He aha nā mea kākau i loko o ka kakahiaka Middle Ages i ka loa kaulana?

Book i hoʻokumuʻia i fundamentally okoa mai o ka puke, hanaia i ka Middle Ages. Ke koena unuhi mea,ʻaʻole pono semantic haawe ana, a me nā kumuhana apau loa. ʻano nui kekahi mau mea ma luna i ke kākau 'ana a me ka hana i hoʻohana palapala. No ka mea, ua e noonoo i ka au mamuli i keia ano o ka mea i kākau i loko o ka kakahiaka Middle Ages i ka loa kaulana, ma i i palapala o ka buke, a ia ia ua pono.

Ke hoʻololi mai kahiko i ka feudalism

Kauwa kahiko ke kaiāulu kanaka, i loko o ka mōʻaukala pōʻaiapili, eia kahi mea akaka mua mākou me svobodnomyslyaschih, Hawaiʻi hana. A no ka mea, ka mea mau palapala Memo ka launa pū mai keia au mea e pono kahiko icons a me puzzles, a kiʻekiʻe-papa pepa a me ka pepa (essay) kākau i loko o make 'ōlelo manawa. Eia naʻe, ua aʻo wale i ka waiwai kanaka i loko o kēlā mau makahiki o kaʻike heluhelu. No ka palapala, ka mea hoʻohana papyrus - no laila, e'ōlelo aku,ʻoʻoleʻa pepa, a ua kaʻi aku iāʻEulopa, mai Aigupita. Me ka Hekikai o ka Middle Ages , i kēia nā mea kakau lilo kona pilina, o ka oi aku no ka razladilis ana me ka East. No ka mea, e hoʻomaka ana, mai ke kolu o ke kenekulia, kanaka neʻe i ke parchment.

I ka moolelo o ka hanau ana o ka hou? Aieao no ke kākau 'ana

Ma hope o razladilis ana me Aigupita, ma Sicily hoomaka ae la e hana i kona mau papyrus. Akā, i kēia mea kakau hiki apuepue i kō nā koi o ka Italia oihana. Ua ua melemele, brittle, porous, aʻaʻole loa e pono no ka kākau peni. A laila, huli ka o ka poʻeʻEulopa i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole, ka poʻe i noho ma Asia Minor, iʻikeʻia i loko o ka lua o ka kenekulia BC. e ka. Ka mea, ua ka rawhide untanned holoholona E hūnā i nā, i mua kākau i ka poe Iudaio, o ka hoikeana Kauoha Kahiko. Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole no i ke alii o Pergamum Eumenes Elua, kahi a i kona inoa.

Parchment ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka mea i kākau i loko o ka kakahiaka medieval loa kaiāulu. Ua hohola ma 'Eulopa, a me ka Nordic'āina, a ua lilo i ke kumu no kaʻano o ka haipule a me ka naita ma puke hoonoho.

Versatility parchment

Ua huli mai i ka parchment - ka loa i lohe nui ia mea no ka kākau i loko o ka kakahiaka Middle Ages. Ma keia kumu, ua loaʻa i ka palapala, diplomas, diptychs, trifoliate Mākua me nāʻaoʻao, a hiki pilikino Puke Memo na haku a me nā 'elele o ka kiʻekiʻe lehulehu. I mea e e memo i ka manawa, ka mea, ua lawa i ka ohana hipa i ka pepa o ka parchment i wale kekahi manawa. He ua he mehana, versatile aʻaʻole ano pihoihoi. E ho okumu i ka oi ka manaʻoi lākou o ka mooolelo i kikokiko ai a lahilahi o parchment, a i waiho i kēia puke. Ma na mea i hoiliili ole o ka haipule hāʻina o nā haʻawina i palapala, kānāwai, aupuni nā mea hoʻonoho a me ka 'ē aʻe.

hou waihona

Ke hou mea, kākau i loko o ka kakahiaka Middle Ages haawi ala i ka hooulu ana o ka hou kahua o nā moʻolelo a me ka unuhi buke. Ka mua kumu - o ka hale waihona puke. I ke ao kahiko, ka mea, ua hōʻike iā mākou i loko o ka palapala o ka pepa la lehulehu, i i mālama ma ka shelves. Ma na wahi hohonu o keia papyrus imi i ka 'ikepili ua like problematic. Ma ka Middle Ages, ua ike na shelves crammed me ka buke, kela mea keia mea o ka i mai i ka uhi. Mahalo i kēia uhiʻaoʻao, e hiki ke hoʻoholo ka 'ano o ka' ike ua iloko o loko. Ka lua o ka hoʻohālike - ia kaʻoihana (oddly lawa). Makamua sages hana ma ke päkaukau, a me ka medieval feudal haku, a me nā kāhuna i hoomaka ai e kākau ai no ka manawa mua i ka papaʻaina. Kēia hana mea hou i hana muaʻole, e like me ka parchment buke, ua lilo i maoli hermit, no ka lehulehu. A pau koi ana ia mea he 'oluʻolu i ka paa, he makemake i ka heluhelu, a me ka hapanui importantly - loaʻa i nā kānaka apau ka' ike i loko oʻaʻohe manawa.

Ka malama ana i kona wahi hilahila palimpsests

Ua ka parchment - ke wale ke kākau 'ana mea i loko o ke kakahiaka nui Middle Ages? Ke pane i keia ninau i ka pohihihi io. Ka mea i na ili o na holoholona i ka hanohano, e kākau wale i nā kaukaualiʻi, oiai o ka poe ilihune, uaʻaʻole hiki ke kūʻai ia o ka makemake. No ka mea, i waena o lākou lilo Popular palimpsests. Ka ai-kapa papyrus a lahilahi, mai i holoiia i nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina kahiko, a laila, ukana ia me ka hou poʻe. Ink kepa aku me ka pahi, pumice, wela,ʻona nō - i loko o nā hua'ōlelo, na aoao he mau incredibly nui. Ma hope iho o kēia mau kaʻina hana, ke kikokikona ua ua loa hoʻi. Ma papyrus ua hou mooolelo, i ka waiwai o na mea he nui o ia mea,ʻaʻole like ka nui me ka luku ana o precursors.

pepa kupuna

Ma ka 10th kenekulia palapala i ke kakahiaka nui Middle Ages i ka aʻe kiʻekiʻe. I ka makahiki o ka emigration i Europa Arabia ikeiaʻe la e ia i ka pepa, a ua nui ho'ēmi ma mua o parchment a me ka hiki pono o ka hana. Akā, mea fundamentally okoa mai ka makana ke 'ano o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Nā a lahilahi i loaa ma ka palaoa i ka kūikawā kaomi linseed lole popopo, a, ma hope maloo kua ia. Ka pepa i ole ai fragile a me ka waiwai, e like me ka papyrus, no ka mea, lilo iho la e like parchment ia, i unuhiʻia mai i loko o ka puke, e ana i kona mau palapala, diplomas a me ka hemahema hoi puke noke.