Ke disintegration o Czechoslovakia: mōʻaukala, a me nā kumu hopena. Makahiki o ka noho male 'ana o Czechoslovakia

Ka nui hanana i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kālā no 'Eulopa, i ka Powa o Czechoslovakia. Nā kumu no kēia mea like policheskoy, koa a me-yeiiiie? I loko o ke aupuni. Makahiki hookaawale i ka Czech Repubalika a me Solowakia, mai ka lā mai o ka mahae. Akā,'ānō, ke kahe o ke kumuhana o, pili noiʻi o ka moʻolelo, ka manaʻo politika a me nä känaka 'epekema' ē aʻe mākaukau.

.: 1968'opi o na preconditions

Ke disintegration o Czechoslovakia iloko i ka 1993. Eia naʻe, ua kau nui mamua o ka pā kula o kēia hanana. I ka po o August 20-21, makahiki 1968 i ka Soviet pilina Arima, East Kelemānia, Pulakalia, Hungary a me Poland, a me ka huina helu o ka 650 tausani. Koa, kaua akula Czechoslovakia, a noho i ka aina. hopu o ka aina i ka noho aliʻi 'ole (Dubcek, Cernik, a ua noa hoʻi) i lawe. Alakaʻio ke noho ma nui hōʻole i ka laulima. Civilians ho'āʻo e hōʻike ia'ku, ma kahi o 25 civilians i make i loko o ka loko o Anati-Soviet ho'ākāka. Soviet alakaʻi imi iho la e hana ma luna o ka mokuna o Czechoslovakia, ka Soviet-makani hoʻi aupuni. Ma lalo o kēia mau rula, māhuahua kū kaʻawale o Solowakia i loko o nā palena o ke aupuni pekelala hou ana, a i kukala aku ai me ka hoouka kaua o ka makahiki 1969.

ʻOiʻenehana ma Czechoslovakia i ka 1989

Ma ka pauʻana o ka makahiki 1980. Czechoslovakia māhuahua lehulehu'ōhumu mai autocracy o ka Communist aoao. I ka 1989 ma Palaka mai Ianuari a hiki i September, malaila ua ua nui nā hōʻike i hoopuehuia e ka mākaʻi. O ka papa koa i'ōlelo ikaika aku nā haumāna. September 17, 1989 loa ana o kona kaumaha, e ku i ke alanui, a me na mea he nui i hahauʻia ma ka makai, na kulanui i loko o keia manawa i ua paa. Kēia hanana i ka impetus e hana. Ka pilina haumāna a hele aku la ma ka hahau. Union o nā mea a pau kū'ē - "Civic Forum" - November 20 ma lalo o ka lima o Vatslava Gavely (Hawaii photo ma lalo nei) i kapaʻia no ka nuipa a kue. I ka pau ana o ka malama, i kahi o 750 tausani. Of demonstrators i na alanui o Palaka, a ninau aku i ka resignation o ke aupuni. Ka pahuhopu Ua loaʻa: hikiʻole e pale aku i ka'aloʻahiʻa, ka pelekikena haʻalele kia Gustav Husak haʻalele nō naʻe, he nui loa ke kula. Events maluhia loli o ke alakaʻi o Czechoslovakia hele mai ia e kapaia "velvet kipi". Nā hanana o 1989 hoʻoholo ma mua i ka disintegration o Czechoslovakia.

Koho o 1989-1990.

Post-Communist me El hana māhele o ka moku'āina i koho i ka papa o ke kuokoa lakou ola. I ka 1989, ma ka hope o Dekemaba, i ka Pekelala Ahaolelo e koho i ka pelekikena o Czechoslovakia Vatslava Gavela, e like me ka Luna hoomalu - Dubcheka Aleksandra. Ahaolelo i ka 'elele kino i loko o nānaina o ka resignation o ka helu nui o ke kākoʻo'-optation a me ka pili ka neʻe 'ana o ka Communists "Civic Forum" a me ka "Public kū'ē hao wale."

Gavel Vatslav ma Pepeluali 1990, hiki ma Moscow, a loaa ka hoʻololi aʻe mai ka Soviet aupuni no nā hanana o ka makahiki 1968, ka wā Soviet koa i lawe mai i ka kaua kaua. Eia hou kekahi, ka mea i hoomauia i ka oihana koa o ka USSR e e haalele iho ma ka hopena o Iulai 1991, mai Czechoslovakia.

I kupulau 1990 ka Pekelala Ahaolelo hala i ka helu o nā kānāwai e ae i ka hui ana o kekahi hana, a me ka nui ua ae like, e lawe mai i ka privatization o hanalima hana, moku'āina-iā lākou. I kakahiaka June, he ka ana o ka noa ke koho ana, i ka i ka mea, he 96% o ka huina helu o ka poe koho. Me ka pono nui odezhali lanakila kālai'āina neʻe moho "Civic Forum" a me ka "Public kū'ē hao wale." Ka mea, loaa oi ma mua o 46% o ke koho ana, a me ka hapanui o ka Pekelala Ahaolelo. Ka lua o ka lani kiekie loa ka helu o ka balota, he mau communists poe e koho i ka 14% o ke kanaka. Ua laweia Ekolu wahi ma kaʻahahui iloko olaila o na Kristiano kemokalakaʻaoʻao. July 5, 1990 ma o ka elua-makahiki manawa ma ka oihana o ka hou Pekelala Ahaolelo hou 'ana i koho Gavela Vatslava a me Dubcheka Aleksandra (kiʻi ma lalo nei) -, niioaaonoaaiii, a hiki i ke kūlana o ka Luna hoomalu.

Mahae neʻe "Society kū'ē hao wale"

Ke disintegration o Czechoslovakia, kukulu ai ma March 1991, ka wā ma laila i kekahi mahae i loko o ka pili aupuni neʻeʻana "Public kū'ē hao wale", a me ka hopena i ka hapanui o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻia nā pūʻulu i hana i ka aoao "Honua no ka kemokalaka Solowakia". Ana, ua lohe ua he mahae ma na kahua o ka "Kanawai Forum" me ke kahua o ka ekolu pūʻulu, kekahi o i i ka "Civic kemokalaka Party." Kūkaʻi'ōleloʻana ma waena o Solowakia, a me ka Lepupalika Czech i laila, i loko o June 1991. Ma ia manawa, ua hiki mai i ke alakaʻi o "ka Civic kemokalaka Party" a hiki i ka hopena i ke anaina e ole paka 'oluʻolu hualoaʻa, no laila, e hoi kakou i ke kumu o ka manaʻo o "Velvet hoʻohemo".

"Hyphen kaua"

Ke demise o ka Communist? Eia i ka 1989 ua hōʻeleu i nā hanana i triggered ka'opi o Czechoslovakia. Nā luna mai o ka Lepupalika Czech makemake e hoakaka kākau i ka inoa me kekahi olelo, ko lākou opponetov - Solowakia - Koi ikaika defisnom ke kākau 'ana. Ka uku i ka waiwai auhau i ka aina manaʻo o ka Slovak kanaka, ma April 1990 ka Pekelala Ahaolelo i aponoia i ka hou kūhelu inoa o Czechoslovakia: ka Czech a Slovak Federal Repubalika (CSFR). Na aoao elua e hoʻokele i ka hiki i kaʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai, e like me ka 'ōlelo inoa Slovak o ka State hiki ke palapala me ka hyphen, e like me ia ma Czech - pu.

"Ka Czechoslovak Forest"

Ma ka noho male 'ana o Czechoslovakia, a alakaʻi ai i ka hope o ke kūkā' o Kuhina Nui kahuna o na aupuni o Solowakia a me ka Lepupalika Czech - Vladimir Meciar a me Vatslava Klausa. Ka halawai i wahi ma Brno ma ka Kauhale Tugendhat i ka 1992. E like me na memoirs o kekahi i komo Miroslav Matzek Vaclav Klaus i ka chalk papa, a paa iho la i ka vertical laina, e hoike ana i ka luna o ka vertical moku'āina, a ma ka lalo - ke kaawale ana. Ua paa ana therebetween ka laulā huahelu i komo i ka Hui a me ka confederation. Ke ninau ala ae la ia a hiki i ka hapa o ka unahiʻole, i ua mea hiki ia, e halawai? A me keia wahi ua ka haahaa wahi, ka mea, 'o ia hoʻi "oki mare". Ke kūkākūkā 'Aʻole i pau a Vaclav Klaus i ole e hele mai i ka hopena i na rula i mea maikaʻi diplomatically no Slovaks maʻaʻohe ala e noonoo pono no na Czechs. Ke disintegration o Czechoslovakia Ua ua akaka. Kauhale Tugendhat ua no ka mea State Svogeʻano o Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Hou ke kūkā 'i ole, ua mālama' ia ma luna o ka malama o ka Hui. Ma hope mai o ka hopena o ka kalaiaina halawai Kumukanawai hana i kakauinoaia, a haka pono i ka loio i kuleana, e hoolilo i ka papa kuhikuhiE rula ana mana o na republics.

"Velvet oki mare"

Makahiki kokoke noho male 'ana o Czechoslovakia. General ke koho i paʻa i loko o ka'āina i loko o June 1992. "Honua no ka kemokalaka Solowakia" Ua loaa ka loa balota ma Solowakia a "Civic kemokalaka Party" - i loko o ka Lepupalika Czech. Aia He He hāpai 'ia no ka ho okumu konferederatsiyu, akā, ka mea iʻaʻole i kākoʻo' ia e "ka Civic kemokalaka Party."

Ke ea o Solowakia i kukala July 17, 1992 ka Slovak National Aha. Ke resignation o Peresidena Gavel Vatslav. I ka Akuma ka 1992, he nui loa o ka lehulehu mana, ua haawi ai i ka Repubalika. Na Federal Ahaolelo ma ka pau ana o November 1992 ma ka pono ekolu balota i aponoia i ke kānāwai, i provoglashal demise o ka Czechoslovak Hui. I loko nō o ka antagonism ma ka aoao o ka hapanui o ka Slovaks a me ka Czechs, i ke aumoe, December 31, 1992, na aoao elua a hiki i ka hoʻoholo 'ana ma luna o ka noho male' ana o ka Hui. Ke disintegration o Czechoslovakia mai ai i loko o ka makahiki, a i ka ho omaka ma ka mōʻaukala o ka mau Puhi iho i hana mai i Hawaii - ka Slovak Repubalika, a me ka Lepupalika Czech.

ma hope o ka mahae

State peacefully Wāwahi i loko o nā aupuni kūʻokoʻa māhele. Ke disintegration o Czechoslovakia i loko o ka Lepupalika a me Solowakia Czech contradictory 'ole ma o ka hou kūpono' ana o na aupuni elua. Ma ka pōkole wā o ka Lepupalika Czech ua hiki ke kau ma ka noi drastic nā mea hoʻololi i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai, a no ka ho okumu i ka hoʻokō market hoʻokele waiwai. Kēia i ka hoomaopopo ana ololi e ae i ka hou moku'āina e lilo i lâlâ o ka 'Eulopa Union. I ka makahiki 1999, ka Lepupalika Czech hui i ka poʻe kaua o ka 'Akelanika' Ākau koa bloc. Waiwai hou 'ma Solowakia, ua oi eiiieaena a me ke kua'āina, i ka ninau o kona ka piʻiʻana i ka Europa Union i makau ole ai i complications. A wale nō i loko o ka makahiki 2004 ka mea i komo aku i loko o kona 'ole, a lilo i lâlâ o NATO.