Ka haku hale i loko o ke au o ka feudalism. Ke au o ka feudalism i loko o Rusia

Feudalism kapaia nohona'ōnaehana i ola ma Europe V - XVII kenekulia. Ma kēlā me kēia aupuni, ka mea, i kona mau ano, akā, nui, keia kŰia ua noʻonoʻo ma luna o ke kumu hoohalike o Palani a me Germany. i ka wā o ka feudalism i loko o Rusia i ka manawa kapiliia okoa mai ka Europa. No na makahiki, ua hōʻole i nā moʻolelo kona ola, akā, ka mea, ua hewa. I ka mea, feudal kulanui i ole nei, ke ole ma o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau.

A iki e pili ana i ka manawa

Ka manaʻo o "feudalism" i dala maʻEulopaʻepekema ma ka Ewa o ka PalaniʻOiʻenehana. Ke'ī mai, i ka manawa iʻikeʻia e ka wā Western Europa feudalism, ma ka mea, i pau ai. I ka hua'ōlelo ua loko mai o ka hopena o Lakina «feodum« ( "feudal"). Kēia manaʻo ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā palapala kūhelu o ka Middle Ages a ho i ka conditional ili'āina, a mea he pio e loaa mai i ke keonimana i loko o ka hanana e hanaʻia i loko o no ia mea, i kekahi malama (ka hope IeAUPIIe, IAa IO pū koa hana).

Moʻolelo eʻaʻole koke hiki ke kuhikuhi i na hiʻona o ka nohona nenoaiu. nui lāliʻi Many i ole, ua laweʻia i loko o no. Naʻe, i ka XXI kenekulia, ma ke kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana Ka Ikepili,ʻepekema i hope, ua hiki ke haawi aku i exhaustive ka wehewehena o keia luna 'kŰia.

Ano o ka feudalism

I ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai o ka mālama '-hanalima honua - ia'āina. Akā, i ka mea nona o ka aina (feudal haku) ma ka mahiai i ole hoʻoili. He i kekahi malama - ka hana (a me ka pule). Land mahi mahiai. ʻOiaiʻo ia i kona hale, na holoholona a me nā mea lapaʻau, i ka aina i hui ole ia i ka ia. Ka mea, ua hoʻokele waiwai e kaukaʻi ma o kona haku, a no laila, lawe pio akula i kekahi me ke kuleana i loko o kona lokomaikaʻi. Aka, o ka mahiai i ole he kauwa. He ua he pili ke ku okoa ana, a me ka pāʻana iā lākou, i ka haku i mobilized keu-yeiiiie? Aneiai coercion maomeka.

Iloko o ka Middle Ages poe i like ka papa. Ka haku hale i loko o ke au o ka feudalism i hiki hou kuleana ma mua o ka aina paa, 'ole. E. ka mahiai. I kā lākou feudal aina i ka undisputed mō'ī. He hiki hoʻopaʻi, a kala. Penei,'āina i loko o kēia wā, ua pili loa ua hoʻopili i ka kālai'āina nā papaha (mana).

O ka holo ana, aneiai kaukaʻi mea ae: ma ka mea, o ka mahiai hānai haku, ka mea i iho i ole e hana.

feudal hulili

Ka 'ole o ka rula ana ka papa i loko o ke au o ka feudalism hiki ke hoakakaia like hierarchical. i ke feudal haku, ua like, akā, e exploited na kauwa. Ka pilina ma waena o ka mea nona o ka aina, i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o interdependence. Ma ka luna o ka pali ua he alii feudal nana i kokua i ka'āina makualii, a Earl, a me ka hoonohonoho hou koi mai ia pono. Mākualiʻi a me ka helu, ma ka huli, allocatesʻo Baron aina (na haku, nā kilo, kiʻekiʻe loa), ma ka pili no i ka Haku mea. Nāʻo Baron he mana maluna iho o na naita, naita - no squires. Penei, feudalists e ku ana ma ka lalo o ka pali, ua malama feudal hoaʻalo i ka anu u ma luna.

Aia He He olelo: "pio e ana o koʻu pio e - i koʻu pio e". Ua ano o ia ka naita ana i kekahi koa Sekotia, ua ole nae e hoolohe ana i ke alii. Ke'ī mai, me ka mana o ke alii i ka disintegration ua pili. Ka haku hale i loko o feudalism - iho haku. Kona manawa pili aupuni, e hooholo i ka nui o ka allotment.

Ke Kin o feudal pili (V - IX kenekulia)

Feudalism hooulu ana i muli o ka emi o Rome, a me ka naʻi aupuni o ka Western Roman aupuni a pau, Germanic ohana (poe kanaka ei). Ke hou nohona'ōnaehana Hawaiʻi mai Roma i waha (centralized moku'āina, ka noho kauā kuapaʻa, colonate, ao nenoaiu o nā kānāwai) a me nā 'ano o ka Germanic ohana (ke alo o ka pīhoihoi alakaʻi, militancy, i ka hikiʻole, e kahu ai i ka nui'āina).

I ka manawa o ka lanakila i ka primitive ke kaiāulu'ōnaehana: i ka aina a pau o kaʻohana a pau i loko o ka mana o ke kaiāulu, a puunaueia iwaena o kona mau lala. Hoʻopio aku i hou aina, na 'lii koa i makemake e ponoi ia pākahi, a, eia hoi, e hele ia ma ka'āina hoʻoili. Eia hou, he nui mahiʻai hele bankrupt, i ke kauhale i na hoopai ana i kaua. No laila, ka mea i kiola, e nana aku i ka haku, no ka mea, o ka haku hale i loko o ke au mai o ka feudalism,ʻaʻole wale hāʻawi aku iā lākou i ka manawa kūpono e hana (a me ia iho,), akā, no hoi, e hoomalu aku i na enemi o. No laila, monopolization o ka aina mauka papa. ua lilo ia i mea e kaukaʻi mahiʻai.

Ke heyday o feudalism (X - XV kenekulia)

ʻO loko o ka IX kenekulia ua he 'opi o ke aupuni a pau Karla Velikogo. Kēlā me kēia kalana, haku, i ka waiwai ua lilo ia i ano o ka moku'āina. O kŰia ua kapaia "feudal fragmentation".

I loko o kēia wā, e hoomaka ana i ka o ka poʻeʻEulopa, e makaikai i hou aina. ? Ac? Aaioea huakūʻai-kala ana, mai ka peasantry ku artisans. Mahalo i ka poe paahana a me ka poʻe kālepa eʻikeʻia a me ka ulu i ke kulanakauhale. Ma na aina (e like Italy, a Kelemania), kauwa, ma mua loa e kaukaʻi overlords, loaa ka noho kauwa ole - he pili a piha. He nui naita, e hele ana i ka Crusades, nolaila ia i kuu lākou mau kauwa noa.

I ia manawa, o ka ekalesia ua lilo ia i kia o ka naita ma Aupuni, a me ka hoʻomana Kalikiano - ka ideology o ka Middle Ages. No laila, i ka haku hale i loko o feudalism - mea ole wale he naita (Baron, Duke, E ka Haku), akā, i ka lala o ka clergy (Abota, Bishop).

Ka ulia o feudal pili (XV - XVII kenekulia)

I ka pau ana o ka mua wā i kaha maha ma ke kua'āina uprisings. Ka mea, ua i ka hopena o ka lawelawe tensions. Eia hou, i ka ulu ana o ke kalepa a me ka poʻe Polenekia mai kauhale a hiki i nā kūlanakauhale alakai ai i ka mea ana i ke kulana o na landowners hoomaka ae la e hoʻonāwaliwali i.

Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ma kona ano maoli, a? Aneiai kumu i ua ke olonā wāwae ma ke ala hou ana o ka aristocracy. Ano hoomainoinoʻokoʻa ma waena o naita ma feudal na haku a me clergy. Me ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema a me ka moʻomeheu ka mana o ka ekalesia ma na naau o na kanaka oki ia e loa. Ma ka XVI-XVII kenekulia ma Europe ua i ka Reformation. Aia i hou haipule neʻe, a hauma¯na ka hooulu ana o ka pāʻoihana a i ole hoohewa waiwai.

Europe i loko o ke au o ka hopena o feudalism mea he kaua ma waena o nā aliʻi, ka mea, i hoomaona mai la oia me kā lākou symbolic mana, na clergy, ka aristocracy a me ka townspeople. Socialʻokoʻa i alakai aku ai i Hope XVII-XVIII kenekulia.

Lūkini feudalism

I ka wa o Kievan Rus (VIII-XIII kenekulia) feudalism maoli,ʻaʻole i. Aliʻi'āina i lawe mai ma luna o ke kulanui i nā makakoho. A lohe o kekahi o na lala o ke aliʻi 'ohana i make ai, i kona mau aina e noho kaikaina hoahanau. Ma hope ona i kekahi paukū. Combatants loaa uku, akā, i ka ?? eoi? Ma hope o lākou ua i paa a me ka, ma iho, ua i ili: i ka aina i ka oi, aʻaʻoleʻo ia i i ke kupaianaha kumukuai.

Ma ka XIII kenekulia, i ke au o ka papa-luna o Rusia. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka fragmentation. E noho ai no nā aliʻi (hooilina), ua ili mai. Luna a loaʻa pilikino mana, a me ka pono i pilikino (ma mua o nōhie) waiwai. Contents papa o ka nui landowners - boyars, ua pio e launa. Akā, na kauwa he mau nō kaawale. Naʻe, i loko o ka XVI kenekulia, Ua pili ka mea, a hiki i ka aina. Ke au o ka feudalism i loko o Rusia i pau i ka ia manawa, me fragmentation i lanakila. Akā, ua he kea laa, o ia like serfdom ana a hiki i 1861.

nuances

Nā ma Europa, a ma Rusia, ka feudal wā i pau ai a puni ka 16th kenekulia. Akā, i kekahi mau oihana mua o ka'ōnaehana, e like me fragmentation ma Italy a serfdom i loko o ka Russian aupuni a pau, a mau ae la ia a hiki i ke kualapa waena 19th kenekulia. Kekahi o kaʻokoʻa ma waena o ke Europa, a me ka Lūkini feudalism mea i ka enslavement o na kauwa ma Rusia i wahi wale nō ka wā o nā villeins i loko o ke West i loaa, ua pili ke ku okoa ana.