He aha nā minelala hao i hana mai kahiko mea kanu? Ka nui nā minelala hao

Kekahi o ka loa waiwai kumu o ka ikehu no ke ao nei ka hana i kēia manawa paa mōʻalihaku. Manaʻo kanaka me ia meaʻaʻole paha ia e hiki ke hana. I waena o nā mea a pau, oi maikaʻi loa Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev mai la: "Stoke a me banknotes hiki ia." Nä känaka 'epekema ke ano o ua mau waiwai makemake e pono no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke koi' ia kanaka 'ona.

Hoikehonua, 'epekema Ua pinepine ae la oia Hoʻohui lā, i ka mea, ua pono. Oddly, akā, ma na aoao o ka waiwai e moe hohonu ma lalo o ka honua, ua aie ka flora kahiko. I kahiko Fern a me na laau i hanaʻia ma luna o ka manawa he nui kōkua maikaʻi kumu waiwai. Ma ke ala, i nā minelala hao i hana mai kahiko mea kanu? Ua pono, e ka loaʻa mai!

General ano o ke kanu mōʻalihaku

A pau kēia mau mōʻalihaku iloko o ka lehulehu nui o ke kalapona. I mai la lakou a pau i hanaʻia, mai kanu residues, a no ka miliona o ka makahiki hoʻohana kiʻekiʻe puʻe, a kiʻekiʻe ana wela. Ka makahiki o kekahi? Ueo kahiko o ka'ōpū i kaʻaila mea nui ma luna ma mua o ka hoailona o 650 miliona makahiki. Ka hola i hana 80% o mau hoʻokomo kālā i loko o ka Tertiary wā. Ua ua i kēia manawa, ua aie ka mea i mea pōhaku kumu waiwai nō hōʻike mākou i nā mea a pau e pono ai.

Ke kumu nui hiʻona o ko lākou hoʻonaʻauao e noonoo i ka mea i loko o ia mau lā o ka honua ua nō,ʻaʻole lawa ka oxygen, i ua manawa koke oxidizes aloha, akā, he wahi lihi iki o ke kalapona, a i huiʻia me ka nānā 'ana ma laila. Sedimentary pōhaku koke malamaia ma nunui nā paʻi hua o ka 'ona i loko o ka honua pūhaka.

No laila, e aho ka hoʻokele kēia pukana, ua Ua hoomakaukau papaʻaina mākou. Nā minelala hao ua ole Mahea waiho i loko o ka lepo.

Naʻe, i waena o kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema kaulana pähola 'o abiotic kumu o na mea he nui mōʻalihaku, a wehewehe i ko lakou mau kumu he huihui' ana o ka likeʻole aʻe i alakai aku ai i ka muli o ka luna 'kalapona i huiʻia mai ka poe noonoo ole'okanikaʻole waiwai.

Kēia nānaina kekahi i nā kānaka apau ke ola, akā, ka hapanui o nä känaka 'epekema manaʻo nō ia i ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o nā mahinaʻai i like ka liluwelo ano o ka hanana. No laila, i nā minelala hao i hana mai kahiko mea kanu? Kēia ka mea a mākou e hōʻike.

Ke nui no ka hana a me ka kanaka

E like me mākou i'ōlelo mai ai mamua, he nui o kēia mau waiwai - he maoli fount o kēia Nine Inch hana. Ka Ia lanahu he nui i huiʻia i ole pela, alaila hiki ke loaa wale me ka hopena o ka luna 'a me ka pipiʻi hoʻololi kemikala. No ka laʻana, humic nāʻakika, a ma ke ano maoli mai i hoʻomaka ai loa pinepine, a mea he paʻakikī no ka meaʻimi hoʻopunipuni hoʻololi kemikala, i ke kanaka e loaʻa ai ka nui o nike, a he pono ole eleele lanahu.

I ka rula, e hai aku oe i keia waiwai kemika. pāʻani nā minelala hao heʻano nui kūlana ma ke kahua o ka maʻamau? iecaianoaaiiie o kekahi hoʻokele waiwai.

Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia i ka piha ana o na mea he nui mea kanu-loko o nā kumu waiwai mea hiki wale ina ke kanaka i ike i ka nuances o ko lākou hoʻonaʻauao. Mua mākou nānā i oi aku mamua o hookahi haawi ia mai lanahu, e like me ke kaʻina hana o ko lākou mau ho okumu ka loa hana hoihoi. Lanahu, e like me nā nui nā minelala hao o ka'ōpū i ka molekumu o, ua, ua hanaʻia e kekahi mau mea kanu i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka a maloo aku.

Ano Education o humic lanahu

A lōʻihi manawa kahiko, i ka wa a ka Honua i nō hele hewa ia kanaka nunui dinosaurs, i ka nui aouli o lush ululāʻau ulu maikai. No kā lākou ka ulu a me ka ulu ana, ua maikaʻi: i loko o ka lepo o ka hailona o ke aloha olelo, a ma ka lewa Kīwala'ō ma lalo o carbon dioxide. Eia naʻe, i kēia mau ia aku ana ka pilina i ka mea i make i ka mea kanu i he oiaio, ua hikiwawe loa. Ka mea, pinepine haule i ka honua, kahi o ka e amo koke no ka mea, aohe mea ua hoomalu mai ka oxidative hana o ka lewa.

Ke totality o nā mea a pau kēia mau kumumea alakai aku i ka loa kokololio hoʻololi iho o ka kelulose. Pilikua nuipa a kanu huli i loko o ka "lama hoʻohuihui" maoli o humic waiwai, nāu kekahi me ka nīnūnē dala o impurities kēpau, waxes a me paraffins. Naʻe, i kēia kaupaona nani koke biodegradable, a no ia mea, pakahi aku la ia kokololio hoʻomāhuahua o ke aloha mea i loko o ia mau lā i hiki mai. I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā ikea kekahi hope.

No ka lanahu ua hana 'ana?

hana i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna kūpono i loko o ke kahua o ka maloo peat, a ma ka keia manawa ma luna o ka ili o ka Honua lawa. E like me ka rula, i hou metamorphosis me ia, i ole i hoʻomaka ai, e like me ka pinepine ka mea, ua uhiia i ka ahu iho o ke one a me ka honua, ike loea science ke aloha mea mai ka waiū e o oxygen, a microorganisms. Kēia nuipa a ua loa ea, a nolaila, i kekahi mau laulau paha hoʻohuihui i loko o ka wā e hiki mai ka hanaia.

No undecomposed ke aloha mea i loko o peat mānoanoa ua uuku loa, i hou keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka palaho i. Pela, ke ana wela i loko o ke Keena Kalaiaina o Reservoir i mau noho ma ka ia pae.

Puʻe a me ka manawa ...

Eia naʻe, ma manawa, i nā olelo hoopomaikai papa ma muli o ka caking. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ka mea humicʻakika ua hoohuliia i ka humites kēpau i na hoopai ana a hiki i ke kaʻina hana o ka decarboxylation a wale waxes noho kŰlń no millennia. I Ka kūpono i loko o ke kahua o ka mea eleele humic lanahu. Oi loa aku hoi he wahi lihi iki o ia i loko o ka Krasnoyarsk Teritore. 'O kēia ka loa e like me ka mea kōkua ma nā minelala hao kaʻe (a me ka mea nui i kumu o ka makahiki, o ka papa).

Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka laulā o? Aneie aʻe ua he gradual lākou metamorphosis, a hoohua mai i ka pohaku humic lanahu. Ka papa kūlana i loko o kēia kaʻina kiʻekiʻe puʻe, a kiʻekiʻe wela o ka ole e emi malalo o. Ma lalo o kēia mau rula, hoomaka ae la humicʻakika e decompose hoʻomaka koke, i na hoopai ana i maoli polymerization kēpau, a waxes.

A pau ia i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ole-heheʻe, pono insoluble i huiʻia. He mahalo ia ia i ka lānahu ahi papa, a hoola mai a hiki i kēia lā. , Ae waiho nei ma ka kŘpa a pāpaʻu ka hohonu, a no ia mea paha i kekahi mau 'ē aʻe physical a me ka Nine Inch ka waiwai, ka mea makemake inevitably i ua holoi mai. A me ka aha nā minelala hao i hana mai kahiko mea kanu, ma ka hou ana i ka humus lanahu i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna?

Ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ana i hui type lanahu

It E e kaulana ia ma ka 'ano o ka kahua o ka maemae humic i huiʻia aku'āina pohihihi keia. More pinepine hele mai hui kaʻina. ʻepekema theorize i hele aku la oia ma kekahi mau fronts. E like me ka rula, ka mea a pau i hiki mai ai ma ka lalo o na kahiko o ka wai, ma ka wahi i ua manawa ke aupuni 'mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā.

Humic waiwai i ke kiʻekiʻe o lakou laweia ana ma laila me ka rainwater a me ka mālie, ma luna o nā kenekulia, i noho ai ma ka lalo. Plankton a 'Imi hoʻomohala me na mea he nui loa o ke aloha' ona ke kiʻekiʻe, hookonokono lakou i ka mea a pau nuipa a. Akā, na mea hiki e loaʻokoʻa.

Once ma ka aina i ku e hao wale mai ai ka makani ino a me ka ua ka ua, Reservoir haule iho i loko o ka nui loa o humic waiwai, a me kaʻano o ka mea pōhaku i huiʻia. Mua, ka mea, ua noho ma ka lalo o kaumaha nā minelala hao, a me ka wale humic nāʻakika hana ma luna o ia mau mea e like me ka ikaika oxidants. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ka mea kino a pau ua hoolilo i ka polymerization. Mai o oxygen ma ka lalo wai ua mea uuku waiwai me ka manawa e noho ana ma lalo o ka aoao o ka dehydration kaʻina. A no laila, e 'ano apau loa i ka huina o ka hui haku mele' ana.

Rusia mau nā minelala hao i loa, he pono ole i loko o ka hikina hapa o ko mākou'āina.

Ma ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka lanahu

I mau, ka mea i huiʻia ka mea, i wehewehe aku ma kekahi mauʻano o ke kalapona, hydrogen, oxygen, naikokene a me ka luaipele. Ke wale koena unuhi o ka nui hapa iki o nā mea a pau o kēia mau waiwai, e like me ka mea i ai ia mea i ka pakeneka o ka mea ola, e hooholo i wale i ke 'ano o ka wāwahie wahie mea kanu, akā, i ka aina o kona kumu, a? Iecaianoaaiiie. Pela oe i ma ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka hoʻonaninani manaʻo e pili ana i keia ninau, kālailai i ka haku mele 'ana o ka awelika humus mea eleele lanahu.

Mea Maluna o ka waiwai me loko o nā lānahu

Ka loa, he pono ole waiwai e i komo i loko o kekahi o konaʻano likeʻole, i kapaʻia ugleobrazovatelyami. Eia ka piha papa:

• Oddly lawa, na nā polokina. Ma ka hydrolysis o kalapona, ua i kekahi 'epekema e loaʻa nō i ka helu o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o ka läÿau, kūpono. Loaa ia mau waiwai i loko o ka manoanoa papa o mōʻalihaku weheweheʻano wale: ka mea, ua malamaia i ka manawa kahiko, o ka simplest like hoʻi me ka mea i koe iho o ka oi lahui ulu meaola. Ma kekahi hihia, he nui mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā hiki pinepine kaena i ka ohi pono o ka paleontological iau.
• O ka holo ana, ke kelulose. Kēia luna 'carbohydrate, i mea no ka walaʻauʻana kukulu ālai' ana i kekahi ano o ke kanu ola, Ua like me ka nui hapa ma ke kaupaonaʻana o ka lanahu a me ka aila shales (e pili ana ia e e kūkā mai ma lalo nei).
• Waxes, a mākou i pinepine ae la oia i oleloia. He nā mea kemika o kekahi aliphatic carboxylic nāʻakika a me ka waiʻona mai ke kino.
• Kēpau. He He loa luna 'hui o nā mea a pau o ka ia carboxylic nāʻakika me luawai me unsaponifiable a me ka saponifiable waiwai. Ma kekahi hana i ho'ākāka 'ana i hiki wawe ka decarboxylation a me kokololio polymerization. Ka mea, i ke ano o ka "alahaka" no ka lanahu, no ka mea, e hoopaa kona eiiiiiaiou i ka iniiaiie mīkini'opihia kaʻina.

Heʻaneʻane'ālike i ka haku mele 'ana o nā mea a pau wāwahie wahie papa i mea kamaʻilio e pili ana i kā lākou mau mea kanu a me ka mahele holoholona. E Uwao abiotic helehelena o ka ia aila e hiki ole loaʻa lawa ka maikaʻi kumu, ma ka mea o ka a, e hōʻoleʻia kāna i kēia hoike. Ma kekahi hihia, i kekahi kāleka nā minelala hao (aloha) Hōʻike i kā lākou mau hoʻokomo kālā iʻano nui i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kahiko kai, waiwai i loko o ke aloha mea.

XIX. 'Ike e pili ana i ka lānahu ahi hoʻouku

Nā 'ano a me nā hakakā o kēia kaʻina ka loa ana e kaukaʻi ma luna o ka hohonu o ka hanana o nakaka. Inā kekahi, aole e oi aku i hoʻokahi haneri mika, e hiki ke wehe, he ala e kūkulu i kekahi 'oihana. Loa pinepine ia ka hana ia me ka mea ulu o ka oki hohonu nui hoʻokele waiwai hiki kumu iaoiaeii lilo.

I ko kakou aupuni i ka hohonu kiʻekiʻe o ka koʻu mea o ka hola 1200 mika. Kekahi kāleka nā minelala hao Rusia, e hōʻike i ka hapanui o ia mau mea i loko o Siberia. Ke kae o keia deservedly noʻonoʻo i kēia pantry, hale papaa o ke ano.

Other nui 'ona

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka lānahu ahi nakaka i pinepine pilikia congestion waiwai nona, alahula mau hanalima waiwai. Eia kekahi o ka waiwai 'ā ina pōhaku (kinikini, no ka laʻana), he nui ka nui o ka methane, like hoʻi me pohihihi keia, hoʻopuehuʻia Nine Inch hehee wale. No ka laʻana, kekahi mauʻano likeʻole o ka mea eleele lanahu iloko o ka hailonaʻana no germanium, i mea inconceivable me ke kālā no Radio-lolouila hana, no ka mea, ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka mea, ua nui ano o semiconductors.

I ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka lanahu i loko o kēia hana

Lōʻihi Hana Party nō i nā lā o keia ano keia ano o ka mea pōhaku i hoʻohana wale nō me ka wahie. E like me mākou i kaulana,ʻo ia loko mai o kekahi pohihihi keia Nine Inch hehee wale, lanahu o ka maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na ano o nā lula ea. Paliuli a hiki i ka Apana World War, ka mea, ua ike ia mai ia mākou hiki e kemikala kakolina.

He mau nā minelala hao i loko o Rusia e pili kēia hoʻolako mālama nui ka ulu ana o ka hana ma hope o ka kipi. Lakou i ae e kākoʻo i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma ka pae kūpono kiʻekiʻe.

Oil shale

Ua paa mōʻalihaku o kaʻai kumu mai o ka pae o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa caustobiolites. Ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka shale, i hoomakaukau ia me ia i ka hiʻona kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā makahiki, he kēpau, kekahi hapa o ko lākou haku mele 'ana. Ua Ua loaa ma ka distillation. kona waiwai ka mea o ke kino ai 'a me ka Nine Inch ka waiwai, ia mea kokoke loa i kaʻaila, akā, i ka lilo ana o kona? iecaianoaaiiuo nui emi oilfield.

palena pau 'ole

Ka papa likeʻole, mai ka slate o ka mea hookahi lanahu mea i ka mea iloko ona nui nā minelala hao i loko o kona haku mele 'ana. Ke aloha hapa - kerogen. Wale i ka lani kiekie loa ka pono shale ka kaʻana like 'ana kīnā 70%, akā, ma nā mea a pau nā hihia, o ka ke aloha maʻiʻo' aʻole i oi aku mamua o 30%. Kerogen o ka mea kahiko fossils o hookahi-aa? Līoho.

I ka hapa o ka ia i no kenekulia ole e lilo Track o ka halepaahao 'ole - ka tallomoalginit. Alaila, pau loa ke kūlana unicellular līoho i kapaia kolloalginit. Eia hou, i ka shale hiki ke loaʻa he pinepine no hoi o na mea kanu kiekie ae, a i noho ma luna o mākou Honua mai ka pō mai.

Eia ka mea, ua hana na nā minelala hao, mai kahiko mea kanu. E manaolana aku kakou i loko o keia 'atikala oe i loaa a pau o ka' ike e pili 'oe.