I wehe Athanasius Nikitin? "Momi O Kanaka Ekolu moana" Afanasiya Nikitina

Heʻoiaʻiʻo oe, ua 'ike ka weheia Athanasius Nikitin e ike. heluhelu i kēia 'atikala ma hope, oe e aʻo i kahi e kipa i ka hele nui. Makahiki o ke ola Afanasiya Nikitina - 1442-1474 (75). He Ua hanau ia ma Tver, ke keiki a Nikita, he kua'āina, no laila, Nikitin - he patronymic a me ka ole i ka inoa o ka hele. Ka hapanui o na kauwa i ka manawa ua i hope inoa.

Wale hapa 'ia' ike i ka moʻolelo o kona Kawaihae. Aia mea i ike loea 'ike e pili ana i kona wā'ōpiopio, a me ka wā kamaliʻi no ka hele. Ua ua ike wale ia, ua lilo i mea kālepa ma kekahi 'ano opiopio makahiki, a hele aku la i ka Crimea, a hiki i Byzantium, Lithuania a me na aina e ma ka hana. Ua kokokeʻana pāʻoihana Athanasius oia hoi maluhia mai huakaʻi i ke kai waiwai hale.

Lalo mea he kia hoʻomanaʻo no Afanasy Nikitin, ke aupuni 'o Tver.

I ka 1468 Athanasius Ho'āʻo ka huakaʻi, oiai i kipa East,ʻApelika, India a me Peresia. Keia hele ana ua ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka puke i kapaia "Momi O Kanaka Ekolu moana" Afanasiya Nikitina.

Ormuz

Nikitin hele Baku ma Peresia, laila, ma ka pii ma na mauna, aʻu i hele hou aku ma ke kūkulu hema. He i ko lakou hele ana i ka holo, noho no ka manawa lōʻihi ma na kauhale, a aʻo i ka kūloko 'ōlelo, e like me ka pū ma ka oihana. Athanasius i hiki ai ma ke kupulau o 1449 ma ka Hormuz - he nui kulanakauhale aia ma ka kuʻina o ke kuai? Ooia: mai Inia, Kina, Asia Minor a me Aigupita.

Ma Rusia, ka mea i muaʻike nā huahana o Hormuz. Ma 'ana, ka momi kaulana o Hormuz. Athanasius Nikitin, e ike ana ia i loko o ke kulanakauhale o Mauna mea hoʻolilo o ka lio, hoʻoholo ihola e hana i ka aa aku o kēia kūlanakauhale. He kuai i ¶ʻO'Araba lio, a kau i luna o ka moku ma ka manaolana o ke kuai ia profitably ma India. Athanasius hele aku la i ke kulanakauhale o Chaul. No laila, ka mea i noho ai Lūkini loaʻa o Alaska. Athanasius Nikitin i nohoʻaneʻi ma ke kai.

First nā manaʻo e pili ana i India

Ua i eono pule luʻu 'ana. A ikaika manaʻo ma luna o ke kalepa i i India. Kanaka hele, e poina ana i ka hana, hoi ka i lilo hoihoi i loko o yoiia? Noiʻi. He kākau i loko o au mamuli i loko o kā lākou nā puke mea a lakou i ike ai. Ma kana mau palapala, India makana he kupanaha aupuni i loko o i ia mea ole pela, e like me ia ma Rusia. Athanasius kakau iho la e hele nude a me ka eleele na kanaka a pau 'aneʻi. Kona weliweli i ke ahiahi uku mea noho komo mea gula. Nikitin ia iho, ma ke ala, i holoʻokoʻa i hele mai i ka Indians. Kākaʻikahi ka loa ma mua na kamaaina ike keʻokeʻo kanaka. Nikitin ua hikiʻole iā ia Chawla profitably kuai i kona lio. He hele hohonu i loko o ke aupuni, iho o ka lilo i ke kaona liʻiliʻi, Aia i loko o ka luna ino i o Sina, a laila Dzhunnare.

Aha, ua palapala mai Athanasius Nikitin?

Athanasius Nikitin kaulana hale kiko'ī, hōʻike no ka hoi na mea makau a me ka kūloko oihana i loko o kona hele ana memo. Ka mea, ua kokoke ka mua ano o ka Mauna ala o ke ola,ʻaʻole wale no Rusia akā, no hoi noʻEulopa. Athanasius kākau ai e pili ana i ka ai na na kamaaina ai mea lākou e hānai ai i nā holoholona, i nā huahana kuai aku, pehea ka mea, hoʻomākaukau. Ka mea, manufacturing kaʻina e wai nā mea inu i ua hōʻike, e like me ke dute housewives home ma India, e moe ana ma ka ia moe me na hoa.

I ka moʻolelo i wahi i loko o ka pā kaua Dzhunnar

Ke pā Dzhunnar hele i hookaulua ai,ʻaʻole ma luna o lākou iho. Local Khan lalau lio Athanasius, ai kona loheʻana i ka malihini, mai Rusia,ʻaʻole basurmanin a me ka Helene hoi i ke ano o: ka mea, ke lawe maikai Hoʻomana Mohameka, aʻaʻole wale nō,ʻaʻole hoʻi i kona lio, akā, e e kūʻai liloʻia aku i loko o hoʻoluhi Khan. Eha lā Ua haawiia mai no ka noʻonoʻo. Wale nō paha hoola i ka Lūkini hele. He halawai Mohammed, he kahiko hoaaloha nana e hoohiki ana i ka haole ma mua o ka Khan.

Nikitin aʻo no nā mahina i kona lilo ana ma Dzhunnare, mahiʻai heluna. He kaulana i loko o Inia, lulu a me ka'ō'ō palau ana ia me ka hua palaoa, peas a me ka raiki i ka ke anuenue wa pono. Ua hoi ho'ākāka ka kūloko wineries. Niu hoʻohana ilaila me he maka mea.

Like Athanasius kuai lilo aku la ka lio

Athanasius kipa ma hope o Dzhunnara kulanakauhale Alland. Aia ua he nui maikaʻi. Ke kalepa makemake e kuai i ka Arabia lio, akā, e ka mea hou nele. A ole ia i ka maikaʻi i ka hailona o ka lio maikai.

Afanasiyu Nikitinu i ka 1471 wale e hoʻokele i kuai ia, a i ole i ka pono o, a hiki ma ke pohō. A i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Bidar, kahi a lakou i hiki aku ai, e kali ana no ka mea ke anuenue manawa i loko o ka 'ē noho. He a nenei no ka lōʻihi manawa iʻaneʻi, i mau hoaaloha a me ka kūloko heluna. Athanasius hai aku la i ka poe noho e pili ana i ko lakou manaoio, a me ka honua. Indians hai aku la i nui e pili ana i kā lākou mau 'ohana me nā hale, pule, a me ka aoao. Nikitina lehulehu mai, helu hoʻolaʻa i kumuhana o ka hoomana na kamaaina.

Parvat ma Nikitin ka buke

Next, au wehe Athanasius Nikitin i ke kulanakauhale hoano o Parvati. He hiki i keia la ma Krishna Beach i ka 1472. Kēia kūlanakauhale e noho ana i ka malama pono, mai nā mea a pau ma luna o Inia no ka mea, he ahaaina, a i hoolaa ai i ke akua Shiva. Nikitin kaulana i loko o kona diary ana ia i kekahi wahi o ka like nui no ka Indian Brahmins, e like Ierusalema no Karistiano.

E möakäka hou Hotele Afanasy Nikitin

Kekahi makahiki a me ka hapalua hele ma India kalepa ma ka ho'āʻoʻana, e kuai, a aʻo i ka kūloko aoao. Akā, pāʻoihana ( 'o ia hoʻi, no ke aha la Athanasius Nikitin hele ekolu kai) pilikia. Pono no ka mea hoʻolilo iā Rusia o ka waiwai, mai Inia,ʻo iaʻaʻole loa i loaʻa.

Afanasii Nikitin kipa ma ke ala hoʻi Africa (East Coast). Ka ainaʻAitiopa, e like me ka diaries, oia 'aneʻane paʻa pakele i ka powa. Kanaka hele poʻe i ho'ōla pānaʻi i ka berena a me ka raiki, mai ka poe powa.

hoʻi

Afanasiya Nikitina hele ana, noho no lakou ma ka mea e hoi aku ai i Ormuz, a hele akau ma Iran, kahi i ia manawa i kaua. Athanasius hala Kashan, Shiraz, Erzinzhan a ua ma Trabzon, Turkish kulanakauhale, aia ma ka hema mokuna o ka Black Sea. E hoʻi ua kokoke loa, akā, ua huli hou ke au mai Nikitin. Turkish Aupuni i aku la ia ia i loko o kahi paa, e like me ua kuhihewa no ka'Ilana kiu. No laila, Ua hoʻoneleʻia mai au Athanasius Nikitin, ka Lūkini kalepa a me ka mea hele aku, o kona waiwai a pau. A pau i ua haʻalele iā ia - kona diary.

Athanasius i ke dala, e hele aku ma luna o Parole. He makemake e kiʻi i Feodosia, kahi āna i manaʻo ai e halawai me Lūkini poʻe kālepa a me ka uku aku i aie me ia. Ma Kafu (Feodosiya), ka mea hiki wale ke hiki i ka 1474, ma ka Akuma ka. Nikitin malaila i ka hooilo 'aneʻi, pau na mau memo ma luna o ka hele ana. Ma ka pūnāwaiʻo ia manao, e hele aku hoʻi i Rusia ma ka Dnieper River ma Tver. Ua manao i ka hele ana a hiki i India Afanasiya Nikitina.

Ka Make Afanasiya Nikitina

Akā, i ka hoʻi ua ole i ka hele: make ihola ia i loko o Smolensk ma unclear ana. Paha makahiki o ka popilikia hoʻokele waiwai a me ka eha ke olonā wāwae Athanasius ola. Ukali ia Moscow kuai, i lawe mai i Moscow, a haawi mai la i kona puke lākou Mamyrevu, Sexton, Ivan mau kumu aʻoaʻo, III. 'Ikamu i hope hui pū i loko o ka moʻolelo o ka 1480.

Ka mea, i ike aku i loko o ka 19th kenekulia Karamzin a paʻiʻia ma lalo o ka mea kākau i ka inoa i ka 1817. Ua haawiia ia i loko o ka inoa o keia hana ekolu kai - Caspian, Black Sea a me ka Indian Ocean.

I wehe Athanasius Nikitin?

Lōʻihi ma mua o ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ka poʻeʻEulopa ma India ma ka aina hoao iho la ia e ka Lūkini kālepa. Ua weheʻaneʻi ke kai ala hele Vasco ka Gama, he Pukiki kalepa, he mau makahiki ma hope.

'Oiai, i ka kuai ka pale kaua i loaʻa ai, o ka hopena ua ka mua ano o ka hele ana mai o Alaska. I ka wä kahiko Rusia ma mua ka mea iʻikeʻia wale nō i loko o kaao a me kekahi moʻokalaleo. Ke kanaka o ka 15th kenekulia ua hiki ke ike i keia aina me ko lakou mau maka, a tālena, e hai aku i kēia kanaka. He palapala iho e pili ana i ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana, ka hoʻomana, kalepa, mea lahaʻole holoholona (elepani, nahesa, monkeys), i ka i nā oihana, a ua kakauia kekahi kaʻao.

Nikitin kekahi hōʻike i ka'āina a me ke kūlanakauhale i loko o ka mea ana i ole kipa, akā, no ka mea ana i hai mai i ka Indians. He Shoes i pau o ka mokupuni o Ceylon, Calcutta, Indochina, a ma ia manawa, ua ike ole ke Russian. No laila, i weheia Athanasius Nikitin, he nui loa kona waiwai. Pono ohiʻikepili e ae mākou e hoʻoponopono i ka geopolitical a me koa pono kīvila o ka luna o India i ia manawa, o ko lākou poʻe kaua.

"Momi O Kanaka Ekolu moana" Afanasiya Nikitina - ka mua kikokikona o kona ano i loko o ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini moʻokalaleo. Ia mele i ka hanana kani lends i ka hele 'Aʻole e hōʻike wale na wahi hoano, e like me ka malihini mua ona. I kekahi mau mea o ka hoʻomana Kalikiano hāʻule i loko o kona kahua o ka hihiʻo, a me ka poʻe me nā hilinaʻi a me ka aoao o ke ola. Memo devoid o ka hoʻoponopono-censorship a me ka formality ma mua maopopo waiwai.