Ehia na chromosomes i kānaka?

Chromosome - mall a me ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai hehee ai o ka halepaahao nucleus, ec na nā'ōewe. Ka inoa "chromosome" ua loko i nā hua'ōlelo Helene mai (chrōma - coloration a me ke kala sōma - kino), a me ka hoʻopiʻi i ka mea i loko o ke kelepona hele mahele, ka mea, loa iaʻi lakou ma ke alo o ke kumu o make (e laʻa me, aniline).

He nui nā kānakaʻepekema, mai ka hoomaka ana mai o ka XX kenekulia, noonoo ma ka nīnau: ". Pehea na chromosomes ma kānaka" No laila, a 1955 ka "hoomaopopo ana" a pau i hoomaopopoia ana o ka helu ana o chromosomes i loko o kānaka, he 48, 'o ia hoʻi, 24 hui. Ke kumu o ua mea Teofilus Peynter (Texas haumāna) ua'āpono nō i loaʻa iā lākou i loko o preparative testis pauku o kanaka , ka poe i castrated e ka aha olelo hooholo (ma 1921). I ka wā e hiki mai, nā kānakaʻepekema hoʻohana okoa ana ano, ua i hele mai ai i keia manao. Oia hoi, nui ka papa hana no ke kaawale ana o na chromosomes, ka noiʻi i iʻaʻa aku i ka hopena o ka pena. ʻepekema, ua loaʻa i ka hewa Albert Levan a me Joe Hin Tyo i ka 1955 i ka pololei i heluia, pehea na hui o chromosomes i kānaka, o - 23 (ina ka i ka ho omaulia hoʻohana 'enehana hou kēia).

Somatic a germ keena e komo i loko o kekahi 'ano' okoʻa 'ia paha o chromosomes, mai ka? Ueony, i hiki ole anei ke olelo mai e pili ana i ka morphological hiʻona o chromosomes, a i ikaika. Somatic aeee i ka papalua (diploid), i ua maheleia i loko o ka paʻa o ka'ālike (homologous) chromosomes mea e like ma ka morphology ( 'ole) a me ka nui. Kekahi hapa o kona makua kāne mau ka 'ē aʻe - maternal kumu. Wahine ia kanaka aeee (gametes) e haploid (hookahi) huapalapala o chromosomes. Inā fertilization i waiho ia a pau i loko o hoʻokahi zygote nucleus haploid e puhi ia ana o ke kane a me ka wahine gametes. Kēia e hooponopono i ka waʻa 'ia paha. He hiki no me ka oiaio, pehea ka nui chromosomes kekahi kanaka e olelo - kā lākou 46, a me 22 hui o autosomes a me kekahi paʻa o hookahi - keka chromosomes (allosome). Sex oko ao i - nā morphological a mall (haku mele 'ana nā'ōewe). Ma ka wahine kino maupaʻa he mau gonosom elua X chromosomes (XX-mau), a me ke kane - kekahi X- a me Y-chromosome (XY-paʻa).

Morphologically, hoololi chromosomes oiai ke kelepona hele, mahele, ka mea, i ka palua ana (me ke koe nae o germ keena ma i a pāpālua hoʻi mākaukau kaua paha). Keia ua hou na manawa he nui, akā, me ka loli ma ka chromosome huapalapala ua i mālama. Ka loa kekahi 'chromosome ma kekahi o nā kuʻina o ka halepaahao mahele (metaphase). Ma keia pae ka chromosome poe e mau longitudinally Wāwahi me ka ho okumu (kaikuahine chromatids), a taper, a ua hui ia ma ka ai-kapaia iniiaiie constriction ole tsenromery (chromosome ka paa hehee ai). I kapaia telomeres o ka chromosome welau. Mall chromosome kanaka a hooku iho la DNA (deoxyribonucleicʻakika), i encodes na nā'ōewe komo i loko o ko lākou haku mele 'ana. Nā'ōewe, ma ka huli, e 'ike e pili ana i kekahi mau hana mana.

Pehea nui chromosomes ke kanaka e hilinaʻi ma luna o kona mau kanaka kūpono 'ana. Aia i na mea like aneuploidy (loli i loko o ka helu ana o kanaka chromosomes) a me ka polyploidy (oi ma mua o diploid helu o haploid e puhi ia). I ka hope o ka kekahi mau ano: lilo o homologous chromosomes (monosomy) a me ke ano o keu chromosomes (trisomy - hoʻokahi keu, tetrasomiya - elua keu, etc.). A pau keia mea heʻilihune o genomic a me ka chromosomal mutations, a hiki alakai i pathological ana e like me: Down maʻi pale, Klinefelter maʻi pale, Turner Shereshevkogo a me nā maʻi.

Penei, wale i ka iwakalua kenekulia i pane i nā nīnau, a me ka manawa pehea na chromosomes he kanaka i ike i na naʻauao noho ana o ka Honua Honua. Ua mea ma luna o nā mea e hiki mai i ka haku mele 'ana o ka 23 hui o chromosomes (XX a XY), ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka wahine o ke keiki, a me ka mea, ua nānā' i fertilization, a me ka confluence o ka wahine a me kane wahine keena.