GIS - Ua ... Geographic Information Systems

GIS - GIS mea he laekahi lawe lima nenoai, a i ka hiki i ka hōʻike 'ana i kou wahi ma ka palapala' āina. Ma ka naau o keia waiwai nui o ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā' ike loea hou: Geographic Information a me ka Global Positioning. Inā ka lawe lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe mai ka i loko iho GPS-pa alima, hoʻohana 'ia ka mea hiki ke hoʻoholo kona wahi, a no ia mea, pololei kahi kūlike GIS iho. Eia naʻe, 'ike loea Geographic a nenoai ma ka Lūkini-'ōlelo scientific moʻokalaleo, na poe ma ka uuku helu o ka lehulehu ākea, no laila, kokoke i' ike e pili ana i na algorithms i underlie lākou functionality.

GIS Mea Maluna

Geographic Information Systems mahele i wahi ma ka ia kenekoa rula:

1. Laulā GIS ua hoʻohana 'ia e pale aku ke kanaka-i a me ka maoli au i na ino mai 1997. Me kēia mau ikepili ia mea hiki i loko o ka kŘpa a pōkole wā o ka manawa, e wńnana i ka pālākiō o ka hewa, he kumumanao o liquidation o ka hopena, e Loiloi i ka poino a me ka lilo o ke ola, e like me ka hoonohonoho aloha kekahi i kekahi hana.
2. County Geographic Information System hoʻomohala ma ke kulanakauhale kiʻekiʻe. Ua apono 'i nā luna, e wńnana i ka hooulu ana o ka kekahi māhele. Kēia'ōnaehana ho kokoke a pau na mau mea nui, e like me ka waiwai kūʻai, ka waiwai, navigational, informational, loio a me na mea e ae. Ua mea i ke kumukuai o uaʻike nō ia i ka hoʻohana ana i kēia mau loea i ka manawa kūpono e hana i ka guarantor o ka mālama 'ia hoʻi i loko o nā mea a pau o ka heluna kanaka. County Geographic Information System a ianoiyuaa a hoʻohana loa ka pono ma ka paepaeʻana waiwai kūʻai, a kokololio ka ulu ana o ka hoʻokele waiwai i ka māhele o ka.

Kēlā me kēia o ka mea ma luna o nā pūʻulu mai i kekahi subtypes:

• Ke global GIS ka loaʻa o ke aupuni, a me ka subcontinental'ōnaehana, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO me ka moku'āina you.
• Ma ka 'āina' - kūloko, iiaciiie? O nā 'āina, kūloko.

ʻIkepili ma ka 'ike i nā' oihanaʻikepili hiki ke loaʻa i loko o kūikawā pauku o ka mea ulana pukapuka, i kapaia geoportals. Ka mea, i hoonoho iho i ka lehulehu kikowaena no ka nāʻanaʻana me kekahi kapu.

rula o ka hana

'ike i nā' oihana Geographic hana ma luna o ka loina o ka unuhi aku la ia i a me ka ulu i ka algorithm. Ua apono 'ana o ka mea e hōʻike' ia ma luna o ka GIS palapala, a me ka neʻeʻana o ka lawe lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka kūloko nenoaiu. E kolo `keia wahi i loko o ka unuhi kahi, e pono e ike i ka liʻiliʻi mau wahi - X a me Y. A hiki i ke noi ana o kekahi mea ma ka palapala 'ua koi' ia e hooholo i ke kaʻina o nā wahi (Xk a me Yk). Kā lākou hana pono kulike i kekahi mau manawa o ka kūloko GIS nenoaiu. Kēia mea i ke kumu no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka wahi o ka mea.

Kēia kaʻina o nā wahi Hiki ke kiʻi 'ia mai ka hae NMEA-waihona o ka GPS-pa alima, hana i ka maoli ana ma luna o ka honua. Penei, ma muli o ka algorithm noʻonoʻo 'aneʻi o ka hoʻohana' ana o kaʻikepili NMEA-waihona me na wahi o ke ala o ka mea i loko o ka kekahi mokuna. I ka mea e pono ikepili hiki ke loaa ma ka hopena o ka hōʻulu o ke kaʻina hana o ka neʻeʻana ma luna o ka muli o ke kamepiula Nā kauoha.

GIS algorithms

i kukulu 'ike i nā' oihana Geographic ma ka palapala ikepili, a i ia e kūkulu i ka algorithm. Nō kāu, he lākou o nā wahi (Xk a me Yk), e like me ke ala o ka mea i loko o ka palapala o ka NMEA-waihona a me ka kikohoʻe GIS palapala'āina ma ke koho paena mau mea. Ke kū'ē'ē 'ana i mea e hoʻomohala i ka algorithm e SafeSearch ke noi ana o kekahi wahi mea. I ka papa o kēia hana i ua kālailai ekolu algorithms, hp'pnphp i ka hana.

• Ka mua GIS algorithm - ia NMEA-waihona KālailaiʻIkepili ma ka mea e extract mea ka i kahi kūlike o ke kaʻina (Xk a me Yk),
• Ka lua o ka algorithm ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoʻomaulia i ka mea makau a ka Track, ka huina aiao ua hana mai o ka olelo hikina.
• Ke kolu o ka algorithm - e hooholo i ka uku o ka mea pili i ka cardinal.

Generalized algorithm: mau manaʻo

A generalized algorithm no ka Palapala ─ina i ka neʻeʻana mai o kekahi wahi mea ma luna o ka GIS palapala, ioiinyony ekolu hōʻike muaʻia aʻe algorithm:

• NMEAʻikepili Ka Ikepili;
• helu ana Track ka makau o ka mea;
• hoomaopopo ana i ka papa o ka mea pili i ka aina a pau a puni o ka poepoe honua.

'ike i nā' oihana Geographic me ka generalized algorithm me ke kumu o ka mana hoʻomalu ma hehee ai - he nō hoʻi (nō hoʻi). Maʻamau pilikia o ia mea i mea e leie aku i ka polokalamu, e paha hanana i mauʻanuʻu. E ho ohana ia he mea hiki ke kau manawa i koi 'ia e hana i ka lākou o nā kaʻina hana paha i hana'. No ka laʻana, e pinepine hana i ka manawa wā mawaena o kekahi lua, ia mea e pono ke hoonoho i ka hahai ana waiwai o ka mea nō hoʻi:

• Timer.Interval = 1000;
• Timer.Enabled = 'Olu.

E like me ka hopena, o kela mea keia lua, e hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana o ka heluhelu ana i na wahi X, Y no ka makemake o ke NMEA-waihona, no laila, i keia wahi me ka loaa wahi ua hōʻike 'ia ma ka GIS palapala' āina.

I ka rula o ka hana nō hoʻi

E ho ohana i ka geoinformation nenoai Ua like penei:

1. Ma kekahi palapala ńina kikoho ekolu na hiohiona wahi (hōʻailona - 1, 2, 3) a hoʻopili like i ke ala o ka mea i kekahi manawa helu tk2, tk1, tk. Ka mea, i paa, i pili ma ka paa laina.
2. Haliu ae la ia, a i ka nō hoʻi, ke hōʻike 'ia nei hooponopono ana o ka mea ma ka palapala, ma ka hoʻohana' ana, ka hoʻohana lua kaomi waina i ka pihi. Lākou nui, a me ka kekahi hui pu ana, hiki ke aʻo ma lalo o ka noaia.

NMEA-AEI

Mākou pokole wehewehe i ka 'ole o ka GIS NMEA-waihona. Kēia palapala ka mea i palapalaia ma ka ASCII waihona. I mea, ia mea he Hola Pūnaewele no ka āina 'ike ma waena o ka GPS-pa alima a me nā manaʻo e like me ka PC a PDA. Kēlā me kēia NMEA manaʻo kaʻina kānāwai me ka $ hoailona, i ukali ia e kekahi mau-pūʻulu 'ike lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe (no ka GPS-pa alima - GP) a me ka welau a ka kaʻina \ R \ N - kaa hoʻi ano, a me ka newline. Pololei o kaʻikepili i loko o ka wā i hoʻomaopopo hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ka memo. A pau 'ike ua iloko o loko o ka hoʻokahi laina, me nā kula kaawale ma commas.

I mea e maopopo pehea 'ike nenoai ka Geographic, ia mea lawa paha kana e noiʻi i kekahi i lohe nui i hoʻohana' ano o ka memo $ GPRMC, a iloko ona i kakauia i ka palena iki, akā, i ke kumu o kau o kaʻikepili: i ka mea o ka wahi, kona māmā a me ka manawa.
E noonoo oe i kekahi mau 'hoʻohālike ma i ike encoded i loko o ia:

• i ka lā o ka hoomaopopo ana i ka wahi o ka mea - January 7, 2015 g.;.
• UTC UTC Positioning - 10h 54m 52s;
• kahi kūlike o ka mea - 55 ° 22,4271 'N a me 36 ° 44,1610 'E

Mākou Ua kuapo i na wahi o ka mea i loko o degere a me nā minuke, i hope huahelu ua hāʻawiʻia mai i ka eha kekimala wahi (a kuhikuhi mai la lakou me ka kekimala hapa o ka maoli helu i loko o ka USA waihona). I ka wā e hiki mai oe, e pono i ka waihona ma NMEA-ka latitu wahi o ka mea i loko o ke kulana ma hope o ke kolu o ka comma, a me longitude - ma hope o ka lima. I ka pau ana o ka memo ua ho'īli checksum ma hope o ka hōʻailona '*' i loko o ka palapala o nā hexadecimal huahelu - 6C.

Geographic Information System: Laʻana o algorithm

E hoomanao i algorithm NMEA-waihona Ka Ikepili ma ka mea e loaʻa nā i ka lākou o nā wahi (X a me Yk), e like me ke ala o ka neʻeʻana o ke kiʻi. Ua ua i mai o kekahi mau moekahi 'ke kapuai hookahi.

Hoʻoholo 'ana o ka wahi o ka mea Y

NMEAʻikepili Ka Ikepili algorithm

Kai 1. Read GPRMC kaula o NMEA-waihona.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 2: E huli i ke kolu o ka kekimala wahi kulana ma ke kaula (Q).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 3: E huli i ke kulana o ka ha o ka 'ai hoʻokahi ma ka kaula (R).

KaʻAnuʻu 4. E huli, e hoʻomaka ana i ke kulana Q, ka kekimala wahi ano ( 'ole).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 5. No lawe i kekahi ano mai ke kaula i loko o hoʻomoana (R + 1).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 6: Inā keia ano o W, laila, ua hoonoho NorthernHemisphere ee iaaanu aey i 1, ole -1.

KaʻAnuʻu 7. extract (R + 2) lalani o nā huapalapala e hoʻomaka ana mai o ka oihana o ka (, t-2).

KaʻAnuʻu 8. extract (tq-3) lalani o nā huapalapala e hoʻomaka ana mai o ka oihana (Q + 1).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 9. ho ololi kui i maoli helu a me Y i kahi kūlike o ka mea i loko o Me radians.

Hoʻoholo 'ana o ka wahi o ka mea X

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 10. E huli i ke kulana o ka lima o ka 'ai hoʻokahi ma ka laina (N).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 11. E huli i ke kulana o ka ono o ka wahi i loko o ka laina (m).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 12: E huli, e hoʻomaka ana ma kulana n, ka kekimala wahi ano (P).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 13. Wehe i ka kekahi ano o ke kaula ma wahi (m + 1).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 14. Inā keia ano mea 'E', a laila, i ka ee iaaanu aey EasternHemisphere ua hoonoho ia 1, ole -1.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 15. E lawe i ka (m-P + 2) lalani o nā huapalapala e hoʻomaka ana mai o ka oihana (P-2).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 16. E lawe i ka (P-N + 2) lalani o nā huapalapala e hoʻomaka ana mai o ka oihana (N + 1).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 17. ho ololi kui i maoli helu a me ka compute X i kahi kūlike o ka mea i loko o radians.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 18. Inā ua i heluhelu i ka NMEA-waihona a hiki i ka hopena, alaila, e hele i ka pani 1, i ole ia e hele i ka pani 19.

Kai 19. hoʻopau algorithm.

Ma ka anu u 6, a me 16 o ka algorithm hoʻohana aiaiiuo a me NorthernHemisphere EasternHemisphere laulā helu kuʻina no ka mea mau wahi i loko o ke ao nei. Ma ka akau (hema) hemisphere NorthernHemisphere ee iaaanu aey i ka waiwai 1 (-1), niioaaonoaaiii, like me ia ma ka hikina (komohana) hemisphere EasternHemisphere - 1 (-1).

Noi o ka GIS

Ka hoʻohana o ka 'ike i nā' oihana Geographic Ua laha ma na wahi:

• Geology a me ka cartography;
• oihana a me nā lawelawe i pili;
• mo'olako;
• 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hooponopono;
• mea e malu ai;
• enekinia,;
• hoʻonaʻauao 'ana a me ka' ē aʻe.