He aha ka ka normality o ka pāʻoihana? Pehea e hooholo i ka normality o ka pāʻoihana? Haʻilula pāʻoihana normality

Me nā pāʻoihana o kekahi mau waiwai, ua halawai me kela lā. Akā, ia mea olelo lealea i kela mea keia mea o ko mākou mea, pehea nui kūlana pâʻani 'o ia ma kēia mau' oihana. Nui o kā lākou hana i maopopo i keia la, i ke aloha a hiki i ka piha study no na tausani o ka makahiki. I nā mea a pau i kēia manawa he nui o nā hua'ōlelo i ua wahahee, i maliu maʻamau ke kanaka. Kekahi o ia mau mea - ka normality o ka pāʻoihana. He aha ka mea? Kēia e e kūkākūkā i loko o kā mākou 'atikala. A mākou e hoʻomaka me ka tutua kai i loko o ka hala.

mō'aukala noiʻi

Ka mua ao alohilohi i manaʻo, e hoʻomaka i ke ao o ka pāʻoihana i ua ike i ka chemists e like me Arrhenius, van't Hoff a me Ostwald. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ko lākou hanaʻana i ka pili hanauna o chemists hoomaka ae la e delve i loko o ke ao o ka wai, a nāu pāʻoihana. O ka holo ana, ka mea, ua hoʻonui i ka nui nui o kaʻike, akā, me ka noonoo ana i koe ole-koʻana koko pāʻoihana, a, incidentally, i pāʻani i kūlana nui i nā ma ka hana, a me nā spheres o kanaka haʻawina.

Ma kumumanaʻo, ai '-koʻana koko pāʻoihana i ka hailona o IKE OLE IA. No ka laʻana, ina ka wai me ka hoʻoulu i ka dissociation degere o ka mahuahua conductivity waiwai, alaila, he like'ōnaehana, akā, me kekahi'ūheheʻe, aole i ma mua o ka wai, ka mea, o ka mea ku pono. Small aiee o ka uila conductivity pinepine i ka degere kiʻekiʻe o ka dissociation. Anomalies na kepa i kānakaʻepekema, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i kēia kahua o kemika. Ua Ua hoʻonui i ka nui nui o kaʻikepili aaioee i mea hiki, e imi i kumu hoohalike i hoʻokō i ka kumumanaʻo o electrolytic dissociation. Eia hou, ka mea, ua hiki, e hoʻonui i ka ike e pili ana i ka electrolysis, a o ke ano o ka luna 'Ion o ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole i huiʻia.

A laila, 'Imi hoʻomaka' ana e hoʻomaka noiʻi i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kiaʻana i kāna kākoʻo pāʻoihana. Oia nenoai i loa okoa i ka waiwai mai ka nāu kekahi ma muli o ia ka mea i ka hua i loko o ka lehulehu o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe waiwai increasingly Ua pâʻani 'o ia kūlana nui ma kona AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka'ūheheʻe. No ka hou ma luna o kēia - ma ka lalo nei.

kumumanaʻo

Ma ka manawa, kahi momona a wehewehe i ka hana o ka Ion, nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma ma ka pāʻoihana wale o ka pähola 'ana o electrolytic dissociation. Mai kona inception, Svante Arrhenius ma ka XIX kenekulia, ka mea, ua undergone kekahi hoʻololi. kānāwai kekahi ua, ua wehe ae ia i (e like me ke kānāwai o ke dilution), i mau i ole pono i loko o ka panina kumumanaʻo. Akā, mahalo i ka hope hana o kānakaʻepekema, ka kumumanaʻo, ua hoololiia, a ma kona ano keia ia nō i koe a pololei wehewehe i nā hualoaʻa ma ka loaa hoʻokolohua 'ana.

Ke kumu nui o Mānoa, o ka pähola 'ana o electrolytic dissociation i ka waiwai ia mea hoʻoheheʻe disintegrates i loko o kona ke keʻena Ion - (particles) e i ke kauoha. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hiki e unpack (dissociate) 'Aʻohe wai iaʻu, hoomaopopo ikaika a me ka nawaliwali electrolytes. Ikaika IeAUPIIe, IAa IO loa dissociate i loko o Ion ma ka pāʻoihana, ka mea nāwaliwali - he uuku loa loa.

Nā (particles) i loko i ka lātoma ke pāʻani aku me ka'ūheheʻe. O kŰia ua kapaia solvation. Akā, ka mea, aole e mau ana, e like me ka hiki i ka alo o kaʻoihana ma luna o ka ion a me'ūheheʻe nā lātoma. No ka laʻana, he wai lātoma mea he kūpenu iho ia i, a laila huna, i hoopiiia ma ka kekahi lima ikaika, a ma ka 'ē aʻe - io. A Ion, a hoike mai i ka electrolyte, hoi, i ke kauoha. Pela, ua o Laielohelohe mau (particles) e oppositely kauoha aoao. Akā, i kēia ka hana wale nō me ka Polar nā'uheheʻe (pēlā ka wai). No ka laʻana, ma ka pāʻoihana o ka waiwai i loko o hexane solvation, aole ia i kānāwai.

E hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i nā pāʻoihana pinepine pono e ike i ka nui o ka solute. Ke haʻilula Ua kekahi manawa loa awkward e panai i kekahi nui. Nolaila, eia kekahi mauʻano o nā hoʻohui like, mawaena o lakou - o ka normality o ka pāʻoihana. Ano, e hai aku mākou i loko o au mamuli e pili ana i na aoao a pau, e hoike i ka maʻiʻo o ka waiwai i loko o ka pāʻoihana a me ka hakakā o kona i ka ho omaulia.

I ka lehulehu o ka pāʻoihana

Ma kemika, noi aku la i ke kaʻina o nā papakuhikuhi, a me kekahi o ia mau mea i kūkulu ai i ka mea i oi kupono, e lawe i ka waiwai i loko o ka ua palapala.

Ka mua, a me ka loa kama'āina iā mākou, i ka lehulehu o ka palapala o ka 'aoʻao o - ka nuipa a mahele. Ua he pōpilikia nui wale. Mākou wale Pono e kaʻana i ka hailona o ka waiwai ma ka pāʻoihana ma kona huina kaumaha. Penei kiʻi mākou i ka pane mai me ka kekimala. Hoonui i ka helu ma ka haneri, loaa mākou e ka pane like me ka pakeneka.

Iki emi ike palapala - ka buke mahele. Loa pinepine ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia e ka hoike i ka lehulehu o ka waiʻona i loko o kanakaʻona mau nā mea inu. Pōpilikia ka mea, o kekahi o kona kulana puni hoʻi: e puunaue i ka nui o ka solute i ka buke o ka heluna pāʻoihana. E like me ia ma ka mua neo, e mea hiki ke kiʻi i ka pane mai me ka pakeneka. pinepine i ka lepili i haawi ia ia, "40%.", 'o ia hoʻi Ka mea i 40 pakeneka o ka leo.

Ke Nine Inch Ua pinepine hoʻohana a me nā 'ano o ka lehulehu. Akā, ma mua 'oe e hele i ka ia, a kamailio e pili ana i mea ke kameleona o ka waiwai. I ka nui o ka waiwai hiki e hoike ia ma naʻano likeʻole: nuipa a ka leo. Akā,ʻo nā lātoma o kēlā me kēia waiwai i kona mau kaumaha, a me ka kaumaha o ka hāpana mea hiki ole i ka maopopo ana na nā lātoma i loko o ia, a me ia mea e pono e maopopo i ka laupaʻi ke keʻena o Nine Inch loli '. No keia mea e like me ka waiwai i ua wahahee me he kameleona waiwai. I ka mea, hoʻokahi kameleona - i kekahi helu o nā lātoma: 6.02 * ^{23 October.} Keia ua kapaia ka Avogadro helu. Ma ka hapanui o hoopii, e like me ka pa alima ka Mol waiwai i hoʻohana e hoʻomaulia i ka nui o kekahi naoh huahana. Ma keia manao, he mea kekahi ano o ka olelo o ka lehulehu - molar. 'O kēia ka huina o ka waiwai no pa alima ka leo. Molarity kāheaʻia ma ka Mol / H (heluhelu: iole no hano).

Aia He He mea i like loa me ka mea mua ano o ka hōʻike maʻiʻo o ka waiwai i loko o ka'ōnaehana: molality. Ka mea, i kekahi, mai ka molarity e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka waiwai mea,ʻaʻole i loko o ka mokuna buke, a no pa alima nuipa a. A me ka mea i hoike ia ma iole no kilogram (a me kekahi mau o ke kumu hoohalike gram).

Eia ke hele mai i ke ano hope, i ua manawa e kūkākūkā kaawale, e like me kona hōʻikeʻano pono he uukuʻimi naʻauao 'ike.

Ke normality o ka pāʻoihana

He aha ka mea? A okoa mai ka mua cia? E hoʻomaka e maopopo i ka likeʻole ma waena o ia mau manaÿo me ka normality a me ka molarity pāʻoihana. I ka mea, ka mea, oko ma hoʻokahi wale nō waiwai - i ka helu o ka equivalence. Ano oe e noonoo ai i na mea he maʻamau pāʻoihana. O pono ka Hoʻololi 'molarity. Ekvivaletnosti helu Hōʻike i ka helu o ka (particles) e hiki ke pane koke me kekahi kameleona o ka hydrogen Ion a hydroxide Ion.

Makou la e ike i ka mea o ka maʻamau pāʻoihana. Akā, e mākouʻeliʻoi, a e ike mākou i ka poe noonoo ole keia, o ka luna 'kinona o ka lehulehu o ka hōʻike ma mua maka. No laila, e ike mākou i loko o au mamuli mea o ka normality o ka pāʻoihana.

haʻilula

Iwi oluolu e noonoo ai i na ka olelo o ka waha 'ano. Ua makemake e: C _N = Z * N / N. Here Z - equivalency ololi, n - nui o ka waiwai, V - ka buke o ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana. Ka mua cia - ka loa hana hoihoi. E like me ka manawa a ka mea hōʻike like paha waiwai, a laila i ka helu o ka maoli a me ka mana ae (particles) e hiki ke pane koke me kekahi i kekahi palena iki huna waiwai. Kēia, ma ka mea, ma luna nō qualitatively okoa mai molarity ka normality o ka pāʻoihana, a i na poe ma ka haʻilula.

A, ano, no kekahiʻano nui hapa: pehea e ho oholo i ka normality o ka pāʻoihana. He mea kanalua he nui pukana, no laila, e noiʻi i ia mea pono e hoʻokokoke me ka naʻauao o kēlā me kēia waiwai i hoikeia ma ka helu kaulike ma luna.

Pehea e loaʻa i ka normality o ka pāʻoihana?

Ke haʻilula, a mākou i ana no luna, mea o ka hoʻokahi wale nō mea hiki külana. All aiee ua'ōlelo i loko o laila, hiki ke hoopuni mau hōʻailona i loko o nä hana kilokilo. He oiaio Me normality o ka pāʻoihana ka loa oluolu, e ike ana i kekahi mea: solute ke kaupaonaʻana, haʻilula a me kona noi pāʻoihana. ua ike no kakou i ka haʻilula o nā lātoma o ka waiwai, mahope mai, a laila, ua hiki ke loaʻa kona hakakino kaumaha. Ke kaupaona ana hiʻohiʻona o ka solute hāpana i kona molar nuipa a mea like me ka helu o ka iole o ka waiwai. A me ka ike ana i ka buke o ka huina pāʻoihana, ua hiki ke olelo pono mea mākou molar lehulehu.

Ka aʻe mua ana mākou pono, e pana aku au i ka mea e hoʻomaulia i ka normality o ka pāʻoihana - ka mea, o ke kanawai o ka loaa i ka equivalence ololi. E hana i kēia, ua pono e maopopo pehea ka nui o ka hopena o ka dissociation o ka hana (particles) e paʻa protons a hydroxyl Ion. No ka mea he nui, ma ka sulfuricʻakika ekvivaletnosti ololi ka 2, a no ia mea, he pōpilikia ka normality o ka pāʻoihana ma keia hihia ma wale hoonui ia ma ka 2 molarity.

palapala noi

Ma Nine Inch analytics pinepine i e hilinai aku normality a me ka molarity pāʻoihana. He loa kūpono no vychileniya hakakino nā papakuhikuhi o ka waiwai.

He aha aʻe e nānā?

maopopo i ka maikaʻi aʻe ka mea i ka normality o ka pāʻoihana, ia mea pono ke wehe i ka puke ma luna o mau kemika. A ina e ike mua a pau o kēia 'ike, oe e hoʻohuli i i ka puke o ka mākau kemika no nā haumāna o Nine Inch meaʻai poʻokela pepa.

ka hopena

Mahalo i ka 'atikala, aʻu e manaʻo au ike i ka normality o ka pāʻoihana - ia mea heʻano o ka olelo o ka lehulehu o ka waiwai, a ua hoʻohanaʻano nui i loko o ka Nine Inch Ka Ikepili. Ano ia mea i uhi malu ia pehea he pōpilikia.