Helu waiwai o aceticʻakika, i ka haʻilula

Ano o edible ka vinega hue, a e loaʻa i loko o ka lumi kuke o kela housewife hiki i haku nui no hoi na nāʻakika a me nā wikamina. Ohui i ka paʻa o ka huahana paka ua i loko o ka moʻa ka ai, salads ke kumu maoliʻono holomua. Akā, kakaikahi o mākou seriously manaʻo e pili ana i ka waiwai, a me ka oiaio loa o ka pono o ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena - aceticʻakika.

He aha mea keia mea?

Haʻilula aceticʻakika _CH3COOH e pili ia i ka helu ana o carboxylic momoma nāʻakika. Ke alo aku o ka carboxyl pūʻulu (COOH) waihona mea i ka monobasicʻakika. I ka waiwai i loaʻa ma luna o ka honua i loko o ka ke aloha palapala, a ua loaa synthetically i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. ʻakika o ka loa alodio, akā,ʻaʻohe emi nui ka Luna o kona laulā. Hoopuni wailana i loko o ka wai, hygroscopic.

Helu waiwai o aceticʻakika a me ka pa apŘ lauwili me ka wela. I mehana ea 20 ° ^Cʻakika mea i loko o ke kinowai moku'āina, i ka pa apŘ o 1,05 g. / Knm ^3. Ua loaʻa he mau 'ʻala a me ka vinegaʻaiʻana. A pāʻoihana o ka waiwai me ka mea hoʻonui hoopaakiki hoi a lilo nā pōaka ma ka wela ma lalo 17 ° ^C. ke kaʻina hoʻomaka nā kapuahi e aceticʻakika ma ka wela ma luna o 117 ° ^C. meto pae (Ch ₃₎ aceticʻakika o ka haʻilula ua loaa ma ka reacting i ka waiʻona mai ke kino me ka o oxygen: 'ona a me kanakaʻona mau fermentation o carbohydrates, souring waina.

A wahi moʻolelo

E wehewehe ana o ka vinega i kekahi o ka mea mua i loko o ka moʻo o kaʻakika a i hanaia i loko o kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Initially, hoomaka ae la aceticʻakika e extract ma distillation ¶ʻO'Araba haumana o ka 8th kenekulia. Eia naʻe, i loko o kahiko Roma i ka waiwai loko mai o ka vinega i hoʻohana me he ao meaʻai kākele. Ke loa ka inoa, mai Greek o ia hoʻi, "ʻawaʻawa". Ma ka 17th kenekulia ma Europe, ua hiki ke extract maemae waiwai waiwaiʻepekema. I ia manawa, ka mea, i ka haʻilula, a loaʻa he hana hiki - aceticʻakika i loko o ka mahu moku'āina ignited he uliuli lapalapa.

Up a ka 19th kenekulia, ua loaʻa nä känaka 'epekema i ke alo o aceticʻakika i loko o ka ke aloha ano wale - e like me kekahi o na hui a me ka paʻakai o nā mea kemika. E like me kekahi hapa o na mea kanu a me kā lākou mau hua: ohia, huawaina. Ma kānaka a me nā holoholona, hou excretion, bile. I ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, Lūkini epekema randomly extracted acetaldehyde, mai ka naoh o acetylene me ka Hereme'okesaside. I kēia manawa, ke aceticʻakika hokii, no laila, nui i kona iniiaiie pōʻalo i wahi wale synthetically ma ka nui me ka unahiʻole.

? iecaianoaaiiuo Nā Papahana

Ina paha o ka palapala o ka maemae aceticʻakika a me ke alo o impurities ma ka pāʻoihana Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka pōʻalo hana. Food aceticʻakika ua loaa biochemically i ethanol fermentation. I hana, kekahi mau ano peeʻakika pōʻalo. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO, ua mā reactions e kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ke alo o catalysts:

• Metanola i loko o ka naoh me ka kalapona (carbonylation).
• Oxygen ma'okesaside o kaʻaila kā hapa.
• Pyrolysis o ka laau.
• Oxygen ma'okesaside o acetaldehyde.

Hanalima kaʻina no ka pono a me ka hoʻokele waiwai biochemical. Aie i ka hanalima kaʻina, i ka nui o aceticʻakika? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka 20 la a me 21 la kenekulia mai i ka haneri o ka manawa like me ka 19th kenekulia. I kēia manawa, ke aceticʻakika ma carbonylation o metanola hoʻololi kemikala hoʻolako oi ma mua o 50% o ka hua leo.

Ke physical waiwai o aceticʻakika a me kona aoao ma ke anakahi

Ke aceticʻakika wai a mea colorless. ʻakika pH 2,4 ua hikiwawe hōʻoia ma ka litmus pepa. Aceticʻakika ma ka hui 'ana me pena ia ma luna o ke anakahi i kaʻulaʻula. Helu waiwai o aceticʻakika hoʻololi visually. I ka wā o ka mahana paka ua ma lalo 16 ^{° C,} o ka waiwai i ka paa palapala, a kohu he uuku ka hau nā pōaka. He hana wailana i loko o ka wai, a reacts me ka laulā huahelu o nā'uheheʻe'ē aʻe ma mua o hydrogen sulfide. Aceticʻakika ho'ēmi i kā ka huina o ka leo o ka loli ma luna o dilution me ka wai. Kū kaʻawale wehewehe i ke kino ai 'waiwai o aceticʻakika, ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka hionapāʻili mea au ike i loko o ka kēia kiʻi.

I ka waiwai a ua ignited i ka wela o ka 455 ^{° C} me ka hoʻokuʻu o ka wela i ka 876 kJ / Mol. Ke molar kaumaha mea 60,05 g. / Mol. Helu waiwai o aceticʻakika me ka electrolyte i loko o nā reactions i nawaliwali. Ke dielectric a eia i mea 6,15 ma mehana ea. Puʻe like nuʻa, - he ee iaaanu aey physical waiwai aceticʻakika. Ma ka puʻe o 40 mm o. Hg. Art. a me ka wela o ka 42 ^{° C,} e hoʻomaka i ka baila aʻela i kaʻina. Akā, ua ma ka puʻe o 100 mm o. Hg. Art. baila aʻela i ia lŘlŘ ma 62 ^° C wale

Nine Inch mall

I pane koke me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a oxides, i ka waiwai a hōʻike mai konaʻakika waiwai. Maikaʻi mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia he oi eiiieaen i huiʻia,ʻakika pepa paʻakai i ka poe i kaheaia acetates :. makanekiuma, kēpau, potasiuma, etc. PK waiwai o kaʻakika mea 4,75.

Iloko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me nā kinoea e hele mai i loko o ka vinega hakahaka naoh , hahai ma pohupani hale, a hana i ka oi luna 'nāʻakika: chloroacetic, iodoacetic. Mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai,ʻakika dissociates me ke kala o ka'ākeka Ion a me hydrogen protons. Ke degere o ka dissociation mea 0,4 pakeneka.

Helu, a Nine Inch waiwai o ka aceticʻakika nā lātoma i loko o ka mea pōaka palapala Diamer e ho okumu ana i hydrogen paa. No hoi, kona waiwai e pono ai, e hana hou luna 'momoma nāʻakika, biosynthesis o steroid a me sterols.

keʻena hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua

Huai ae aceticʻakika ma ka pāʻoihana hiki ke loaʻa ma kaʻimiʻana kona physical waiwai, e like me ala. Lawa pāʻoihana i hou i kaʻakika ikaika, a hoʻomaka e pau ka vīnega paakai me ka huikala ana o ka ohu. By keʻena hoʻokolohua distillation COONa Ch ₃ a me H ₂ ¶ ₄ Ua hiki ke loaa aceticʻakika i maloo palapala.

E huki ka hoao ana mai ke kula laulā maʻamau i loko o kemika ka papa 8. Ke kino ai ka waiwai pono hōʻikeʻike aceticʻakika rasstvoreniya Nine Inch naoh. Aloha hoʻohui i ka pāʻoihana i kekahi mea o ke keleawe'okesaside a iki hoʻomāhanahana iā ia. Ke'okesaside ua pau loa ia mea hoʻoheheʻe, hana bluish pāʻoihana.

nā mea loaʻa konohiki

Qualitative naoh waiwai me ka nui pāʻoihana palapala: nā mea kemika, amides a me ka paʻakai. Naʻe, i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā waiwai, nā koi no physical waiwai o aceticʻakika mea kiʻekiʻe. Ua pono mau i ke kiekie o ka noho male 'ana, a, nolaila, mai i kolu-aoao impurities.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka lehulehu o ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana o aceticʻakika līkaia no i ka helu o kona nā mea loaʻa. waiwai lehulehu o ka oi ma mua o 96% i ka inoa - mauʻaʻei aceticʻakika. Aceticʻakika i loko o 70-80% hiki ke kuai ma ka Hale Kūʻai Meaʻai hale kūʻai, kahi ia e ke kapa - vīnega o Mānoa. Ka vinega i ka lehulehu o 3-9%.

Aceticʻakika a me ka maʻamau o ke ola

Ma waho aʻeo ia ai nā hiʻona, aceticʻakika loaʻa paha kekahi mau physical waiwai i na kanaka a pau i loaʻa i kona palapala noi i loko o ke ola. A pāʻoihana o ka haʻahaʻa lehulehu o ka waiwai hoopuni lawe aku oe i plaque mai metala 'atikala, ili aniani keleawe a me nā puka makani. Ke hiki i ka hoʻokemu ona mau kekahi Radio pono. Vīnega mea he maikai eliminates musty ala i loko o na keena, e lawe aku oe kohu mai i ka hua a me ka lau i ka lole.

E like me ka mea huli mai, i ka physical waiwai o ka aceticʻakika - e wehe i ka momona o ka 'ilikai - hiki ke hoʻohana i hoolaʻi lāʻau a me ka cosmetology. A nawaliwali pāʻoihana o ka vinega lapaau ana lauoho e e alohi mai ia mau mea. I ka waiwai a ua hoʻomano hoʻohana no ka iapaau ana o ke anu, ka wehe 'ana o warts, a me cutaneous fungi. Ho onui ana momentum ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka vīnega i loko o ka haku mele' ana o ka mea hoʻonani wahī mai e kaua cellulite.

I ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka hana o ka

I ka paʻakai o ka hui, a me nā luna 'waiwai aceticʻakika hana me ka paʻa mau hehee ai:

• Mea lāʻau lapaʻau hana. E ho okumu i: aspirin, antiseptic a me ka antibacterial ka hinu, phenacetin.
• ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kemikala olona. Incombustible ho film, kelulose'ākeka.
• Ai oihana puolo. No ka holomua ola, e pickles a me sauces, me he ai mea hoʻonui E260.
• Lole hana. Lako a me ka make.
• nā mea hoʻonani a me ka malama me nā huahana hana. Onaona mea kāhinu, holika e? Ienoai ili leo.
• ? Iecaianoaaiiuo mordants. Hoʻohana 'ia me he insecticide a me ka mordant o ka nāhelehele.
• Hana o varnishes. Kōmike nā'uheheʻe acetone? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Makahiki aceticʻakika hana ua hoomahuahua ia. I keia manawa, kona leo i loko o ke ao nei, ua oi aku mamua o 400 tausani tona no ka malama. ʻakika ua kaʻi aku ma ka ikaika kila poʻina nalu. Waho pūnaewele i loko o ke ea ipu i loko o na mea he nui na hana ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe physical a me ka Nine Inch aayoaeuiinoe o aceticʻakika ua hookapuia paha kaupalena 'ia i ka wā o kekahi mau mahina.

maluhia

Aceticʻakika o kiʻekiʻe lehulehu mai i ke kolu o ka degere o ka mea hō'ā kaʻa, a kī anaʻawahia fumes. ? Aeiiaiaiaaia e komo kūikawā ea paha, a 'ē aʻe pilikino aiiay lako a pan e hana ana me kaʻakika wā. Lethal mahele lāʻau no ke kanaka kino ma ka 20 ml. Ma ka manawa o ke kala ana o ka waiwai i loko o kaʻakika kuhikuhi puhi i ka mucosa, a laila, e loli ai'ē aʻe nā loko. Ma na hihia pono koke hospitalization.

Ma hope o hui 'ana me kaʻakika i loko o ka paku ole ia ili paipai koke holoiia me ka wai e kahe ana. Superficial scaldʻakika hiki i'aʻaʻa necrosis, i kekahi pono hospitalization.

hana hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo

Epekema Physiology loaʻa i ua ole koi 'ia kekahi kanaka? Eaia aceticʻakika - hiki ke hana me ka ai mea hoʻonui. Akā, kanaka me ka intolerance i kaʻakika, e like me opu pilikia, waiwai contraindicated.

Aceticʻakika ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o typography.

Waiwai i loko o ka liʻiliʻi nui i loaʻa i loko o ka meli, maiʻa a me ka hua palaoa.

Ma hope o anuanu, aceticʻakika, a dramatically lulu i nona iho me ka mea, e hiki ke kiai i kona hana keaka a.

A liʻiliʻi lehulehu o aceticʻakika hiki hōʻemi eha symptom o insectʻaki a me ka nīnūnē'ā.

? Eaia i ka ai me nā huahana me ka haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo o aceticʻakika ho'ēmi i kā ka nui o ka naʻokoko i loko o ke kino. Ke substance Ua pono stabilizes i ke koko kō pae ma diabetics.

Ka hoʻohana o ke kumuʻiʻo a me ka carbohydrate ai pu me ka uuku nui o aceticʻakika maoli he lākou digestibility meaola.

Inā kaʻai mea, ua palemo iho, e hui aku i kekahi mau kulu o ka vinega, e pahee no saltiness.

ma hope

Ka Wā Kaukani hoʻohana o aceticʻakika alakaʻi ai i ka mea i loaa kona kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai lākou i hele ai ma kela huli. Haneri, a hiki reactions, tausani o ka pono keia mau mea waiwai, ma muli o ia i kanaka a pau, ua hele ia. Nui e ike i na hiʻona o aceticʻakika, kona maikaʻi a me ka io hiʻona.

Mai poina e pili ana i ka pomaikai, aka, mākou e hoomanao mau mea poho hiki i ka makaʻuʻole ana o ka lehulehu kiʻekiʻe o aceticʻakika. Ma kona pilikia, oia ke ku e hiki mai ana i ka hydrochloricʻakika a me sulfuricʻakika. Hoomanao mau ola ia ka hoʻohana 'anaʻakika. Pono a me ka pono nāu i ka pā o ka wai.