Cooper, James Fenimore: pōkole Kawaihae, buke

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor - ike 'Amelika mea kākau, kākau o ka 33 novels. Kona kaila hui oihana mua o ka romanticism a me ka mālamalama. No ka lōʻihi manawa hana o Cooper, ka mea, o ka mea e ka hoike ia moʻokalaleo Amelika. O ka holo ana, kakau iho la mua o kona mau hana. Akā, Fenimore ua ka mua kākau moʻolelo, ka acclaimed Europa hoolohe. His novels ua lilo kekahi hapa o ka pōʻai o ka pono o ka lehulehu o ka poe mamo. He 'atikala He He manawa pōkole Kawaihae o ka mea kākau moʻolelo, a me ka wehewehe kona kī huahana.

kamaliʻi

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper i hānau i loko o 1789 ma Burlington (New Jersey). Ke keiki ka makuakane ua he nui landowner. Ua paʻa kamaliʻi o ka wā e hiki mai kākau i loko o ka kauhale o Cooperstown o Nyos i loko o ka moku'āina o New York, ma ka moanawai. He 'o ia ma ka hanohano o James' makua kāne. O ka holo ana, ke kumu o ka haʻalele ka paʻi ma ke kahua o ka pili aupuni wale, ka meʻe o keia Haawina. Fenimore he makemake ko ala o ke ola "kua'āina keonimana" a noho i ka poʻe kākoʻo iā ia o ka aina nui. A kemokalaka'āina nā mea hoʻololi ua hoʻopili me ka rampant demagoguery a me ka bourgeois acquisitiveness wale.

Haʻawina a hele

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor, mua i hoʻonaʻauao ma ka kūloko kula, a laila, hele Yale College. Ma hope o ka puka i ke kanaka opiopio, aohe makemake e hoʻomau i kona haʻawina. He umikumamahiku makahiki mua James lilo iho la ia i kekahi poʻe luina Kelemania e ma luna o ke kalepa, a me ka hope i loko o ka Moana. I ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo ma ka 'Akelanika, hele i ka hailona. Fenimore i aʻo i ke Great CA, a e hiki koke mai ana kona hana ai. Ma kēlā mau makahiki, oia ua loaa i ka puu o ka mea no kana palapala, ai 'ka hana i loko o ka likeʻole ma o ke ola inā pilikia ka haumāna.

koke 'oihana

I ka makahiki 1810, ma hope o kona makua kāne hoʻolewa, Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor mare, a noho me kona ohana i loko o ke kaona liʻiliʻi Skarsdeyle. He umi makahiki ma hope, i palapala mai ai i kona mua puke i kapaia "precautionary". Ma hope, James hoʻomanaʻo aʻela,ʻo ia i hana i ka hana "ma ke kumu pili." Fenimore wahine ua leʻaleʻa o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia puke. No laila, i ka meʻe o kēia 'atikala haole-poluserozno hoomaka kākau ia o ka puke.

"Makai"

Kaua o ke Kuokoa - i ka ka theme, i ka loa hoihoi i loko i ka manawa o Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Kiu", i kākauʻia e ia i loko o 1821, i loa laʻa a hiki i kēia pukana. Patriotic puke, ua lawe mai ka mea kākau me ka nani nui. Mākou ke olelo aku i keia hana Cooper hoʻopiha i ka meaʻole i loko o ke aupuni moʻokalaleo, a ua hoike mai kona lula no ka wā e hiki mai 'ana. Mai ia manawa ma Fenimore au manao e hoʻolaʻaʻia lā iā ia iho i ka palapala, ai ka hana. Over ka kela makahiki eono, oia ua palapala mau novels, hana ekolu komo pū i loko o ka wā e hiki mai Pentalog kaʻili Stocking me. Akā, e kamaʻilio pū mākou e pili ana ia kaawale.

Europe

I ka 1826, Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, kona puke i Ua loa kaulana, i hele aku iʻEulopa. He ola i ka manawa lōʻihi ma Italia a me Farani. No hoi i hele ai i nā aupuni i ka mea kākau a me ka. New inā pilikia ka haumāna puʻe wale akula kēlā iā ia, e huli i ka mōʻaukala o nā ka Old a me New World. Ma Europa, i ka meʻe o kēia 'atikala i palapala elua nautical puke ( "Sea kilokilo", "Red Corsair") a me ka trilogy o ka Middle Ages ( "ka Ilamuku", "Geydenmauer", "Bravo").

E hoʻi i Amerika

ʻEhiku mau makahiki ma hope, Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor hele mai i ka hale. I loko nō o kona wa e kaawale aku, Amerika i ka hailona loli. Ua hala ka'ōlohe wiwo manawa o ke kipi, a me nā loina o ke Kuahaua o ke Kuokoa i ua poina. Ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia ia i hoomaka ai i ka wā o ka hanalima kipi, a luku aku i nā koena o ka patriarchy i loko o kanaka akeakamaiʻoi, a me ke ola. "Ka nui pono Pu" - no laila, Pani 'ōlelo' Cooper maʻi, komo i loko o 'Amelika lehulehu. Makakoho kiekie ae hoihoi, a no na kanaka e kala.

Hoopii i na makaainana a

James Fenimore Cooper, o kona mau buke, i ikea ia oi loa aku ia i ka palena o America, e hoʻoholo ai i e ho'āʻo i ka "laua kamailio ana i kekahi mau ano" o ko lākou mau hoa maka'āinana. He nō manaoio aku i loko o ka pomaikai o ka lawelawe a me ka mau nenoaiie o ko lakou mau aina, e noonoo pono i ka mea ino loa superficial, mawaho ei o initially ola a me ka makepono hoʻi kēia manawa. A me Fenimore hookuu "palapala i ke aupuni." I ia, kahea mai la ia i ke kaua, e e "ka nānaina".

Akā, i ka pomaikai o ka hopena ole. Ma ke kue, James ku i ka hailona o ka malu alapahi, a hamama ka inaina. Bourgeois Amerika i haʻalele i kona kāhea unattended. Ua hoopiiia mai Fenimore naau haakei, quarrelsomeness, nele o ka patriotism a me ka nele ana o ka palapala, ai hookahi talena. Ma hope o ia, no ka mea kākau moʻolelo hoi ae la i Cooperstown. Aia ae hoomau ana i ka hana journalistic hana a me novels.

Ka hope wā o kaʻike hoʻokumu

I loko o kēia wā o ka manawa Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, me ka piha i na hana i kēia manawa i loko o kokoke i na waihona, pau ka mau novels hope Pentalog kaʻili Stocking ( "Deerslayer", "Pathfinder"). I ka 1835, ua paʻi i ka satirical puke "Monokines" e pili ana i nā meaʻino o ka poe kapa ole kaiapili-pili nenoaiu o ka USA a me Enelani. Ma ka puke, ka mea, i loko ma lalo o ka inoa Nizkoprygiya a me Vysokoprygiya. I kaulana no kona trilogy e pili ana lepo, ua haehae ( "surveyor", "diabolo ka manamana lima", "Redskins"), paʻiʻia ma ka forties. Ke ideological a me ka noʻeau hua'ōlelo hope hana Cooper ka loa haoʻa. A iâ lâkou e noʻonoʻo loi o bourgeois ke kaiāulu, ka mea e komo i loko eiiiiiaiou o ka makeʻe kulana utopia, hāʻawi poʻe heluhelu i ka wahahee i pokole a "o ka pae aku i uka aristocracy." Akā, manaʻo huhū i kēia, no ka mea kākau moʻolelo ua mau loa ko oukou hanohano malaila a hiki i ka noho pilikia o Anati-bourgeois kūlana.

Pentalog Leatherstocking Stocking

Kēia moʻo o na buke o ke kiʻekiʻe loa e piʻi like o kaʻike hoʻokumu Cooper. Ua komoʻelima novels: "Ka paionia '", "Prairie," "Ka hope o ka Mohicans," "Deerslayer" a me ka "Pathfinder". ka mea, i nā mea a pau i hui pu ia ma ke ala o ka protagonist o Nataniel Bampo. He He He hahai holoholona ka mea nui kapakapa o: Long Carbine,ʻili Stocking, Hawkeye, Pathfinder, St. John ka wort. Ka Pentalog hooku iho la ia Bumpo a pau ke ola -, mai kona wa opiopio mai a hiki i kona make ana. Akā, Nathaniel ola kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao mai i coincide me ke kauoha o ka palapala novels. James Fenimore Cooper Hana Hou ka poʻe i nā mea a pau i ka kânaka o kana hana, hoomaka ae la ia e wehewehe i Bumpo ola me ka wa elemakule. Moʻolelo e hoʻomau i ka moʻolelo o Natty adulthood, laila, ua i ka wa elemakule. Ua ua ma hope o ka umikumamakolu na makahiki hiatus wale Cooper i i hookahi manawa hou i ka moʻolelo ili menina, a ho'ākāka 'ia ma kona wā'ōpiopio mai. Aia ma lalo ke helu i ka huina hoonui Pentalog mea ma ka mea o ka ulu ana i meʻe.

"Deerslayer"

Aia Natty Bumppo māhunehune he iwakalua. Enemi keiki i Indians mai ka Huronʻohana. E kaua ana ia lakou, Natty halawai ma kona alanui Chingachgook. Me keia Mohicans Bumpo e hoa, a e malama i ka pilina i ke ola. Ke kulana home 'ole i loko o ka hana a huikau ma ka nui, e hoike ana i ke keʻokeʻo allies Natty kaulikeʻole a me ka lokoʻino i nā lāhui kanaka. Ka mea, hoʻonāukiuki hookahe koko ana a me ka hoino. Na hana keaka hoike ia - ka noho pio ana, e pakele ai, kaua, ambushes - wehewehe nui loa aku e ku e ia i ke kāʻei kua o ka loa maikai maoli - ka, ka Lāʻau kahakai o shimmering moanawai a me kona aniani-e like ili.

"Ka hope o ka Mohicans"

Nō paha ka mea kaulana loa puke ma James Fenimore. Eia ka ka antithesis Bumpo hoʻopunipuni a me ka mea make alihi kaua o Magua. He kidnapped Alice a me Cora - na kaikamahine o Colonel Munro. Bumpo alakai i ka poe liilii, paukū, a hele aku la e noa ai i ka poʻe pio. Natty ua pu aku la keia e Chingachgook a me kana keiki Uncas. Hope i loko o ke aloha me kekahi o ka kidnapped kaikamahine (Cora), eia nae aole i maopopo Cooper e hoʻomōhala ana i keia laina. Chingachgook ke keiki ua make i loko o ke kaua, ho'āʻo ana e hoola i kona mea i aloha ai. Ka puke welau a me ka loa o ka hoʻolewa o Cora, a Uncas (i ka hope o ka Mohicans). Ma hope o Chingachgook a Natty e hoouna aku ai i ka mea hou e hele.

"Pathfinder"

Ke kuka ana o keia puke o ka Anglo-Palani kaua o 1750-1760 makahiki. Kona mau lala e ho'āʻo i ka epa a me ka bribery ia,ʻo ka Indians i kā lākouʻaoʻao. Chingachgook a Natty e kaua ana ma Lake Hilo, kōkua i ko lakou poe hoahanau. Eia naʻe, Cooper waha Bumpo ikaika kakou e hoohewa i ka kaua ho'āla ai i ma ka colonialists. He Pono nń ka meaninglessness o ka make i loko o kēia kaua me ka Indians a me ka 'oiaʻiʻo ma loko. Nui ka hana i loko o ka haawi lyric laina. ʻili Stocking aloha me Mabel Dunham. Ua Nui ka mahalo 'o ka lokomaikaʻi a me ka ikaika o ka scout, akā nō hele i ka iasepi, i mea kokoke i kona ano a me ka makahiki. Hoʻohiki, Natty na lau ke komohana.

"Paionia '"

'O kēia ka loa problematic puke, i ka mea i palapalaia e Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Paionia '" e wehewehe i ke ola ili anal i loko o ka makahiki o ke kanahiku. Akā, manaʻo huhū keia, kuia ua i nalowale makaʻala, a me kona lima i keia manawa paakiki. Chingachgook a pau i pili, e mai o ka poʻe ikaika, a me ka akamai alihi kaua, huli ae la ia i kaʻona decrepit elemakule kanaka. Nā huapalapala i loko o ke kauhale o colonists, kahi o nā kānāwai o ka "makaainana" lehulehu. Ke kikowaena kaua o ka puke moe i loko o ka confrontation contrived lawelawe kauoha a me na kanawai o ke ano. I ka pau ana o ka puke Chingachgook make. Bumpo aku, mai ka hooponopono a me ka pee i loko o ka ulu lāʻau.

"Prairie"

I ka hope loa hapa o Pentalog, i i kākauʻia e Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Prairie" i kāna moʻolelo o Nathaniel ka ola i ka wa elemakule. Bumpo Ua i hou hoa. Akā, e ka mea e kokua ia i ka pahuna pana, a me ka nui o ke ola ka hoao ana, ke hiki, e lawe i ke kamailio ana me ka mea i hoʻohalahala Indian alihi kaua a me ka malu, mai ka poino. Natty me nā hoa kū'ē i ka Bushʻohana o nā noho, a me ka Indians Sioux. Akā, i ka adventurous moʻolelo welau a he pono - he papalua ahaaina. ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ma ka heartfelt a me ka halawai loa o na mau minute hope o ke ola a me ka make Bumpo Ka huahana hope loa.

ka hopena

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, nona Kawaihae, ua hōʻike mai iā ia ma luna, haʻalele ka nui palapala, ai 'hooilina. kakau iho la He 33 novels, a me kekahi mau puke o ka Hotele palapala, journalism, mōʻaukala noiʻi a me ka pepelu. Cooper Ua pâʻani 'o ia i ka nunui kūlana i loko o ka ulu ana o ka puke' Amelika, e hele mai ia me kekahi o kona subgenres: utopian, satirical fiction, nohona a me ka wahi lulu, kai, mōʻaukala. No ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka hana i wehewehe aku e ka moʻolelo manaʻo o ko ke ao nei. I ka mea i kōkua mai i ka unification o ka helu ana o kona mau novels i loko o ka pōʻaiapuni: dilogy trilogy, Pentalog.

Ma kana mau hana a Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper lānai o ekolu papa kuhikuhiE kumuhana apau loa: ke ola ana o ke kihi, i ke kai a me ke kaua o ke Kuokoa. Kēia koho hōʻike he pilialoha kumu o kona hana. Amelika hui, nenelu ma ka manaʻo'ālunu, oia kū'ēʻana aku i ke ku okoa ana o ka moana oihana mua a me na koa heroism. Kēia nahā i, a me ka mea pilialoha maikaʻi o ke kumu o ka manaʻo noʻeau manao kekahi huahana Cooper.