Hakahaka reactions: hōʻike, helu kaulike examples

He nui na hakahaka naoh wehe i ke ala e hiki ai i ka makaukau o ka hui likeʻole nona auoiauo palapala noi. A nui kūlana ma Nine Inch 'epekema a me ka' oihana, ua haawi electrophilic a me ka nucleophilic hakahaka. Ma ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala, mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ka helu o nā hiʻona i e e kaulana.

Aʻano o Nine Inchʻike manaʻo. hakahaka naoh

Nine loli pili me ka hou 'ana o ia mea, he helu o okoa hiʻona. Paha e kekahi haumāna, thermal 'ole; kekahi keʻano o ka hanaʻana e hele i ka hana, e hele mai i loko o nā Nine Inch equilibrium. Modifying konohiki ka mea, ua pinepine pu ma ka hoʻoulu 'ole ka hōʻemiʻana i ke degere o ka'okesaside. I ka Mea Maluna o Nine Inchʻike manaʻo i loko o kā lākou mau hope hualoaʻa huki noonoo ana i ka qualitative a laupaʻiʻokoʻa ma waena o nā reactants mai huahana. Kēia mau hiʻona hiki e kilakila 7 ano o Nine Inch reactions, a me hakahaka, lede e like me ke ano: A-B-C A + C + B. Ka Nohie i hoʻopaʻa 'ia o ka pau papa o Nine Inchʻike manaʻo, oia ka manaʻo i waena o nā wahi ho pono hana o ka ai-kapaia "attacker "huna substituent i loko o ka mea kemikala'Ātoma, ion ooieoeiiaeuiiai hui. Ka hakahaka naoh Ua ano o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa a me ka onaona hydrocarbons.

hakahaka naoh hiki ana i loko o ka palapala o ka papalua-mail: A-B-C + E C + A-B-E. One subspecies - pohupani hale, e laʻa me, keleawe, hao, mai ka pāʻoihana o ke keleawe sulphate: CuSO ₄ + Fe = FeSO ₄ + cu. E like me ka "hoouka mai i" (particles) e hana nā'ātoma, Ion a ooieoeiiaeuiiai pūʻulu

Homolytic hakahaka ('ano'ē, M.)

A hiki i keʻano papa hana o ka'ano'ē rupture covalent huina'ine mau mea, he pono ole i kaʻokoʻa hehee wale, e e proportionally māhele ma waena o ka "hakina" o ka lātoma. Ho okumu ana o noa radicals. Ua lolelua ka huna noaaeeecaoee i ia lŘlŘ like me ka hopena o mahope reactions. No ka laʻana, ma ka makaukau o ka ethane mai methane paka noa radicals komo i loko o ka hakahaka naoh: Ch ₄ Ch ₃ • + • H; Ch ₃ • + • Ch ₃ → C2H5; H • + • H → h2. Homolytic hoopaa cleavage ma ka pae'ōnaehanaʻano papa hana o ka hakahaka mea ano o alkanes, ka naoh mea he kaula külana. Ke methane H nā'ātoma i ke successively UAIAaIN ma chlorine. Like me ka pane koke me ka bromine, iodine akā, ua hikiʻole i ka pololei e puku i hydrogen alkanes, fluorine reacts kekahi vigorously me ia.

Heterolytic hoopaa cleavage iaoia

A hiki i keʻano papa hana o ka ion pele hakahaka reactions, electrons i unevenly haawi i waena o (particles) Puhi iho kaua kipi. Na ka paa paʻa o electrons kŰlń ao ke ala a pau a hiki i kekahi o ka "hakina", loa pinepine, a hiki i ka palapala a hoalawepu, ma kaʻaoʻao i i offset io paʻapū i loko o ka Polar lātoma. Ma ka hakahaka reactions loaʻa ka naoh o ke kahua o ka meto ka waiʻona Ch ₃ OH. Ma brommetane CH3Br nahā i lātoma mea heterolytic ano, ka mea hoopiiia (particles) e hale lio. Meto loaʻa iā ia kekahi he maikaʻi kauoha, a me ka bromo - io: Ch ₃ br → Ch ₃ ^{+ +} br ^-; NaOH → Na ^{+ +} OH ^-; Ch ₃ ^{+ +} OH ^- → Ch ₃ OH; Na ^{+ +} br ^- ↔ NaBr.

Electrophiles a me nucleophiles

(Particles) e nele electrons a hiki ia ia, e kapaia "electrophiles." Mau mea kalapona nā'ātoma palapala hoopaa me halogens ma haloalkanes. Nucleophiles i kiʻekiʻe huina'ine nuʻa, ka mea e "i luahi" o ka paʻa o ka electrons, e ho okumu i kekahi covalent hoopaa. Ka hakahaka reactions waiwai io 'āhewa' ana i hooukaia mai e nucleophiles electrophiles, nele o electrons. O kŰia ua pili i ka neʻeʻana o nā'ātoma 'ole' ē aʻe (particles) - e waiho pae. Kekahiʻano o ka hakahaka reactions - hoouka mai i ka electrophile nucleophile. I kekahi manawa, paʻakikī e maopopo ma waena o nā keʻano o ka hanaʻana elua, haawiia keia i ka hope o kekahi a me ka kekahiʻano, no ka mea, mea paakiki ia ke koho 'pono i ke ano o ka lātoma - kūpapakū, a me ka a - mea kemikala. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO i loko o ia hihia, ke kēia kumumea i manaoia:

• i ke ano o ka haalele pūʻulu;
• ka reactivity o ka nucleophile;
• i ke ano o ka'ūheheʻe;
• ka alakaila hapa o ka 'ole.

Nucleophilic hakahaka (SN)

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i loko o ka ke aloha lātoma, ua oleloia ua māhuahua polarization. Ma na nā helu kaulike o ka helehelena maikaʻi 'ole io ka uku ole ua hōʻike ma ka palapala o ka Helene Hawaiʻi. Polarization kamaʻilio haawi i PAaIEN o ke ano o kona rupture, a me ka wā e hiki mai hana o "koena ai" o ka lātoma. No ka laʻana, he kalapona'Ātoma ma ka iodomethane i ka hapa 'maikaʻi kauoha, ia mea he electrophilic waena. Ua,ʻo ka kūpenu iho ia i ana o ka wai, kahi o ka oxygen ma ka mea i oi o electrons. Ma ka naoh o ka electrophile me ka nucleophile ua i hana metanola: Ch ₃ au + H ₂ O → Ch ₃ OH + HI. nucleophilic hakahaka reactions lawe wahi me ke komo ana o ka negatively i hoopiiia ion a lātoma me ka noa huina'ine mau, a 'aʻole i komo i loko o ka hoʻokumu o ka Nine Inch hoopaa. ʻeleu komo o ka iodomethane i loko o SN _2-naoh no i kona openness i nucleophilic kaua a me ka iodine ka hoʻoneʻe.

(SE) Electrophilic hakahaka

ʻO ke aloha lātoma paha e noho nucleophilic iwaena konu, a ua wehewehe aku ma ka oi o ka huina'ine nuʻa. Ua reacts me ka nele o ka hopena maikaʻi 'āhewa' ana electrophilic mea kemikala. Oia (particles) e nā'ātoma me noa orbital lātoma me ka haʻawina o ka ho'ēmi i kā huina'ine nuʻa. Ka paʻakai formate kalapona ka kauoha "-", ua reacted me ka maikaʻi loa o ka wai kūpenu iho ia i - hydrogen: Ch ₃ Na + H ₂ O → Ch ₄ + NaOH. Ke huahana o keia naoh, electrophilic hakahaka - methane. I ka heterolytic reactions launa pū 'oppositely ia oaio? Ia o ke aloha nā lātoma, a haawi mai ia Solomona me ka Ion ma'okanikaʻole waiwai kemika. It E ole e nana ana i ka huli ana o ke aloha i huiʻia ua kākaʻikahi pu ma ke kahua o kēia mau cations a me anions.

Unimolecular a bimolecular reactions

Ke nucleophilic hakahaka Ua monomolecular (SN1). Ma kēiaʻano papa hana, nui i huahana kahe hydrolysis o ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala - tertiary butyl koloriside. Ka mua ke kahua me ka lohi, ka mea, ua pili me ka holumua ai dissociation i loko o carbonium cation a me ka koloriside anion. Ka lua o ke kahua o ka wikiwiki naoh ia lŘlŘ carbonium ion a me ka wai. Ka helu kaulike o ka naoh o ka hakahaka o halogen i loko o ka alkane e loaa hydroxy a iniiaiie ka waiʻona: (Ch _{3) 3} C-Cl → (Ch _{3) 3} C ^{+ +} Cl ^-; (Ch _{3) 3} C ^{+ +} H ₂ O → (Ch _{3) 3} C-OH ⁺ H +. No ka hoʻokahi-ʻanuʻu hydrolysis o iniiaiie a me ka haumāna alakaila halides wehewehe aku ma i ka wā hoʻokahi loa ia'na o ka kalapona ma muli o ka halogen a me ke kahua o ka hui C-OH. Kēia nucleophilic bimolecular hakahakaʻano papa hana (SN2).

Heterolyticʻano papa hana o ka hakahaka

hakahakaʻano papa hana komo ai ka huina'ine hoololiia ana, i ka mea i hanaia o ka waena eiiieaenu. Ke naoh puka mai oi hoʻomaka koke, me ka hiki pono ia mea no ka typical kula waena no ia. Pinepine i ke kaʻina hana e hele ana i loko o kekahi mauʻaoʻao ka poʻe. Ka lanakila ana loaʻa i ke ala ma a na (particles) e ia, e noi ana i ka liʻiliʻi loa na lilo o ka ikaika no kona ho okumu. No ka laʻana, i ke alo o ka papalua hoopaa maoli ka likelihood o ka allyl cation Ch 2 = Ch-Ch ₂ ^+, ua like kā i ka _CH3 ⁺ ion. Ke kumu waiho i loko o ka huina'ine nuʻa o ka lau hoopaa, i loli ai ka delocalization o ka maikaʻi malama, hoopuehuia ma o ka lātoma holoʻokoʻa.

benzene hakahaka naoh

I ka pae ana o ke aloha i huiʻia, a i wehewehe aku e electrophilic hakahaka - Arena. Benzene apo - he pono mea no electrophilic hoouka. Ke kaʻina hoʻomaka Kamaʻilio me ka lua o ka polarization mea kemikala, ma ia ho okumu i electrophile huina'ine ao e pili i ka benzene apo hookahi. I ka hopena o ka luna 'hoʻololi. Waiwai kamaʻilio electrophilic (particles) a me kekahi o ka kalapona nā'ātomaʻaʻole naʻe, ka mea, ua o Laielohelohe i ka holoʻokoʻa io malama "onaona eono" electrons. I ke kolu o ka mua o ka kaʻina electrophile a me kekahi apo kalapona'Ātoma e hoopaa ana i ka hoʻomaopopo like paʻa o nā electrons (covalent paa). Akā, ma keia hihia, o ka make ana o ka "onaonaʻeono", i mea disadvantageous i ka hua'ōlelo o ka hoʻokō 'ana aku i ka hale hānai mea hānai ikehu moku'āina. Aia He He kŰia i ke kapa hiki i ka "hookuu ana o ka proton." Ua Ua Wāwahiʻia H ^+, hou ana i ka hale hānai palapala'ōnaehana, typical arenes. ʻaoʻao waiwai maupaʻa hydrogen cation o ka benzene apo, a me ka anion, mai ka lua o ka mea kemikala.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka hakahaka reactions o ke aloha kemika

No ka alkanes ka oi aku typical hakahaka naoh. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka electrophilic a me ka nucleophilic reactions ke alakai i cycloalkanes a me arenes. Similar reactions ma na nā lātoma o ke aloha 'ona i lalo maʻamau rula, akā, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO - a ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia i loko o ke alo o catalysts. Ma ka pono ole a me ka pono? Anoee keʻano o ka hanaʻana nā electrophilic onaona hakahaka. Ka mea nui wale naoh o kēiaʻano.

1. Nitration o benzene me nitricʻakika ma ke alo o ka H ₂ ¶ ₄ - penei ke ano: C ₆ H ₆ → C ₆ H ₅ -NO _2.
2. Ke catalytic halogenation o benzene, o ka oi aku chlorination, ma ka helu kaulike: C ₆ H ₆ + Cl ₂ → C ₆ H ₅ Cl + HCl.
3. Onaona sulfonation o benzene i loaa mai me ka "fuming" sulfuricʻakika, benzenesulfonicʻakika e hana.
4. Alkylation - hope o ka hydrogen'Ātoma mai ka benzene apo e alakaila.
5. Acylation - i ke kahua o ketones.
6. Formylation - ke kūapoʻana i ka hydrogen ma luna o ka pūʻulu ma, a me ka ho okumu ana o aldehydes.

Ma ka hakahaka reactions loaʻa ka naoh i loko o alkanes a me cycloalkanes, kahi o nā halogens hoouka loaʻa C-H hoopaa. Derivatization hiki e pili me ka hope o kekahi, elua paha a pau o ka hydrogen nā'ātoma ma paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons a me cycloparaffins. He nui no galogenoalkanov o haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha e hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o oi luna' waiwai o ia kekahi papa. Nā successes loaʻa i loko o ke ao o maomeka o ka hakahaka reactions, haawi mai la i ka impetus ikaika i ke kūpono 'ana o syntheses ma luna o ke kumu o alkanes, cyclo-ke kahua a me ka halogenated hydrocarbons.