ka Kharijites. Keia ia i ka pau ana o ke koho ana o ka mea Kiekie luna, e like me ka ikaika hopu mana, a lilo iho la ia i ka caliph Muawiyah I loko o ka hopena o kona ola ana i kauoha mai ai i hope i kana keiki, a pela i loko o ka moku'āina kukuluia he hereditary Kalikiano - ka ai-kapaia Umayyad Caliphate. He aha ka mea?

Hou, no ka lua o ka palapala o ka Caliphate

Kona inoa i kēia manawa i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke ¶ʻO'Araba honua ua koiia i ka Umayyad aliʻi, a ua he kanaka maoli o Muawiya I. kana keiki ili mai iā ia i kona makua kāne mana, i oi akit na palena o ka Caliphate, ho onui nui koa lanakila ma Afghanistan,'ākau India a me ka Caucasus. I kona pūʻali kaua pio i kekahi hapa o Sepania a me Farani.

Wale i ka Byzantine Auguseto Lev Isavr a me ka Bulgarian Khan Tervel ke hooki aku ia ia lanakila kūpono ', a hoopau iho la i ka ia kenekoa? Anoe? Aiey. 'Eulopa' o mākou ola, mai ka ¶ʻO'Araba lanakila aie kuhikuhi i ka poʻokela luna o VIII kenekulia Karlu Martelyu. Alakaʻiʻia e Frank koa luku aku i nā poʻe a pau o ka poʻe komohewa i loko o ke kaua kaulana o Poitiers.

Ke ka kūkuluʻana o ka ike paka i ko koa ma luna o ka maluhia wawae eha

E hoomaka ana o ka manawa i pili me ka Umayyad Caliphate, wehewehe aku ma ka mea ana i nā kūlana o ka Arabia i loko o ka E kuai oukou panalāʻau e noho ka mea, ua unflattering: ola kohu ke kahua ma ka oihana koa i hoomoanaʻi, Aia i loko o kekahi ana moku'āina o ke aʻoaʻo. Ke kumu o ua loa haipule ikaika ana o kekahi o ka poe alii, a ia manawa Umar I. Mahalo iā ia, Hoʻomana Mohameka i loaa i kaʻekalesia.

Ka muli o ke ¶ʻO'Araba Caliphate haawi ala i ka lehulehu nohona pae o ka 'oihana koa - kanaka o kona kumu hana i ke komo' ana i loko o ka paipai aʻo kai eʻe o ka naʻi aupuni. I ko lakou ike paka i ua ole hou no ka maluhia, ka mea, ua i ae e lawe noho ai o ka aina, a loaʻa sedentary. Ma ka pau ana o ka nohoaliʻi ai kiʻi i loli ma na aoao. Ua pāpā Ua hookiekieia, a lilo iho la landowners, he nui wale o nehinei mau koa o Hoʻomana Mohameka koho na ola o ka hala ole landowners.

Abbasid Caliphate

Fair e olelo ana ina iloko o ka Mea Hemolele Caliphate no a pau kona poe alii, ka manaʻo politika mana i loko o kona manaʻo nui i ke ala i ka haipule keiki, akā, kēia manawa ka mea, ua lawe ke Hoʻohaku kūlana. E like me kona pili aupuni nui, a me ka nohona uluʻana o ka nani nui ma ka mōʻaukala o ka Hikina deservedly loaa ka Abbasid caliphate.

He aha ka mea - ua ike no ia i kēia mau lā i ka hapanui o Nā Poʻe Isalama. Memories no ia a hiki i kēia lā Hoʻoikaika i ka lākou mauʻuhane. Abbasids - i ke aliʻi o ka poe alii i haawi mai i kona poe kanaka i ka pau Wiliau Hōkū o ka maikaʻi loa statesmen. Mawaena o lakou he mau pūkaua nui, a me financiers, a me na connoisseurs oiaio a me ka waihona o ke akamai.

Caliph - ka haipule o nā haku mele a me ka haumana

Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka ¶ʻO'Araba Caliphate ma lalo o Harun AL-Rashid - a me kekahi o na brightest elele o ka nohoaliʻiʻana - ua hiki aku i ke kiekie loa o kona pomaikai. Kēia statesman, hele aku la ia ma ka moolelo like me ka haipule o nā haumana, haku mele a me nā kākau moʻolelo. Eia naʻe, i hoʻolaʻaʻia lā iā ia iho i ka uhane ulu alakai ia lakou i ka moku'āina, ka Caliph ua he ino luna a me ka loa lapuwale luna koa. Ma ke ala, kona kiʻi immortalized i kia-kenekulia ohi o'Ākia manao "Tausani a me ka One Nights."

"Ka puna makahiki o ¶ʻO'Araba moʻomeheu" - he epithet i kahi momona pono ia alakai Harun AL-Rashid Caliphate. He aha ka mea, o ka mea hiki ke hoomaopopo maopopo wale ma ka heluhelu ana i ka stratification o ka Old Peresia, Indian,ʻAsuria, Babylonian, a me ka hapa o Helene moʻomeheu, i ka pilina i ke kūpono 'ana o ka' epekema manaʻo i ka noho alii ana o ka mea aʻo East. A pau i ka pono i i hanaia e ka makakū manao o ko ke ao kahiko, oia ua hiki i ka hui pu iho la, ana keia i ke kumu o kahua no ka mea Apapika 'ōlelo. I mea no ke aha la i loko o mākou maʻamau o ke ola ka loaʻa o ka hōʻike "¶ʻO'Araba moʻomeheu", "¶ʻO'Araba oe" a pela ma.

I ka ulu ana o ke kuai

I ka nui, a ma ka mea ia manawa kauoha o ka moku'āina, i mea no ka Abbasid caliphate, me ka nui loa, a mahuahua nui i ke koi no nā huahana o kokoke'āina. Kēia ka ukuia a hiki i kekahi mau mahuahua ma ka ola hae. Ka maluhia ma ia manawa ana me kona mau hoalauna i 'ae' e hoʻomōhala me ia'auwaʻa. Ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻai o ka oicyenoaaiiie E leka pepa nui, a me ka mea i hele mai i loko o ke ahiahi aina e mea ma kahi loihi. A pau keia i haawi mai ai i impetus i ka hou 'ana o ke akamai, oe a me ka hoʻokele.

Ka'opi o ka caliphate

Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ke IX kenekulia, ma hope o ka make ana o Harun AL-Rashid, i loko o ke ola pili aupuni o ka Caliphate hoʻohikiʻia keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a ho'ōla alakai ai i kona disintegration. ʻO i ka makahiki 833 i loko o ka mana aliʻi Mu'tasim Turkic i hanaʻia praetorian kiai. Over nā makahiki, ua lilo iho la ia i ka mana pili aupuni pūʻali koa no laila, i ke aliʻi caliphs i hele mai i ona lā i loko o ka pilina ma, a kokoke nalowale i ka pono e e kuokoa hoʻoholo.

A hiki i keia wa no, a me ka ulu ana o ke aupuni, ike paka i waena o subordinates Persian Caliphate, a ua i ke kumu no kā lākou separatist olelo la, a ma hope lilo i ke kumu spalling Iran. Ka huina disintegration o ka caliphate, a hōʻeleu i aie i ka kaawale mai ia a hiki i ke komohana o Aigupita a me Suria. Ua haawi mai ke hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō o kikowaena mana ka manawa e hoike kona kuleana i ka kuokoa, a me ka helu o nā mua-lāʻau nā panalāʻau e.

Mahuahua haipule puʻe

Ka mea, lilo nō lākou ma ka mana o ka caliphs ho'āʻo e enlist i ke kākoʻo o nā clergy a me ka malama pono i ke hoʻohana kona aoao i na nā paʻi hua. Poe alii, e hoʻomaka ana me Al-Mutawakkil (847 makahiki), kona papa kuhikuhiE kālai'āina laina ua i ke kaua e kū'ē i nāʻano o ka kuee a haalele mai.

Ma ka moku'āina hoʻonāwaliwali i ke olonā wāwae o ka mana o ke aupuni, ka mea, hoomaka ae la kaʻeleu hoomaau ana o ka haipule kālaiʻike a me nā lālā o ka 'epekema, me makemakika. Ke aupuni i ua steadily palemo i loko o ka luahohonu o ka obscurantism. ¶ʻO'Araba Caliphate a me kona palaho i ka ike mamuli o ke ana pono hopena o ka 'epekema a me ka paa ole manaʻo i loko o ka ulu ana o ka moku'āina, a pehea detrimental lākou alualu.

I ka pau ana o ke au o na ¶ʻO'Araba Caliphate

Ma ka X kenekulia i ka aoao o ka Turkish koa luna a me nā emirs ma Mesopotamia ua aiʻoi loa ia mana mua caliphs o ka Abbasid i nohoaliʻi ai i loko o Baghdad huli i loko o ka uuku luna, ka mea wale oluolu mea e hana i ka koena o na inoa o ka wa mamua. Pela ka nui o lakou, i ka mea, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe aʻe i loko o Western Peresia Shiiteʻana Buyid houluulu lawa kaua hoopio Baghdad a nae na rula i loko o ia no ka haneri makahiki, oiai ka palena iki luna, he mau elele o ka Abbasids. Oi hoohaahaa ana, no ko lakou haaheo hiki ole e.

I ka 1036 i ka pau ana o Asia ua hiki mai kekahi mea paʻakikī manawa - hoomaka launaʻole ka Seljuk Kauai i ka manawa o keʻano pākīkē paipai aʻo kai eʻe, a lilo iho la ia i ke kumu o ka make ana o na aina o ka Muslim noho maikai ana. I ka 1055 i kona kikeke ana mai o Baghdad ka mea, alii iho la oia malaila Buyid, a hookupaa i ko lakou alii. Akā, i ko lakou mana a hiki i ka hopena, e like me ma ka hoʻomaka o ka XIII kenekulia ka pau ?? eoi? O ka manawa hookahi ikaika ¶ʻO'Araba caliphate i hopu ia e olalo i mau poe a pau o Genghis Khan. Na Mongols hope luku na mea a pau i ka mea i loaʻa ma ka hikina mai moʻomeheu no ka mea mua kenekulia. ¶ʻO'Araba Caliphate a me ka disintegration e lilo wale i ka 'aoʻao o ka mōʻaukala.