Vera Figner: Kawaihae a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo o ke ola

I ka hihia o ka RussianʻOiʻenehana, oddly lawa, coincided me ka kokololio feminization o na wahine. More a oi kaikamahine i loko o ka hopena o 19th - hoomalau mai i kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia i ke kūlana o ka wahine a me kona makuwahine, a ua komo 'o loko o paioʻeleu,ʻaʻole wale no ko lakou mau pono, akā, no ka mau no ka pono kīvila o. Kekahi o ka lālā brightest o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana i loko o ka huli ana o ke kenekulia ua Figner i komo manaoio i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka makaukau o kekahi hoʻonahoaʻana o lāua ma luna o ka Emperor Alexander II.

me Kinohi

Figner ikeia revolutionist Vera, e like me ka mea i hookuu vodilos i loko o ka nascent hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana, ua o aliʻi kumu. I kona moʻolelo pono'ī nova iho, ua kakau iho la ma Moscow i ka 1926, ka wā āna i ua kaumaha hoomaopopoia hoʻokahuli aupuni, ua kuhikuhi mai i Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Figner, kona paternal kupunakāne, ua he alii o Livonia (i hiki mai-lā Baltic). I ka 1828, ka wā i ke ano o ka lutanela, i häʻawi mai ai iä ka hanohano i loko o ka Kazan mokuna.

Landowners ua hoʻi ma kaʻaoʻao maternal. Kupuna kāne o Vera Nikolaevna, Hristofor Petrovich Kupriyanov, mai ka nui landowners, i mālama ai me kalana e hoʻoponopono. He waiwai'āina i loko o ke kalana, a Tetyushinskom Ufa panalaau. Akā, mai kona waiwai he wale 400 kauhale Hristoforovka hapaumi o ka waiwai, a haalele kona makuwahine. Makua Nikolay Aleksandrovich Figner, i ka 1847 hoi aku la oia me ke ano o ka luna.

kamaliʻi

Vera Figner iho i hānau i loko o 1852 ma Kazan mokuna. kaikuahine Lydia o, Eugenia, a me Olga, nā hoahānau ma Rotehama a me Petero: elima keiki i ka 'ohana a pau. Hoʻomanaʻo ihola i kona mau makua, wā e hiki mai poʻe hoʻoweliweli kakau iho la ia ka mea, he loa okoa ma ka temperament, akā, i ka mea ia manawa mikiʻala a me ka ikaika-Ke makemake nei anei, he okoa ka mea hiki ole ha awina. Mau ano, oia ke hoole i, i pakuiia ma kekahi aoao a me na keiki i kekahi mea a pau, kela mea keia mea o ka i mea paha no i ka mea i hoʻohalahala upbringing ua haʻalele kona hoailona ma ka mōʻaukala.

Vera Figner, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma Kawaihae ma ka au mamuli i loko o kona puke "Ka hoailonaia he hana", i kākau ai i loko o kona noho' ana kamaliʻi i ole ike kanaka o ke keiki, a uaʻaʻohe kinship waena o nā mākua a me nā keiki. Ke aʻo i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka ikaika hahau, ka haʻaheo lāhui Spartanʻano. No hoi, ua i na hoahanau, a me ka corporal hoopai. Wale kokoke hoa no na keiki ua lākou kahiko kahu Natalia Makarievna. Akā Vera Figner memo i ka ohana, aole ai o Herodia, i hoohiki hua'ōlelo hiki ke lohe, "a me ka ia i ole he wahahee." Manawa i ka hana o kaʻohana a kona makua kāne i noho ai i loko o ke kauhale, a ua hoonele ia o na aha-elele o hoʻokiwikā ola, a no ia mea, wahi a Vera, "mākou i i ike i kekahi i ka hoopunipuni a me kamaʻilio hoʻowawāʻia a me nä Temepela".

wa opiopio

E like me ka hopena o ka 'ole ma muli naʻe o, akā, i ka hua o ka' ohana i hele mai, e like me ka mea, e olelo aku, i na kanaka: o Petero i ka nui hoʻouku lunaʻenehana, Nikolai - kaulana keaka mele hoolea. Akā, na kaikuahine, a pau ekolu o lakou i hoolilo ia lakou iho i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni paio.

A me Figner Vera Nikolaevna, pōkole Kawaihae i ua poe i loko o kā mākou ana manaʻo, i hoolilo ia ia iho i ke kipi malamalama.

Wa i pau ai ka wā i ke kaikamahine i Aiwohikupua ma Kazan Rodionovskaya Institute no Noble poe kaikamahine maanei. Education ka nānā 'ana ma ka haipule dogma, e a Vera noho indifferent, e hele ana malalo iho i loko o atheism. Ke aʻo ana no ka makahiki eono, i a ke kaikamahine i kona wahi no na icaiʻehā wale nō manawa.

Ma hope o ka puka Vera Figner hoi ka hale i ke kauhale. E like me ia i palapala aku i loko o ka wao nahele e hele wale Uncle Peter Kupriyanov, ka mea i ike i ka manao o Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov a me Pisarev, e like me ke ao ana o ka utilitarianism, a ua piha iho la, a he kaikamahine no. Direct mau makamaka, a me ka peasantry,ʻaʻohe āna maoli ke ola a me ka ike maopopo, he akamai hoi i olelo ana, hele aku ia, a he kūlana loli i kona mau makamaka, me ke ola a me kanaka.

mawaho keiki

Ka mua mau makamaka, me ka mea moʻokalaleo ma Figner he 13 makahiki o Manase i kona makuakane hanauna Kupriyanov ae, e lawe pū me ia, e Institute ka makahiki waiho 'Magazine "Lūkini hua'ōlelo." Eia naʻe, au heluhelu malaila hana i i ole hopena ma luna o ke kaikamahine. Ke kula, ka heluhelu i banned, a me ka puke i haawi mai i kona makuwahine no a hiki i ka moʻokalaleo a alakaʻi ai oi sensuality ma mua o 'imi naʻauao' ana. Mea journalism Aʻole i hāʻule i loko o kona mau lima a hiki i ka kekahi manawa.

Ka mua manaʻo i ma luna o kona puke "One o ke koa," Spielhagen. Oddly lawa, akā, nui puke no lakou iho Vera Figner kaulana euanelio. I loko nō o ka hoʻokô 'ia atheism, ua aʻoʻia mai o ka buke o ke ola ana o na kumu i ua alakaʻi a pau kona ola. Ma kekahi, piha a oneself hou wae pahu hopu. Nekrasov ka poem "Sasha", i ao aku ole, e hookaawale i ka olelo mai ka hihia, pau i ke kahua o ka philosophical kumu o ka wā e hiki mai hoʻokahuli aupuni.

mare

Ke makemake ia e pono keia mau mea, e lawe mai ka pomaikai like ka nui me ka nui helu o nā kanaka kekahi hoʻonohonoho alakaʻi i kona makemake, e aʻo mai Aesculapius. Ua hoʻoholo ihola e noiʻi i lapaau ma Kuikilana. Akā, e hoʻomaopopo i kēia manao ia ua wale i ka makahiki 1870, ma hope o kona mare i kekahi keiki e noiʻi Alekseya Viktorovicha Filippova. Ka lohe ana, i kekahi lā, pehea ka mea, o ka hana nīnau o ka manaʻo pü ', a i ike ai i keia mea hōʻinoʻia, hookonokono ae la i kana kane, e haawi aku i keia ha awina, a hele pū me ia, e loaa i ka' inikua degere ma ke Kulanui o Zurich.

Hiki ma kahi e Figner Vera Nikolaevna halawai no ka manawa mua, a komo aku la i ka manao o ka socialism, ke kamaʻilio a me ka neʻeʻana i nā kanaka o ka. Ke koho ana o ka Socialist hou 'hoomaka me ka Mug o nā kipa' "Fritzsche" i loko o Zurich, ma kona huiʻana me ka Palani socialists Cabet, Saint-Simona, Fourier, Lui Blanom, Proudhon. I kona kaulana, koho i kaʻaoʻao o ke kipi ia hooeueu ae la i ole oukou i kaʻu mea ma ke kilo pono ana o ka hoopai, e like me "lokoino ma ka rula ana ka papa, e uhi i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana."

E hoʻi i ka Rusia

I ka 1875, ua hiki aku i Rusia, "Fritsch" lala o ka pae no ka paipai 'ana i Socialist manaʻo i waena o ka hana ka papa, i hopu. Ma hope o ka loaa ana i ka hea mai o kona mau hoa, e hoʻokūpaʻa i laila i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni palapala i loko o Rusia, Vera Figner - Kawaihae iki hoopa aku i kona manaʻo a me nā mea pohihihi ma keia manual - Ua haʻakoiʻiaʻo ia, e haʻalele i ke kulanui aʻo, a hoʻi i ka hale. Mai kanalua ia i pili i ka mea i ka mea, 'Ihiuka mea ma waenakonu, akā, manaʻo ka mea, makau mau. Ma Rusia, ka mea, ua nō i hala i ka hōʻike no ka paramedic. Ma hope oʻelima makahiki o ka mare ana, ua hemo kana kane, ka mea i ole kaʻana kona ohohia kipi, a hele aku la i St. Petersburg.

Ma ka hapalua like-70s o ka 19th kenekulia hoomaka ae la e lilo i ka hou hoʻokahuli aupuni mawaena konu o kona mau polokalamu hanau mea,ʻaʻole like ka hoʻokahuli aupuni romanticism, akā, i hana. Ma 'ana, ka mea maoli kaua me ke aupuni. A laila, no ka manawa mua a mākou i'ōlelo mai ai e pili ana i ka hoʻohana 'ana o dynamite i loko o ke kaua.

I ka 1878, ua puhi i ka pana mua o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i hoʻololi i ka olelo o keia neʻeʻana i loko o Rusia. Ma St. Petersburg o Meia Trepov kī Vera Zasulich. Ka mea, ua hoopai no corporal hoopai, a waiho wale aku no i maopopo kona pili aupuni no ka mea i ka mea i wehe mua o ka chapʻoi aʻe nō hoʻi. Ma hope iho o ia, ua a pau ma ka aina noho retaliation me ka weliweli.

Creation o "Narodnaya Volya"

Vera Figner eia nae,ʻaʻole pololei komo i loko o ka neʻeʻana o "Land a me ka noho kauwa ole", nae ka mea pili i ka manaʻo nui a me kā lākou mau hana nona iho kaiapili "separatists". He komo i loko o ka Ahaolelo o ka hui i loko o Voronezh. Eia naʻe, e like me kona kakau iho la, i ka Ahaolelo Lahui i ka mea i ole ana. ʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai baila ia i ka mea e hoʻomau i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hoʻonaʻauao ma o ka aina, a ma ka mea ia manawa, e kaua me ke aupuni. Ke kuai-aku, e like me ka mau, alakai aku ai i ka mea i mokuahana ai ka neʻeʻana. Ka poe i manao ia he pono, e 'Imi kaua aku i ke aupuni a me ka ike aku i kona hana o ka hana hoʻokahuli i ke autocracy, hui ma ka Party "Narodnaya Volya". Vera Figner komo kona Executive Komite.

Nā lālā o ka hou aoao, he'āina ikaika. Mau lālā o ka hui hoʻomākaukau i ka dynamite, a ua ulu ae ka manao e kaua kīmopō Emperor Alexander II. Vera Figner, Hawaii photo i hai mai ai e pili ana i ka hoopai a me ka paa kaikamahine, akā,ʻaʻole i ka poʻe hoʻoweliweli, ua 'Imi' ole ma o ka makaukau o ka ho'āhewa wale ma Odessa i ka 1880, a ma St. Petersburg i ka makahiki 1881. Initially, ia i? Oaony komo, akā, e like me kona kakau iho la, "i kaʻu mau waimaka i hoopalupaluia, i kona mau hoa," a me ka ia i kekahi i loko o kona mua poʻe hoʻoweliweli ho'āhewa wale.

Ka make hoopai ma ke kaulike

haule iho la a pau o ka hui i loko o ka lima hoʻokolokolo 'ana i ka 1883. Ku I Ka Pili paʻa i loko o ka 20 mahina i piha hoʻokaʻawale pā kaua. A laila, ka mea i ho'āʻo a me ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make, a i auou caiaiai me kekahi mau hana oolea. I Schlusselburg ua hoʻopaʻaʻia he iwakālua makahiki. I ka 1904, ua hoouna mai la oia i ka luna'ānela, a laila, i loko o Kazan mokuna. Ma hope iho o ka hoolilo ia Nizhny Novgorod, ua i 'ae' e haʻalele Rusia, a i ka 1906, ua hele aku e hana i ka'emi ko kahua wale aku no.

Ma ka home, oia hoi wale i ka 1915, ua koho 'ia i ka Constituent Ahaolelo , ma hope o ka FebruaryʻOiʻenehana. Akā, me ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana i ole lawe, a he lâlâ o ka Communist Party i i lilo. I ka 1932, i ka makahiki o kona mau makahiki kanawalu lā hānau, Ua paʻiʻia no ka piha hana i loko o ehiku puke, a lilo kona papa kuhikuhiE opus - ka puke "Ka hoailonaia he hana" o ka Lūkini hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana.