Paʻakai hydroxide: haʻilula, ka waiwai a me ka noi

ʻO kekahi mea nui Nine Inch hui synthesized nunui aoao elua makahiki mekala 'åkilikai ka paʻakai hydroxide. Oia hiʻona mea pono no i ko lakou mau waiwai. Caustic soda, a haʻilula - NaOH, o ka nui kalepa mea nui i kānaka. E noonoo oe i ka waiwai nui.

Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa Agena

Ka mua hoohiki ana o ka hui ma luna o ka waiwai ka mea, kohu paʻakai hydroxide, hōʻike a hiki i ka wa kahiko. O ka Baibala kekahi i kekahi 'ike e pili ana i neter substance loko mai oʻAigupita o ic ??. Presumably keia i ka caustic soda.

Aristotle, Plato a me nā kahiko Helene a me Roma poe akeakamai a me nā kānakaʻepekema i haawiia nitrum waiwai i ua loko mai o maoli Reservoir, a kūʻai liloʻia aku i loko o ka palapala o ka apana nui o okoa nā pōpō (iue, oho, keʻokeʻo). Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i nā kiʻina hana o ka iapaau ana i keia manawa i ike i kekahi mea, no laila, ke kaawale pilina mai ka lanahu, hoohaumia iho la ia, ka mea, he mea hiki ole.

I ka 385 BC, ua hoʻohana ke kopa-hana. Ke kaʻina hana nānā 'ana i paʻakai hydroxide i hoʻohana. Ke haʻilula ka mea, i ole i ikea no kaʻoiaʻiʻo, akā, ka mea aole i hana hewa, e extract ia, mai ka lehu o ka mea kanu o ka genus Salsola, mai o ic ??, a hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale ikamu, holoi, hana likeʻole soaps.

Iki ma hope ¶ʻO'Araba aʻo, e hoonui i ka huina hoonui nui mea kāhinu, he ala e. A laila, i ke kopa ua he kiʻi a me ka maikai maʻemaʻe. Ua hoomakaʻeleu ulu o ke kopa hana keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me nā 'ike loea.

A hiki i ka XVII kenekulia, caustic soda, nona ka waiwai e hoʻohana i piha, me he Nine Inch hui koe unstudied. Kona hui a me na waiwai e like me ka paʻakai, hydroxide , potasiuma kalepona, paʻakai. A pau o ka ia i kapaia caustic alkalis.

Hope nä känaka 'epekema Duhamel Du Monceau hiki ke hooiaio i ka likeʻole ma waena o kēia mau waiwai, a māhele aʻela iā lākou i loko o mekala' åkilikai a me ka paʻakai. No caustic soda, a ua i kona oiaio a me ka ikaika a hiki i kēia lā i ka inoa.

synonyms aʻe

It E e kaulana i mea ole o ka inoa o keia waiwai i ka ia, a loaʻa paha kekahi mau synonyms. All hiki ke koho 6 kekahi mau koho:

• paʻakai hydroxide;
• paʻakai hydroxide;
• caustic soda;
• paʻakai mekala 'åkilikai;
• caustics;
• caustic mekala 'åkilikai.

Caustic soda , ua kapaia keia hui i ka pono a me ka hana mau. Ke Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala Ua oi pololei e olelo paʻakai lye a caustic soda. Ke haʻilula koe ka ia. Ka loa maʻamau inoa - caustics. I ka maikai ma ka hua'ōlelo o ke kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana nomenclature inoa 'ona ka paʻakai hydroxide.

Ke Nine Inch haʻilula a me ka hakakino 'ole

Inā ka waiwai e noʻonoʻo mai ka oiai ua o kemika, ka mea e iloko o elua Ion: paʻakai cation (Na ⁺⁾ a me ka hydroxide anion (OH ^-). Ka hoʻomaopopoʻana kekahi i kekahi, ma muli o ke electrostatic attraction raznozaryazhennyh (particles), mau Ion kuahene paʻakai hydroxide. Empirical haʻilula o ka palapala o NaOH.

Gidroksogrupp hoʻokumu covalent Polar hoopaa ma waena o oxygen, a hydrogen, kahi ka mea, ua paʻa me ka paʻakai ionic hoopaa. Ka mekala 'åkilikai pāʻoihana ua pau dissociated i Ion, i ka ikaika electrolyte.

Keʻena hoʻokolohua hana no ka hana

Hanalima, a keʻena hoʻokolohua epekema no ka makaukau o ka paʻakai hydroxide pili loa Keia. Pinepine i ka poe liilii, mea ka mea, ua loaa ia ma ka Nine Inch, a electrochemical epekema ma ka liʻiliʻi huahelu mua i loko o iiaacu. A tona o ka waiwai i lawe ia e ka ia ano i nunui panalāʻau o aeee.

Aia nō kekahi mau kumu ano no ka hoʻololi kemikala o caustic i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.

1. Ferritic hana. Ua he a mau ka papa kuhikuhi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao: ka mua sintering ma lalo kiʻekiʻe ka mahana paʻakai kalepona a me ka hao'okesaside (III). Kēia produces paʻakai ferrite (NaFeO _2). Ma ka lua o ke kahua, ka mea, ua olohelohe ia lakou i ka wai, a decomposes e hana paʻakai hydroxide a me ka wai i hui pūʻia me ka hao (Fe ₂ O ₃ * H ₂ O). Ke kūpono caustic soda pāʻoihana ua evaporated ia mai nā pōaka a keʻokeʻo flakes. Kona maemae ua ma kahi o 92%.
2. Lime hana. Naoh o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o paʻakai kalepona a me ka kalipuna hydroxide (slaked Lime) e hana paʻapuna a me caustic. Ke naoh Ua lawelawe 'ia ma ke ana wela ^{o ka} 80 C. Mai ka kūpono paakai precipitates, ka mea, ua kaawale ke puana. Ua koe pāʻoihana Ua evaporated, e haawi aku i ka paʻakai mekala 'åkilikai.
3. Ke diaphragm a me ka papa hana no ka hana i kaʻili lahilahi. Ma muli o ka hana o ka electrolyzer pa alima. Ua mālama lākou kākoʻo pāʻoihana o na moana (NaCL), a ua electrolyzed e lilo ole o gaseous chlorine a me caustic soda? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka makemake huahana. Ke koena unuhi i loko o kēia mau kiʻina hana ka i ka wa a ke kaʻina diaphragm ka papa kuhikuhiE mall hapa o ka mea mea he diaphragm o asbestos (cathode). I ka wā o ka diaphragm iaoiaeii cathode a me ka anode liuliu, ua puunaueia e kekahi kuikawaʻili lahilahi.

Pela i hoomakaukau ai i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka paʻakai hydroxide, koho i ka loa pono koho i loko o nā hua'ōlelo. He mea, e like me ka rula, e emi ikehu-mālama nui.

Hoʻololi kemikala ma ka hana

Pehea o ia i ka waiwai i loko o ka hana, e like me paʻakai hydroxide? Wai a me ka paa caustic soda ua hua mai la ka hapanui ma electrochemical hana. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i electrolysis o ka pāʻoihana o kekahi maoli mea pōhaku halite, ka hapanui o ka a ua hanaʻia me ka paʻakai koloriside.

Ke kumu nui hiʻona o keia hoʻololi kemikala mea i ka ma-huahana me ka paʻakai hydroxide i gaseous chlorine a me ka hydrogen. Ke kaʻina ua lawe mai i loko o kekahi o na koho ekolu:

• diaphragm no ka electrolysis paa cathode;
• o ka wai o Hereme cathode;
• ʻili lahilahi me ka paa cathode.

Ke uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o caustic soda hua mai i loko o ke ao nei ua hua mai la ia e ka iaoiaeii mea nō i kaʻili lahilahi. Ke kūpono mekala 'åkilikai i kekahi i lawa ke kiekie kiʻekiʻe o ka maemae.

noi

He nui na hana ma i ka maoli paʻakai hydroxide. Ka palapala noi ua ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kona Nine Inch a me ka physical ka waiwai, e keia hui paʻa mau ma na mea he nui syntheses a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Aia i kekahi mau nui wahi kahi paʻakai hydroxide - he OAXA hehee ai.

1. Nine? Iecaianoaaiiuo (hoʻololi kemikala o nā mea kemika, soaps, bipi kūpaluʻia,? Iecaianoaaiiie o olona, Aluminum etching, e paka hoohehee maemae au ia huahana, like me ka hōʻeleu i loko o na mea he nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana, he kumu waiwai e neutralize na nāʻakika a me kā lākou mau AYEIE oxides; ma ka mākau kemika ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka titration; ua i hoʻohana' e loaa maemae i eliiaʻi, he nui paʻakai o nā kumu a me ke aloha i huiʻia).
2. I ka pepa hana, no ka iapaau ana o ka lāʻauʻiʻo pepa (laau waiwai hoʻolilo o ka lignin).
3. Ke kanaka oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe mea i paʻa mau caustic soda. I ka hoʻohana ana o na mea he nui detergents a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana me nā huahana nānā 'ana i ka mea ka mea nui. Cuticura, shampoo loaa - i keia mea,ʻaʻole me caustic.
4. Ua koi 'ia no ka hoʻololi kemikala o meaola.
5. Pili ma luna o ke aupuni me ka unahiʻole no ka decontamination a me ka neutralization oʻawahia waiwai, 'ole ma ke kino.
6. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka laau a me ka ai '.
7. Food hana - confectionery, kokoleka, cocoa, hau kalima, ke kanakē, 'ia nā pōpō,ʻoliva, Hauʻoli La Hale Puhi Palaoa huahana.
8. I cosmetology no ka wehe haole ē aʻei kūpono (iole, papilloma warts).
9. Hoʻohana 'ia ma luna o nā mea inu kanakaʻona mau a me ka paka mea wili.
10. I ka lole hana.
11. Aniani: kala like 'ole, maʻamau, a me nā'ōnohi.

Ua akaka no i ka paʻakai hydroxide - he mea nui a me ka pono keia mau mea i loko o kanaka haʻawina waiwai. Ia mea,ʻaʻole i loko o make hewa, ka mea, ua synthesized makahiki ma tons i loko o ke ao nei - 57 miliona a oi.

physical waiwai

White powdery waiwai nui, i kekahi manawa colorless. Ua hiki ia i loko o ka palapala o ka he mea pōaka i one ai i loko o ka palapala o flakes. Pinepine i loko o ka palapala o ka nui nā pōaka. Ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi mea nō haʻahaʻa - 65,1 ^C. He koke absorbs ona mau, a lilo hydrated ano 3,5N NaOH · ₂ O. Ma keia hihia, o ka mahele heheʻe i ka mahana mea nō emi, wale 15,5 ^C. kokoke kona palena wailana i ka waiʻona mai ke kino, ka wai . I ka hoʻopā like me ka paa a me ka wai a soapy.

Loa pilikia i ka kia, a nāu kekahi ano. Hiki no ā 'inoʻino kekahi a pau o ka maka i ai i ka optic nā aʻalolo. Maka hiki 'ai pono i ka makapō. No laila, e hana ana me keia hui like pilikia, a pono aiiay manaʻo.

Nine Inch mall

Caustic soda waiwai ho'āʻoʻia like ka ia me nā mea a pau i ka mekala 'åkilikai: ua reacted me kaʻakika,ʻakika oxides, amphoteric oxides a me hydroxides, paʻakai. O Nonmetallic reacts me ka luaipele, phosphorus a me halogens. I hiki ke reacting me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Ma ke aloha kemika, paʻakai hydroxide reacts me amides, nā mea kemika, halogenated alkanes.

waho pūnaewele ana

Waho pūnaewele o caustic soda ua lawe mai ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu. Keia mea, no ka mea, mea paʻakikī loa kū'ē, o ka oi aku ka wā humid. Ke kumu o na kumu i ka eia.

1. Ka malama ana aku i ka paio hahana maoli nō nā mīkini home.
2. Hermetically paa a ua hōʻailonaʻia'ōpala mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke pū i hiki ona mau.
3. Maloo mea pōaka caustics hūnā i loko oʻeke o kūikawā haku mele 'ana (anuanu polyethylene), he wai - ma ka pouli aniani omole me ka lepo, aniani pani'ōmole. Inā i ka helu mea nui a me ka mea pono i ka halihali, ua kauʻia i ka paʻakai hydroxide pāʻoihana ma kūikawā ipu a me nā kila la e hiki ai.

Ka waiwai hiki ke kaʻi aku e kekahi i ike hana i loko o kaʻaeʻana me ka maluhia rula, ke kāpaeʻana ka halihali ma ka lewa.

Wai paʻakai lye

Ma waho aniani, he mea he koʻana koko pāʻoihana o ka paʻakai hydroxide. He ka ia haʻilula like no me ka paa. Chemically pāʻoihana hou pono a me ka pono i ka hana. No laila, i loko o ia ka palapala caustics i hoʻohana hou pinepine.

A pāʻoihana o ka paʻakai hydroxide kona haʻilula - NaOH, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā mea a pau o kēia mau mea. He kaʻao wale nō i ka halihali, e like me ka amo mea maikaʻi, e maloʻo caustic. No ka mea, a pau nā waiwai, aole i hua mai nā pōaka, a ma kekahi a surpasses ia.