He aha mea he chromosome? E hoʻopaʻa i ka chromosomes. He mau o chromosomes

Nā kūpuna mai, a variability ma ka aoao maoli nei no ka mea, chromosomes, nā'ōewe, deoxyribonucleicʻakika (DNA). Waiwai a? Aaeaao aaiaoe 'ike i loko o ka palapala o ke kaula hao o ka nucleotides ma ka DNA. He aha kūlana ma keia kŰia e pili ana i na nā'ōewe? He aha mea he chromosome i hua'ōlelo o ka EYI o hereditary kāna moʻolelo? Pane i kēia mau nīnau e maopopo i nā loina o ka helu kuʻina, a aaiaoe ka nohona ma luna o mākou Honua. I ka nui nui ia hilinaʻi nui ma luna i ka nui o chromosome komo i ke kau, mai ka recombination o kēia mau hale.

Mai ka mōʻaukala o ka puka ana o "nā kūpuna mai huna"

Këia ma lalo o ka microscope na keena o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, he nui botanists a me zoologists nō i loko o ka waena o ka XIX kenekulia, huki ae hoʻolohe i ka mea oi pae paha, a huna uuku annular 'ole i loko o ka nucleus. More pinepine ma mua o nā chromosomes kapaʻia he paionia no ka German anatomist Walther Flemming. I ka mea hoʻohana aniline make no ka aaioee o nukelea hale. Fleming loaa i kekahi waiwai i kapaia "chromatin" no kona hiki i ka i hookohu aku i. Ka manawa "chromosome" i ka 1888 'ölohelohe i loko o ka' epekema kipi Genrih Valdeyer.

I ka Ia manawa Flemming i huli no ka pane ana i ka ninau o ka mea i chromosome, ka Aaeuaeeneei Edouard van Beneden. A iki mamua aku o ka German biologist Theodor Boveri a me Eduard Strasburger hana i ka moʻo o ka ho okolohua e hooiaio i ka wahine paha, o chromosomes, ke kūpaʻa o ko lākou helu i loko o kekahi laha 'o ola meaola.

Kāʻei kua chromosomal pähola 'ana o nā kūpuna mai

'Amelika haumāna Walter Sutton loaʻa mai ehia na chromosomes i loaʻa i loko o ka halepaahao nucleus. Iao na mea i manaoio i kēia mau hale a nā moku halihali mokulele huahelu o nā kūpuna mai, kino ano. Sutton loaʻa i chromosomes komo o nā'ōewe, ma i i hele mai na makua i ka poʻe mamo ma ka waiwai a me ka hana. Geneticist i loko o ka paʻi puke wehewehe i ka chromosome hui, i ko lakou ea i ka mahele o ka halepaahao nucleus.

Nānā 'ole o nā nā hoapili American, e hana ana i loko o ka e like me mamua, ua alakaʻi Theodor Boveri. Ua noiʻi i loko o nā hana? Anoee kumuhana o ka hoolilo ana o hereditary kāna moʻolelo, ua kālaiʻia i ke kumu o ka ai ma ka kūlana o chromosomes (1902-1903). Hou kūpono 'ana o ke kumumanaʻo Boveri-Sutton i wahi i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua o Nobel laureate Thomas Morgan. Hookiekieia Amelika biologist, a me kona mau hui i kukuluia i ka moʻo o nā kānāwai o ka hoʻokau na nā'ōewe ma ka chromosome, ua ulu mākou cytological kumu no ka weheweheʻana i keʻano papa hana o na kanawai o Gregor Mendel - ka hoʻokumuʻo ka makua kāne o aaiaoe?.

Nā chromosomes ma ka halepaahao

Hoʻokolokolo 'ana i ka' ole o chromosomes hoomaka ma hope o ka loaʻa a me ka ano o ka XIX kenekulia. Mau corpuscles a filaments iloko o prokaryotic meaola ( 'ole-nukelea) a me ka eukaryotic aeee (i loko o ka nucleus). Këia ma lalo o ka microscope hoikeia mai i ka chromosome mea he morphological wahi o ka Hawaii. Kēia Mobile filamentous kino, a ua hiki ke ikeia ana ma kekahi kūlana o ka halepaahao pōʻaiapuni. Ka holoʻokoʻa ka leo o ka interphase nucleus chromatin ninoaaeyao. I nā manawa distinguishable chromosome i loko o kekahi a me nā chromatids.

E aho anei ike mau me ka ho okumu i ke kelepona hele mahele - mitosis paha meiosis. Ma eukaryotic keena pinepine hiki mālama nui chromosomes i ka laina 'ole. Ma prokaryotes, ka mea, he poe uuku, he mau hewa. Keena pinepine nā oi ma mua o kekahi 'ano o nā chromosomes, no ka hoʻohālike lākou mau liʻiliʻi "(particles) hooilina" mea ma ka mitochondria a me chloroplasts.

palapala chromosomes

Kēlā me kēia chromosome i ka 'ole o ke kanaka, okoa ka kekahi i hookohu aku i' ano. Ma ka like o ka morphology mea nui e hooholo aku ai i ke kulana o ka centromere, ka lōʻihi a me ka hoʻokomo 'ana o nā mea kaua i pili i ka puhaka. Ka 'ia paha o nā chromosomes ua ana haku o ka kēia pepa.

• metacentric paha-like, wehewehe aku ma ka waena wahi o ka centromere;
• submetacentric ole neravnoplechie (constriction ua offset i kekahi o nā telomers);
• acrocentric, a me ke koʻokoʻo o-hoʻokino, ma i ka centromere ua Aiaʻaneʻane nō i ka hopena o chromosomes;
• o ke kuhikuhi a me ka apuepue definable shape.

chromosome kuleana pili i

Chromosomes i haku no nā'ōewe - ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai huahelu o nā kūpuna mai. Telomeres - na welau o ka chromosome mea kaua. Kēia hana kūikawā hehee wale hookauwa no ka palekana i ka poho, antiblock koena ai. Centromere hanaʻia kona hana me ka a pāpālua hoʻi o nā chromosomes. He He He kinetochore, ia mea ia ia, lele kālī 'ole. Kēlā me kēia paʻa o nā chromosomes mea kanaka ma ka wahi o ka wahi o ka centromere. Filaments hana kālī no laila, i ke kaikamahine keena kŰlń ao ma luna o kekahi chromosome, akā,ʻaʻoleʻelua. Pahele a pāpālua hoʻi i loko o ka fission kaʻina hoʻolako i ke kumu o ka replication. Duplication o kēlā me kēia chromosome hoʻomaka ka poʻe ma kekahi mau wahi ia i markedly hōʻeleu i ka pau kaʻina hana o ka māheleʻana.

Kūlana o ka DNA a me ka RNA

E loaʻa mai ma hope o kona biochemical haku mele 'ana a me ka waiwai këia mea he chromosome, i mea no ka hana o keia nukelea' ole pilikia. Ma eukaryotic keena, e hana nukelea chromosomes ma fused mea - chromatin. E like me ka Ka Ikepili, ka mea, he o kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaupaona ke aloha 'ona:

• Deoxyribonucleicʻakika (DNA);
• ribonucleicʻakika (RNA);
• histone nā polokina.

Nukelea nāʻakika mea e lawe i ka pololei loa i loko o ka biosynthesis o'amino nāʻakika a me nā polokina mea i EYI o hereditary ano, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku. DNA na ma ka nucleus o eukaryotic keena, RNA ua kiaʻana i kāna i loko o ka cytoplasm.

nā'ōewe

X-Ray Ka Ikepili hōʻike ana i ka DNAʻano he papaluaʻoni iho, a iloko o ke kaula o nucleotides. Ka mea, ho i ka carbohydrate deoxyribose, posapahate pae a me kekahi o ka nitrogenous kumu eha:

1. A - adenine.
2. G - guanine.
3. T - thymine.
4. C - cytosine.

Lots dezoksiribonukleoproteidnyh helical filaments - i nā'ōewe e hali ana i kivila mai 'ike e pili ana i ke kaʻina o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o nā polokina a RNA. Iloko o ka multiplication o hereditary ano, mai na makua i ka poe mamo ua pū i hiki i loko o ka palapala o ka'ōewe alleles. Ka mea, ho oholo i ka functioning, ulu a me ka ulu ana o ka ua meaola. E like me kekahi noiʻi, i kela mau wahi o ka DNA i mai ole encode polypeptides hana hoʻokonukonu oihana. Ke kanaka genome ke i mai i ka 30 tausani. Nā'ōewe.

hoonoho iho o chromosomes

I ka huina helu o ka chromosomes, kā lākou mau hiʻona - he ano hiʻona o ka palapala. I ka nalo Drosophila lākou helu - 8, ma primates - 48, he kanaka - 46. kēia helu He He ikaika no na keena o ka meaola e pili ana i ka mea hookahi? Ueo. No ka mea, a pau eukaryotes laila mea i ka manaʻo o "diploid chromosomes." Ua piha kau, a 2n, e like haploid - hapalua dala (N).

i haku Chromosomes o kekahi paʻa o homologous like ana ke kinona, 'ole, wahi, centromeres, a me nā kumu mua. Homologues i kā lākou mau 'ano i maopopo ia mai nā chromosomes i loko o ka huapalapala. I hookohu aku i me ka walaʻauʻana make e leie aku mākou, e noonoo, e makaikai i ka kiʻiona hiʻona o kēlā me kēia mau. Diploid chromosomes mea i loaʻa i loko o somatic keena haploid ia - i loko o ka germ (ka ai-kapaia gametes). Ma mammals a me nā meaola me kane anal heterogametic hana mauʻano o ke keka chromosomes: X chromosome a me Y. kane i ka lākou o XY, wahine - XX.

Kanaka chromosome huapalapala

kanaka kino keena pihaʻi me 46 chromosomes. A pau o ia mau hui i ka 23 hui i e i ka huapalapala. Aia he mau ke ano o ka chromosomes autosomes a me ka wahine. Ka mua palapala 22 hui - e, he pono ole i na wahine a me na kanaka. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e ka 23rd paʻa - ke keka chromosomes, a nō na keena o ke kane kino i ole-homologous.

Aaiaoe kāna moʻolelo pili me ka hoohanau. No ka EYI mea Y a X chromosome i loko o kane, elua X wahine. Autosomes loko o ke koena o ka 'ike e pili ana hereditary ano. Aia nō i kūpono e ae e hoʻopilikinoʻia a pau 23 hui. Ka mea, e pono hiki i loko o nā kiʻi, ka wā pena i loko o ka maopopo waihoʻoluʻu. Ua mea kekahi 'i 22-chromosome i loko o ke kanaka genome - i ka mea uuku. Kona DNA i loko o ka lima ana i ka lōʻihi o ka 1.5 knm, a he 48 miliona hui o nitrogenous kumu. Special nā polokina histones mai ka chromatin hana mīkini'opihia, a laila, i ka pae i hoʻokahi tausani manawa e emi ka lewa i loko o ka halepaahao nucleus. Ma lalo o ka huina'ine microscope, na histones ma ka interphase nucleus e hoohalike ai lei, e kui ma luna o ka ili aku ai o ka DNA.

aaiaoe maʻi

Aia nō ma luna o ekolu tausani. Various ano o hereditary mai, kena ae la ia e piʻi a me na haunaele ma na chromosomes. Mau nā Down maʻi pale. No ke keiki me ka aaiaoe maʻi wehewehe aku e kali hou aku i loko o ka noʻonoʻo 'a me ka physical? Acaeoey. Ma cystic fibrosis he mea ka ole i loko o ka mana o ka exocrine glands. 'Aʻe' hiki aku ai i ka pilikia me ka sweating, hoʻokuʻu a me ka hoʻomāhuahua o mucus i loko o ke kino. Ua hana ka mea paakiki, e hana i ka maʻiʻaʻai ke alakai i ka hanu pilikia a me ka make.

Kue o ke ano hihio - makapo - e hoʻonele i kekahi mau māhele o ka waihoʻoluʻu pae. Hemophilia hele aku ai i mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō o ke koko clotting. Lactose intolerance Aʻole e ae i ke kanaka kino, e hōʻuluʻulu waiu kōpaʻa. Ma na oihana o ka 'ohana hoʻolālā hiki ke loaʻa ma ka predisposition i ka kekahi aaiaoe maʻi. I ka nui 'inikua-oaio? A i ka manawa e loaa kūpono loiloi a me ka lapaau.

'ōewe Inc - i ka olelo o ke kālā no lapaau, i ka elucidation o ka aaiaoe kumu o hereditary maʻi a me kona hoʻopau. Me ka polokalamu 'ana i kūpono ma pathological keena kahi o ka meaʻehaʻeha lawelawe maʻamau nā'ōewe. Ma kēia hihia, na kauka i ole höʻike aku i ke ahonui ana o symptoms, a me na kumu no ka maʻi. ? Iaea ua lawe mai wale somatic aeea'ōewe Inc ua ole nae massively pili ma ka pili ana i ka 'īnea i keena.