Complex hui: nomenclature a me ka Mea Maluna

Ka nui a me ka loa like i waena o ka'okanikaʻole pono hana o ka papa o ka luna 'i huiʻia. No keia hiki e wahi ana i ka pae ana o organometallic i huiʻia, e like me chlorophyll a me ka hemoglobin. He mau wahi i pili i ka uwapo i hoʻohuiʻia ka'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha kemika i loko o ka hoʻokahi 'epekema. Invaluable kūlana i loko o ka ulu ana o ka luna 'mea' ike i loko o ke kula o ka mākau kemika a me ka aniani kemika, ka study o ka mea nui liluwelo keʻano o ka hanaʻana: kāʻamaʻai, kūloko ma (ke kelepona) ka hanu.

Ma keia 'atikala mākou e nānā i ka' ole a me ka nomenclature o ka luna 'i huiʻia, e like me ka walaʻauʻana me nā loina o ko lākou Mea Maluna.

Ōhumu kumumanaʻo A. Werner

I ka pau ana o XX kenekulia Hawaiian nä känaka 'epekema A. Werner ho'āʻo ai i ka lātoma i loko o kekahi luna' waiwai i mau hale a i Ua niioaaonoaaiii kapa i ke kikowaena ion, ligands (ligands) a me ka pā ōhumu poepoe. Ia makou, ua maopopo Mea Maluna a me nomenclature o ka luna 'hui, ua wehewehe këia mau manaÿo i loko o hou au mamuli. Penei, A. Werner ua maopopo ma ke alo o ka ion lātoma (IeAUPIIe, IAa IO olelo ikaika mai, papa mai), a ninoaaeyao he kikowaena kūlana. He la ia mea e like me ka complexing konohiki, ke kikowaena ion paha'Ātoma. Ua hiki e kahi kokoke i like'ākilikai nā lātoma, kapaʻia ligands, a negatively kauoha anions (particles) e hana i ka pā ōhumu poepoe o ka mea. A pau i koe (particles) a i ole komo i loko o ia, nāna i hana i ka pā iwi o ka lātoma.

Pela, ma ka haʻilula cuprite paʻakai Na ₂ [cu (OH) _4], he kikowaena keleawe'Ātoma ma ka'okesaside moku'āina +2 a me ka eha gidroksogrupp lakou i ka pahale poepoe, oiai paʻakai Ion i aia ma kekahi mamao mai ka kikowaena'Ātoma i loko o ka pā poepoe.

Epekema ka 'ike i ka mea nui nā papakuhikuhi a me nā inoa o nā waiwai

No laila, hiki, ke kumumanaʻo o A. Werner o ka papa kuhikuhiEʻimi naʻauao kumu ma i haʻawina luna 'eiiieaenu. Nomenclature, 'o ia hoʻi, e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka rula aponoia ma ka International Society o kaʻimi naʻauao a me ka haʻapili kemika ka inoa o kēia mau waiwai.

Mākou i hāʻawi aku ai kekahi mau examples o nā papakuhikuhi o ka waiwai, a iloko ona i kakauia na platinum complexing'Ātoma - K ₂ [PtCl _6] a me nā lātoma NH ₃ - [(NH ₃₎ AG _2] Cl. E like me ka mea huli mai, i ka haʻilula hiki ke loko hoʻohana 'ana i nā kēia mau hana: papalua mail reactions, molar conductivity o pāʻoihana X-Ray diffraction hana. E hoomanao i kēia mau epekema ma ka au mamuli.

E like me hōʻike i ka 'ole o ka luna' platinum hui

Waiwai o keia pae i wehewehe aku e ke alo i loko o ka lātoma o ke kikowaena platinum'Ātoma. A hiki i ka hui PtCl ₄ × 6NH ₃ hana pāʻoihana o ke kālā nitrate, laila, a pau ka chlorine makana i loko o ka mea pili i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia nā'ātoma a me AgCl hoʻokumu keʻokeʻo flakes. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i nā mea a pau o na anions i chlorine i loko o ka pā ōhumu poepoe, akā, i ka ammonia nā lātoma i ua hoʻopili i ka kikowaena platinum'Ātoma, a pu me ia i ka pahale poepoe hana.

Ua o ia hoʻi, ua palapala he ōhumu huina lakou o ka haʻilula i loko o kēia palapala. [Pt (NH _{3) 6]} Cl ₄ a kapa platinum hexammine koloriside. Ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i X-Ray diffraction iaoia, na chemists kaupaona i nā a me nā luna' hui a nomenclature e e hoʻouka kekahi ma ka lalo nei.

Ka mea pōaka i huiʻia o ka chromium

Ke 'ole o kēia pae o ka' ona, ua hōʻike 'ia e ka physical kaʻina hana o ka X-Ray diffraction o ka hp'pnphp X-Ray diffraction Ka Ikepili. Maalo ae la oia ma ke aniani puka olu oia i, o ka hawewe electromagnetic hoʻopuehuʻia ma ka hana o electrons o ka hoʻokolohua waiwai. Keia i ka mea hiki loa pololei e hooholo i pūʻulu o nā'ātoma mea ma ka puka olu oia i mea hoʻopuka. like nomenclature o ka luna 'hui i hana i ka chromium-i loaʻa nā pōaka. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka inoa isomeric hydrates o trivalent chromium paʻakai, e holo ana ma X-Ray diffraction hana, e like penei: tetraakvadihlorohroma koloriside (III), pentaakvahlorohroma koloriside (III).

Ua Ua loaʻa i loko o kēia mau mea chromium'Ātoma nakinaki aku la ia i eonoʻokoʻa ligands. Pehea e hooholo i ka uku a me kekahi ololi e loli ai i ka ōhumu helu?

E like me ka mea kikowaena'Ātoma ua ua hoʻopili i ligands

E pane i nā nīnau, ua hoala hou ma luna, ua hoole ia i loko o ka wahi koke o ka complexing konohiki i kekahi mau hale, i kapaia o ligands, a me ligands. Ko lakou huina helu, a hoʻoholo i ka ōhumu helu. E like me ke kumumanaʻo o ka A. Werner,? Eaia, Mea Maluna a me nomenclature o ka luna 'i huiʻia e pono e kaukaʻi ma keia anakahi. Ua Ua correlatively me'okesaside o ke kikowaena'Ātoma pili. Ma ka hui o platinum, chromium, hao ōhumu helu o ka loa ua like me eono; ina ka complexing agena ua poe ma nā'ātoma o ke keleawe a me ka kiniki - eha ina ke kikowaena'Ātoma mea kala, a me ke keleawe - elua.

Kind o eiiieaena hui

Ma kemika, kapa hoʻohanohano like me ka papa kuhikuhi paahana a me ka kaua o ka malumalu waiwai ma waena o lākou. Ana no i loko o ka mua nā hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo luna 'hui a nomenclature Hōʻike ke alo i loko o kā lākou' ole o ka wai nā lātoma i aquacomplexes. By ammine nā waiwai i loaʻa ka ammonia'ākilikai (particles), e like me triiodo triamminrody. Oukou hakakino 'ole o ka papa o ka chelating i huiʻia. Lākou inoa mai, mai ka liluwelo kau chelicera - no laila, i kapaʻia maiuu o na decapod. Mau waiwai iloko ligand, he māhele hoʻonohonohoʻia i ka loaʻa o ke complexing konohiki, e like maiuu. Oia i huiʻia nā ferric oxalate eiiieaen, etilendiamminovy platinum eiiieaena me ka'okesaside moku'āina +4, aminoaceticʻakika paʻakai, i pihaʻi me Ion o rhodium, platinum a me ke keleawe.

Na rula no ka i hoʻouluulu i ka inoa o ka luna 'hui

Ka loa, he pono ole ho'āʻo nīnau ma o ka kona manaopaa no kemika i loko o ka papa o ke kula kiʻekiʻe mea: e kahea aku i ka luna 'hui o ka IUPAC-nomenclature. Ma kekahi mau 'hoʻohālike, ke kālailai algorithm i hoʻouluulu inoa waiwai me na kēia haʻilula: (NH _{4) 2} [Pt (OH) ₂ Cl _4].

1. Name hoʻomaka me ka hoomaopopo ana i ka haku mele 'ana o ka pahale ōhumu poepoe. Ua kekahi mau hydroxyl hui a me na anions o chlorine. Mau inoa hoʻohui i ka hopena -o. E loaa digidrokso-, tetrahloro-.
2. Ano, loaʻa mākou i ka complexing konohiki i kona notation he Roma inoa ka hoʻohana 'ana, a ua hoʻonui au ia mea i ke kau hope -AT ma parentheses e hōʻike kona degere o ka'okesaside: platinate (IV).
3. Pau me ka lilo o ka poepoe hōʻailona, neʻe i ke waho. E kapa ia cation: i loko o kēia hana i'amoniuma Ion.

E like me ka hopena, i ka waiwai e i ka inoa i loko o a pau o ka mea ma luna o ka papa inoa 'ole.

Ka hoʻohana o ka luna 'hui

I ka hoomaka ana o keia 'atikala, ua kapa aku la na eleleʻano nui o organometallic' ona e like me hemoglobin, chlorophyll, nā wikamina. paani ka mea, he kūlana kī ma ka pūnao. Hoʻomano hoʻohana eiiieaena i huiʻia ma keʻanoʻenehana pōʻaiapuni o ka hauneneʻe ferrous a me ka 'ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia. An kūlana nui ua pâʻani 'o ia i loko o metallurgy carbonyls - i ho'ākāka' luna 'hui a nomenclature Hōʻike ke alo i loko o kā lākou nā lātoma o kalapona monoxide CO like me ka ligand. Mau hui i decomposed ma lalo hahana maoli nō kēia, a hoemi ke hooheheeia e like me nikala, hao, cobalt mai lākou i eliia. no hoi ka hapanui o eiiieaenu i hoʻohana like catalysts ma na reactions ka hana varnishes, pena a me nā lula ea.