He aha ka ka Hall kanawai

Inā 'oe e noi aku i kekahi kanaka kama'āina me ka ke kālaikūlohea ma luna o ka iliwai o ka walaʻauʻana ike i kahi mea, ua noi aku, e hiki ole kiʻi i ka pane i ka mea a ka Hall kanawai a me. Surprisingly, ma ka realities o ka mea o kēia au nei keia hana he pinepine. I ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia ka Hall kanawai i loko o nā pou manaʻo. No ka laʻana, koke ke kaulana kamepiula floppy pā hōkū kipaku aku ai e hoʻoholo i ka loiloi mua kulana o ka Hawaii ma ka Hall nā mīkini uila. Kūpono nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo i "neʻe" a ma ke ano o kēia kipaku aku ai no CDs (nā CD, a me DVD). Eia kekahi, palapala noi komo ole wale likeʻole ana palaoa, akā,ʻo uila mana nā mīkini uila me ka nānā 'ana ma loli ana o ka wela ana i ke kahawai o ka papa (particles) e kaʻume mākenēki kahua (MHD).

Edwin Herbert Hall i ka 1879 makahiki, alakaʻi ho okolohua me ka lawelawe papa, wanton i loaʻa ma mua maka, Loaʻaʻia hanana o ka kŰia (stress) i loko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka uilaʻikena a me kaʻume mākenēki kahua. Akā, mua na mea mua.

E ka hana i kekahi wahi manaʻo hoʻokolohua: lawe i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia papa, a ma waena o ia ka pilaʻikena. Next, waiho ia i loko o ka mawaho ʻume mākenēki kahua no laila, i ka laina o ke kahua ikaika e aʻo i kaʻoihana p ÷ haku i ka pelane o ka lawelawe una. E like me ka hopena, i ka maka (ma ka olelo ana o ka papa), kekahi ikehu like. 'O kēia ka Hall kanawai. ua ke kumu no kona hanana ike Lorentz poe ikaika no lakou.

Aia ka he ala e hooholo i ka nui o ka resultant anakahi uila (i kekahi manawa, i kapaʻia Hall Loaʻaʻia). Ka mau 'aoʻao i ka palapala:

Uh = Eh * H,

kahi H - ka una honua kona mānoanoa; Eh - ikaika o ka mea mawaho kula.

No ka Loaʻaʻia mea pono e redistribution o ka uku ole nā moku halihali mokulele i loko o ke alakaʻi mele, ka mea, ua kaupalena '(ke kaʻina' aʻole e hoʻomau loa). Kīloi paʻewa neʻeʻana o kaʻoihana, e pau ana i ka manawa, i ka wa i ka waiwai o ka Lorentz ikaika (F = Q * V * B) e equate kū'ē Q * Eh (Q - kauoha).

No ka mea he pa apŘ J Ua like no ka huina hoonui o ka uku ole nuʻa, kā lākou māmā, a me nā kanaka aiee o Q, a laila

J = N * Q * V.,

niioaaonoaaiii,

V = J / (Q * N).

Laila (e kuhikuhi ana haʻilula me ka pinepine '):

Eh = B * (J / (Q * N)).

Hui pu iho la a pau o ka luna, a hooholo i ka Loaʻaʻia o ka hale ma ka waiwai o ka uku ole.

Uh = (J * B * H) / N * Q).

Hall keia paipai i kekahi manawa ma ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua i mālama huina'ine a me ka puka conduction. No ka laʻana, ka mea, o cadmium, beryllium, a me ka kiniki. Këia Hall kanawai ma semiconductors, aole he kanalua ana i ka ukana nā moku halihali mokulele - ka "lua". Eia naʻe, e like me ua hōʻike, ia mea i pili i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka wā o ka malama ana o ka makana (ho okumu o ke keʻena hale) e like me ka maʻi lele ua hanaʻia e electrons (io ka hoailona). Naʻe, ka mea, huli mai ia i ka mahinaʻai pono, aole ia e ho okumu ana electrons. Ma ka hana pono, keia waiwai ua hoʻohana 'ia ka hoʻoholo' ana i ka pa apŘ o ka uku ole nā moku halihali mokulele i loko o ka semiconducting mea.

No emi ua ike quantum Hall hookoia (1982). Ua ho kekahi o na waiwai o ka elua-dimensional huina'ine kinoea conduction (na (particles) e noa e hoʻoneʻe i nā waleʻaoʻao) ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka loa haʻahaʻa ana wela a me ka kiʻekiʻe mawahoʻume mākenēki kihapai. i ike i ke ola ana o ka "fragmentation" i ka hopena, i ka wa këia. Aia i ka manaʻo i ka 'āhewa' ana uaʻaʻole i hanaʻia e nā moku halihali mokulele hookahi (1 + 1 + 1), a me nā eiiiiiaiou o ka (1 + 1 + 0.5). Naʻe, ka mea, huli mai ia i kānāwai ua uhaʻiʻia. I kulike ai me Pauli rula, a puni kela a me keia huina'ine i loko o kaʻume mākenēki ke kahua ua hana mai ke ano o na kukuna o ka vortex pele. Me ka hoʻoulu kahua pinepine 'kulana home' ole aicieeaao ka wā'ālike "= kekahi i kekahi huina'ine vortex" pohaku e, e hoomaonaia oukou. Kēlā me kēia huna i mau quanta oʻume mākenēki koko. Mau hou (particles) e kaʻoi loa ke kumu o ka fractional hopena, i ka wa o ka Hall kanawai.