Eugenics: i mea, i ka wehewehena o ka pilikia a me ka pahu hopu o ka 'epekema

I ka pau ana o XlX hoʻomaka o XX kenekulia 'epekema mea ma luna o ke ala. Ka holo ana o "ke kumu o? Ueony," Darwin kakau iho hou i ka MH 1859, a kuai lilo mai i loko o ka mea o ka lā, a me ka hoopaapaa e pili ana i ka evolution o na aoao a me nā papaha e ho ololi ia i hooki i no kekahi minute. No kekahi mau makahiki,ʻepekema i intensively? Anoee ka evolutionary hoea mai, he nui na wahi ma ka kālaimeaola, kekahi o i kaumaha ai i kaʻeleu keiki ma luna o ka papa o kanaka evolution.

Eugenics - He aha ka mea?

Ma kona mōʻaukala, na kanaka a ua hoʻohana i ke koho, e hoʻoikaika 'mahiʻai e haawi i ko a me ka hana a na holoholona. Penei, ka mōʻaukala o eugenics i kona aʻa ma ka mea kanaka makemake e hoʻonui loa i ka hana ana o ka ole holoholona wale nō, akā, i ko lākou mau? Ueo.

A hahau Hoolaa ana i ka 'epekema nā mea pono ma XlX kenekulia i ole nei, no laila, i ke kūlana o ka papa kuhikuhiE pani, a na nā pilikia a hiki i ka holomua o na kanaka laha' i ma luna o ka Ekalesia, a ua 'Imi nema aku kekahi ho'āʻoʻana, e intervene i loko o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o kilokilo hanaia'na.

Penei, eugenics manao mea e hana i koho ma ka mākaʻana i ka hana o ke kanaka? Ueony, ka hana ana i ka mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ka hanau keiki ana, a Launa Male hui ana.

Ka hiʻona a dubious kaulana

I ka makahiki mua o ke kenekulia XX ka mea, lilo iho la no ka mahalo i hoomaka ae la kekahi mau Hawaii e noonoo ma ka mea hiki manaʻo o kona papa kuhikuhi ai. Pela i paa ai ka hui ana o ka Kelemānia Nazi 'epekema a me ka eugenics. Ua i lalo o ka Nazi? Eia ua loaa i ka loa horrifying laha ana o ana e like me koi sterilization hoʻokolohua ma luna o kanaka, a me ka make ana o holoʻokoʻa pūʻulu 'ike e ke Aupuni undesirable.

Akā, eugenics kānāwai i pili loa aku ia o ka Nazi Germany. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka United States i loko o kekahi mau Hawaii i ka poʻeʻilihune a me ka poʻe me ka haahaa IQ e kaumaha aku mākou i ka uku no ka hooholo ana i ka naau mai sterilization. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana e kanaka me ka undesirable ano e hanaʻino i ka'ōewe pūnāwai o ka loa oiaio o ka poʻe mamo.

Mua o nā mea a pau, eugenics - ka 'epekema e Haʻawina kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni koho, i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka a mea he kanaka. Aia mau aoao elua e hana hooponopono i keia koho: ka ai-kapaia maikaʻi eugenicsʻeleu i ka hooikaika ana ka mare i ka hopena o na keiki i hanau me ka mahaloia hiʻona; hopena maikaʻi 'aaiaoe? ua ma muli ma luna o ka loa o na keiki i hanau me ka developmental mā a me kāna moʻolelo undesirable no ka kaiāulu. Me ka hooulu ana o ka 'inikua loea ma ka PalekanaEND_LINK arsenal o eugenics, he mau ki ina hana like o ka hanau ana, e like me aaiaoe ho'āʻo a me ka ultrasound lapaʻau' ana.

hoi eugenics

He aha ka ka eugenic kumu, e lilo ia i ike ina ua nana aku i ka pilikia ma ka retrospect. Ka mua mea e maopopo i ka nui o ka hua'ōlelo wale. I unuhi 'ia mai ka olelo Helene, o hua'ōlelo translates pakike me "nobly hänau." Pela i hanau i ke ao ana o eugenics. He aha kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni koho, ua lilo i mea akaka i ka 1883, ka wā i nä känaka 'epekema F. Galton paʻi i kona kahua hana "ke ao o kanaka nā mea hiki, a me ko lakou ulu ana."

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kākoʻo-ʻepekema eugenicists i ka ideology o aaiaoe paa. Ke pā like o na aʻo o Galton ua e hōʻoia 'ia aole ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana a me ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana ua ole radically pili i ke ano o ka hana, akā, kūlana i ke alakai o nā kūpuna mai i ka hoʻoholo a me kaiapili kolohe.

Me ka lehulehu ākea o kēia puke, ka triumphal huakaʻi o eugenics ma kulanui maʻEulopa. New 'epekema Ua hoʻolimalima i ka wahi i loko o ka me kēia kaiapuni.

Eugenics like me ka 'epekema. paʻa

I ka 1907, ua hana Pelekane Galton Society, ma i hoʻomōhala ana i na hoakaka ana o ka hou 'epekema a me ka huli i na mea paahana e pili ia ma ka hana. Ma ka US, he like me ke kaiāulu kanaka, hele mai la i ka 1921, a ua kapaia ka inoa o ka American Eugenics Society.

I ka moolelo o eugenics ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i ka manaʻo o ka lawelawe Darwinism, i ua ma muli o ka mea e wale kekahi papa a me ka papa, e like me kanaka me kekahi anthropological kāna moʻolelo ka pono, e hoʻomau i ko lakou ohana.

Eugenics nā mea pono ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka mea i kanaka i ole hanauia like, wale ae i ka loa pono ke kuleana e mana i ka papa o kanaka evolution, keakea e ia me ka reproductive kaʻina. Penei, eugenics - ka 'epekema e Haʻawina na kanaka koho.

noʻonoʻo loi wā

Ma naʻe o ka lanakila hele ana o ka mea hou i loko o 'epekema kulanui a me ke aupuni oihana, i nā mea a pau ka pilina mālama kona ki ina hana like. A staunch hoa paio o eugenic hana he mea kākau Chesterton, American sociologist Lester Ward, e like me biologists lawaiʻa a me JBS Haldane, ka poe i kaheaia kanalua i ka sterilization o "hemahema" e alakai i ka ia'na o na kanaka heluna o ka hua'ōlelo i makemake kāna moʻolelo.

Ua oi aku ka nui a me ka ikaika e hoʻomoana ai e ku i mau hoa o ka puʻe wale akula kēlā sterilization a me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni koho oia o nā 'elele o kaʻoihana a papa hana. I loko nō o ka mea e ma ka kinohou, kekahi kahuna alakaʻi me ka uku hoopanee i ka hou 'epekema ma hope o 1930, e kākoʻo i pau ai. Mai kānāwai ma luna o ka hana o ka eugenic olelo Pope Pius XL, i maopopo nō ia o ka naita ma Aupuni, aole he pono e hoolilo aku i na kino o ko lākou mau makaainana.

Nazism a hakumakuma ka nui o ka noiʻi

Reputational pilikia ma eugenics like me ka 'epekema, hoomaka ae la i ka 1930, ka wā o ka Nazi geneticist Ernst Rudin i e hana ia, e ho'āpono aku i ka hewa o ka Apana Reich. Ma ka manawa ka mea, ua ike mua e pili ana i pehea maoli koho hana, a me eugenics. He aha ka Nazi lapaau, e lilo hala ole oe iʻuʻuku hope, akā, i kēia pilina ua irrevocablyʻana i ke kaulana o eugenic 'epekema.

Ma ka hope o ke Kaua Honua II eugenics kaulana i paʻaʻino wale. Wonderful kaha kiʻi o ka evolution o manao ma luna o nā kiʻina hana oʻimi hoʻopunipuni koho o ka moʻolelo e HG Wells, he pahuhopu nei kākoʻo iā ia, o ka mea, hoʻoikaika ihola sterilization huli kanakolu makahiki i staunch kinai i ka pono kīvila. I ka nui, ka mea koi i ole kekahi i nā kānaka apau e hoʻopio i kekahi kanaka,ʻaʻohe mea i hiki ole ia paha e ka maʻi, akā, ma ka mea ku ole, ke kaiāulu kanaka, e lawe malama no ia. Akā, hoʻowahāwahā i ke kue o na hoa o ka lehulehu i kekahi i loko o Kuekene, no kekahi laʻana, puʻe wale akula kēlā castration "hemahema" Ua lawe mai a hiki i ka makahiki 1976.

Ka hou o ka hoihoi

Ma hope iho o ka waiū o nā hewa o Nazi Germany lana ma eugenic noiʻi, 'epekema kaulana ua, ka mea, ua'ānaiʻia loa. Eia naʻe, ma hope loa oblivion hoihoi i loko o ia mea, ua hoi aku la a me kaʻimi naʻauao noiʻi ma ka genome o ka lānai hou ola ae la ia, akā, i loko o ka respectable aaiaoe?.

A kaua o ka hou eugenics kipi i ka United States, ma laila mea he lawa helu o kiʻekiʻe-ʻenehana noiʻi-oaio? A komo i loko o aaiaoe 'enekinia, cloning a me prenatalʻike, a ninoaaeyao he kupaianaha wahi i loko o kēia' epekema kahua. No laila, i ka manaʻo o nā eugenics ua hoomau ma aaiaoe wilikî.

I ka 2003, Tania Simoncelli, ka poe i hana i ka manawa hope Poʻo o Criminology ma ka US aupuni, i mai la ia aaiaoeʻike, prenatatsionnaya wehe i ke au hou o eugenics, e like me ka Nazi, e malama i,ʻaʻole like me ka misanthropic ideology, a no ka pane mai i ke koi ana o maʻamau kanaka.

hoʻopulapula kino

Pelekāne evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins aku la i loko o ka nupepa 'atikala i ka 2006 i eugenics - ka' epekema o ka wā e hiki mai. He hoi mai la ia no i ka mea i ka 'epekema hoʻohana e lawe ka lanakila o ka Nazi luna, e koho i ka malu i hooki no ka makahiki hana Pahuhopu noiʻi i loko o kēia wahi.

Ke kanaka noiʻi hou ana, ma kona manao, ua hoʻokokoke ÿokoÿa iki mai? Aneii i ka mahiai. O ka hana ana, ma kona hoaponoia nä känaka 'epekema eugenic hoʻokokoke ua ma muli o ka mea e, mai ka manawa o ka Apana Reich, na nā mea pono o ka' epekema, aole ia e ku malie, a e hiki ke pane i na pilikia nīnau a kōkua i loaʻa i ka pāʻoihana i loko o kekahi henua wahi, i hiki.

Eia naʻe Dawkins kokoke me ka nui loa i kekahi mai kona mua. He ole wale e kaumaha ana i ka ho ololi i ka hope o ka hāpai keiki, a me ke komo i loko oʻimi hoʻopunipuni koho, he nui loa Hoopaa loa i eugenics e kōkua i kekahi kanaka, e aʻo hou aku e pili ana ia ia iho. No ka laʻana, ma hope o undergoing aaiaoe ikea ai na makua e ole kali manawa ma luna o ke keiki i ka aʻo mele ina ka ho'āʻo mai i hōʻike i ke kūpono nā mea hiki. Ua Ua manaoia i kēia mau ho'āʻo ma, e kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika 'i ka piʻi like me ka hoomaewaewa, ina kanaka ka ike o ko lakou mau ikaika a me ka palupalu. E like me ka Dawkins, i ka pāʻoihana o na pilikia o ka mea o kēia au nei hiki e aaiaoe? A eugenics.

He aha ka hoʻokae 'ole, ka mea, e kaumaha ana e hoomanao i ka International Bioethics Komite, kona mau lala ka manaoio ia ia i hoʻokokoke wehe i ka puka i ka hoʻokae' ole a me ka stigmatization, a mahiki kanalua ma luna o ka manaʻo o ke ao kanaka like.

I loko nō o ka mea i ke kālā no eugenics hookaaokoa ae mai o Hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi a me na hana o ka iwakalua kenekulia, ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā hua'ōlelo "reproductive aaiaoe?" A me ka "germinal koho", ma ka mea, i kēia mau haʻawina a pau i kekahi hapa o kanaka? Aneii.

Kekahi o ka loa e like me ka 'inikua ke kaʻina hana i keia la - prenatal loiloi - hiki ke manaoia no hoi me ke ano o ka manaʻo o eugenic kokoke loa i kahi. Mai ka 'inikua wahi o ka hoomaopopo, e like me ka loiloi hiki ke pale aku i ka hanau ana o ke keiki me ka loa aaiaoe mā a me hereditary maʻi.

Hoikehonua, eugenics: Auana pilikia

No ka mea mua manawa e pili ana i na hihia a me ka manaʻo o aaiaoe loiloi epekema eugenicists mai la oia i ka 1915 Thomas Hunt Morgan, ka poe i manaoio i ke kanaka me kāna moʻolelo i hiki ke hele ia, ua ili, e like me kekahi i ka propensity i ka lawe wale a me ka hewa, aole ia e hele mai na makua i na keiki, a kuhikuhi mai, i hooili ia lŘlŘ ma ka lawelawe ma aʻo, aole ma'ōewe.

Eia hou, oia Kuhikuhi 'ia i ka hopena o nā loina o ka nahu i hoike mai i ka io aʻe - e like me he keu paʻa o nā maka, a mau kapuwai manamana -ʻikeʻia ma ka hua lele ole wale i ka hopena o ka noho ana, akā, i like me kaʻilihune o mutations.

I kēia lā, akā naʻe, 'epekema eugenics nui ma ka' enehana maikaʻi. No ka kumu, e ho'āʻo ai i ka'ēpoda, e hele ma mua i kō ai ke keiki ke ike ai i ko ka pilikia o ka ke keiki me ka aaiaoe mā noho a, nolaila, e hanau no ia o ka hihia. Akā, no hoi e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe-ʻenehana ho'āʻo hiki ole e mai la oia ia mea, e haawi loa palekana mai ka hewa: loaʻa nā hihia ma ka'ēpoda, i hoʻoholo ihola ia nō hapai i ke keiki mamua o ka io ho'āʻo hopena, i hanau i ola na keiki.

Loss o aaiaoe ka nohona

Ma aaiaoe? A evolutionary kālaimeaola mau loea, e puhi i ka pū waikaua ma muli o ia ka mea e overreliance ma e wae kulekele ke alakai i ka hoʻololi iho o na kanaka lehulehu, e like me ke kūlana populations e noho ana ma ka mea uuku loa habitats a ma luna o nā mokupuni.

Edward Miller e Kiʻi i kekahi hanauna e e haawiia mai i ka manawa e hana i kekahi mea uuku na makana no ka evolutionary 'ano o ka? Acaeoey, a kumu mai i ke ahiahi, i kaʻike manaʻo i ke mea ia iā mākou io, ultimately nō o ka nui nui no ka liluwelo ulu ana.

Kū'ē i ka Eugenics

Ka hapanui o ia nei hoa paio o na eugenics kuhikuhi mai i ole mea i pono i ka manao o ka noiʻi, e ho'ōla i kēia mea a pau, e alakai i ka hana ku ole i nā mea pono. Na hana mau hoa paio o eugenics ka lolouila, hoʻoikaika ihola sterilization, aaiaoe hoʻokae 'ole, segregation a hiki genocide.

I kona seminal pepa ma luna o ka evolution o Lori Endryus hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka hainā o ka manawa kūpono e intervene i loko o ka papa o ka evolution, e alakai i ka muli o ka ai-kapaia posthuman, a i e okoa mai ka Contemporary unpredictable 'ia paha o nā ano. Eia hou kekahi, ia ia kekahi mai e ālai ia 'aʻe i ke kumu kahua o keʻano o ka hanaʻana e like me poe oo hoi, a ke ola expectancy, i mea e hoihoi i loko o eugenics.

He aha ka kanaka ke ola? He aha ka kona manaʻo, a ina paha he kanaka hiki ke lawe i ke kūlana o ka mea nāna i hana? Mau nīnūnē e kau aku na mea he nui bioethicists. E pane i ka manawa, he mea nui, akā, ka mea e mai e huhūʻoukou iā e hoomaopopo ana, a me keia o ia hoʻi mea e hoʻoponopono i ka pono pilikia e e kaua aku ma mua o kekahi hanauna o biologists, ethicists, poe akeakamai a me theologians. Eugenics pilikia e pono no ia i ka uku o ka hapanui noonoo.