Ka Kipeka Plateau: hōʻike, Geographic wahi, aniau a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo

Na Kipeka Plateau - ka loa nui Alpine wahi ma luna o ka Honua. Ua ua i kekahi manawa i kapaʻia ka "hale o ko ke ao nei." He Tibet, i mea hapalua o ka hope kenekulia i ka kūʻokoʻa moku'āina, a ua hala ae nei kekahi hapa o Kina. Lua o ka inoa ia - ka Land o Snows.

Kipeka Plateau: Leeuwerikplein wahi

Hawaii ua ke aupuni 'o Central Asia,ʻano nui ma Kina. Ma ke komohana o ka Kipeka plateau ka i kokoke ma ka Karakoram ma ke kūkulu'ākau - me ka paha-Lun, a ma ka hikina - me ka Sino-Kipeka mauna ma ka hema e kō ka kilohana Himalayas. Ma Tibet, eia ekolu mau mea: Central a komohana (U-Tsang), hikina ńkau (Amdo), hikina a me ka hema-hikina (Kam). Plateau uhi ka wahi o ka 2 milionaʻahā like kilomika. Ka awelika kiʻekiʻe o ka Kipeka Plateau - mai ka 4 a hiki i 5 tausani mika.

ke ola

Ma ka'ākau loa i hilly, a i lalo papu me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻena. Externally Northern Tibet kohu i nā midlands, wale me ka nui loa ke kiekie. Aia i mauʻaʻei landforms: kaa, hooinu, moraines. Ka mea, hoʻomaka ma ka kiʻekiʻena o 4500 mika. Ma na kihi o na Hawaii, he mauna me ka poe puaa ma kahi haahaa, hohonu awawa a me gorges. Kokoke i ka Himalayas a me Sino-Kipeka mauna, pāpū lawe i ka palapala intermountain kīʻaha, ma ka Brahmaputra kahe - i ka nui loa muliwai. ua hoemi ia 2500-3000 mika i ka Kipeka plateau.

me Kinohi

Himalayas a Tibet me ia i hanaʻia e ka subduction - hookui hookahe koko ana o lithospheric papa. Kipeka plateau ho okumu mea like penei. Mauna anuu Poho ma lalo o ka hawaiian una. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia i hele ilalo i ka aahu, a hoomaka ae la e neʻe horizontally, no laila, ma luna o ka loihi loa, a hoala mai i ka Kipeka plateau ma kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻena. Nolaila, ke kokua nei ka hapanui palahalaha.

aniau

Ke aniau, i mea no ka Kipeka Plateau, loa kalakala, typical o na Hawaii. I ka Ia manawa, i ka lewa, ua maloʻo, no ka mea, o ka plateau ua manaʻo i loko o ka'āinapuniʻole. Ma ka hapanui o māhele o na Hawaii ii iai mea 100-200 mm o no ka makahiki. Ma na outskirts o i ka 500 millimeters ma ka hema, ma na monsoons puhi - 700-1000. Holo nōhie, kimu hina like me ka hau. Manawa a hiki i keia huliau maloo, ka hau laina ka loa kiʻekiʻe, i ka pae ana o 6000 mika. Ka nui loa kahi o ka hauneneʻe ma ka hema, ma ka Kailas a me Thang. Ma ke kūkulu'ākau, a ma ka waenakonu o ka makahikiʻawelike papa koa ma waena o 0 a me 5 degere. Snowless hooilo mau he lōʻihi manawa, loaʻa he kanakolu-degere hau. Summer lawa me a hiki i ka wela o 10-15 degere. Ma nā awāwa, a ma kahi o ke kūkulu hema i ke aniau lilo kai mehana o.

Tibet Plateau i ka mea i oi aku ke kiekie, no laila, i ka lewa ka loa sparse, i kēia hiʻona ka poʻea pau i ka pahikaua mahana fluctuations. I ka po, i ka wahi anuanu, he mea ikaika i nā makani a me ka lepoʻino.

uka wai

Muliwai a me ic ?? i ka hapanui i loko o ka Highlands i hoopili kīʻaha, 'o ia hoʻi, mai i ka mawaho moni loa i loko o nā kai a me ka moana. ʻOiai ua ma luna o ka outskirts, Kīwala'ō ma lalo monsoons, e na kêia kanaka o ka nui a me ka nui muliwai. He ke kumu o ka Yangtze, ka Mekong, ka Yellow River, ka Indus, Salween, Brahmaputra. Pau kēia mau mea nui muliwai o Inia a me Kina. Ma ke kūkulu'ākau, ma ka mana o ka wai pele meaʻano nui ma muli o ka hauneneʻe hau a me ka hauneneʻe. Ma ka hema hou loli ana i ka ua. Loko Tibet Plateau muliwai i lalo ano, a me loko o na puu ma ka periphery hiki e loa māpuna a me ka māmā, kā lākou mau awawa,ʻano like me ka gorge. I ke kau, he mea he kaiakahinalii o na muliwai, a ma ka hooilo e pa ahau.

Lehulehu o ic ?? ma ka Kipeka Plateau e aia ma ka kiʻekiʻena o ka 4500 a hiki i 5300 mika. Lākou me Kinohi mea una. Nui no ia: Seling, Namtso, Dangrayum. Ka hapa nui o na aieou i pāpaʻu ka hohonu, haʻahaʻa mokuna. Ka wai i loko o ia me he okoa paakai maʻiʻo, no laila, i nā waihoʻoluʻu a me ka malu o ka wai aniani keleawe lauwili, mai eleele i ka'ōmaʻomaʻo. I Nowemapa, ka mea, puliki hau, ka paʻahau ka wai a hiki i May.

kanu

Ka Kipeka Plateau Ua nohoiaʻano nui Highland steppes a me nā wahi nahele no hoi. Ma māhele nui o ke kanu uhi mea ma kahi'ē, ma laila ka iliili a me ka pohaku aupuni. ʻOiai ua ma luna o ka outskirts o na Hawaii, he momona aina me ka mauna-Meadow soils.

Ma ka wao nahele kiʻekiʻe kanu ua stunted. Lau nahele Kipeka Plateau: lāʻauʻawaʻawa, acantholimons, astragalus, Saussure. Laau uuku: ephedra, eurotia, tanacetum.

Ma ke kūkulu'ākau, he ākea mosses a me lichens. Where ka waiʻaina mea kokoke i ka ili, he mea he Louka kanu (sedge, pulupulu mauu, kaluhā, cobresia).

Ma ka hikina a me ka hema o ka Kipeka Plateau ii iai, piʻi pū, nā kūlana e nui maikaʻi, ma kiʻekiʻe mau hipuu. Inā i ka luna o ka mauna, ua Kīwala'ō ma ka wao nahele, i ka lalo o ka mauna hehi (hulu mauu, fescue, bluegrass). Ma nā awāwa o ka nui muliwai ulu laau uuku (lāʻau iunipera, Caragana, rhododendron). Eia ka mea, he riparian ululaau o nā wīlou a me popela maka, Turangi.

holoholona honua

Ma ka Kipeka Plateau ma ke kūkulu'ākau ola ungulates: yaks, bipi hihiu,? Aiaie, ka Kipeka bipi hihiu a me ka po, Kiang ka wai huaʻai-Yaman. Paʻa ihola iā ia hare hoi, pikas a me voles. Aia mau Moana: ka bea-pischuhoed, alopeke, hae, Takao. ʻO kēia nā manu noho 'aneʻi: finches, he hau manu, Pallas one grouse. Aia i predatory: Pallas ka Fish aeto, a Himalayan manu.

Mōʻaukala o Tibet Ahahui

Qiang ohana (nā kūpuna o ka Kipeka kanaka) ua hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka mokuna o ka Hawaii Kukunor i ka 6-5 kenekulia BC. Ma ka 7th kenekulia AD, haehae ae la lakou i ka mahiai, i ka mea ia manawa, mai hemo mai ka primitive ke kaiāulu kahua. Kipekaʻohana hui Namri - luna o Yarlung. Me kana keiki, a me ka hooilina Srontszangambo hoʻomaka i ke ola ana o ka Kipeka aupuni a pau (7-9 kenekulia).

I ka makahiki 787 i lilo ai i ka moku'āina hoomana o Hoʻomana Buda. Langdarma i ka noho alii o kona mau ukali i hoomaka ai e e hoomaau. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o ka luna o ka moku'āina ua maheleia i mau ko na'lii,. I 11-12 kenekulia loaʻa ikeia na mea haipule Buddhist loa kukulu monasteries, i ka nui o ka i kuai i ke kūlana o ke aupuni kūʻokoʻa theocratic Hawaii.

Ma ke kenekulia 13th, Tibet, moe ma lalo o ka aoao o ka Mongols, ka pilina ua lilo ma hope o ka haule ana o ka yuan aliʻi. Mai ka 14th i ka 17th kenekulia he mea he paio no ka mana. Monk Tszonkaba hoʻonohonohoʻana i ka hou Buddhist aoao Gelukba, ma ka 16th kenekulia, ke poo o ka papa i loaa mai i ka inoa o Dalai Lama. Ma ka 17th kenekulia, me ka lima Dalai Lama Ua hoopii no kōkua i ka Oirat Khan Kukunor. I ka 1642, i ka hoa - ke alii o Tsang māhele - luku. Gelukba, noloko mai hoʻomaka e alii ai maluna o ma Tibet, a me ka Dalai Lama lilo ka uhane a me ke kino ke poo o ke aupuni.

hou moʻolelo

Ma ka hapalua like-18th kenekulia ka hikina a me ka akau-hikina o Tibet i kekahi hapa o ka Qin aupuni a pau. Ma ka pau ana o ke kenekulia, a mea paha i nā wahi o ka moku'āina. Mana i koe i loko o ka lima o ka Dalai Lama, akā, ma lalo o ka mana o ka qing Aha. Ma ka 19th kenekulia ka Pelekania ma Tibet i ka 1904 lākou mau poʻe kaua komo Lhasa. ka aelike Ua kakauinoa ia me ka UK franchise ma Tibet.

Ua ālai ia me ka Lūkini ke aupuni, a me Beritania kakauinoa ka 'aelike ma o ka mālama a me ka mahalo aku i ka mea ia kenekoa manao pono o Tibet. I ka 1911 ua ka Han Xin-kipi, i ka i Chinese poʻe kaua a pau i kipakuia mai o Tibet. I ka wā e hiki mai, ka Dalai Lama kūkala i ka hoopau wale o ano laulea a pau me Beijing. Akā, noho i ka ikaika English keiki i loko o Tibet. Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II, US ole ua ho'ā 'ʻaneʻi. I ka 1949, i ke aupuni hai aku i ke kuokoa o Tibet. China Ua manao like separatism. Ua hoʻomaka 'o ka neʻeʻana People ka Liberation Army ma Tibetʻaoʻao. I ka 1951, ka moku'āina loaa i ke kūlana o ka lahui kū kaʻawale i loko o China. Ma hope o 8 makahiki, hoomaka hou ka uprising, a ua hoʻoikaika ka Dalai Lama i loko o peʻe ana ma India. I ka 1965, ka Tibet hana nona iho nui māhele'āina i hoʻokūpaʻa 'aneʻi. Ma hope o ia, i ka Pākē aupuni lawe mai i ka moʻo o repressions e ku ei ka clergy.

Pehea i hana ai Hoʻomana Buda ma Tibet

Anal o Hoʻomana Buda i Tibet enmeshed mea pohihihi a me kaao. Ka moku'āina ma ia manawa ua'ōpiopio a me ka ikaika. Wahi a ke kaʻao, Tibetans aʻo e pili ana i Hoʻomana Buda mililani aku i ka hana mana i hana. I ka wā o nā lula King Lhatotori uuku ka hoʻoiho haule iho la ia, mai ka lani. Ua ua he kikokikona Karandavyuha sutras. Mahalo i kēia kikokikona, hoomaka ae la ka moku'āina e ulu, ke alii manao ia o kona malu nana e kokua mai.

I ka mua o ka Kipeka Dharma i na'Lii, he Srontszangambo hope,ʻo ia i noʻonoʻo i ka epitome o Tibet ka haipule - i ka bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. He mare mau alii, kekahi ua mai o Nepal, ka mea 'ē aʻe - mai China. Ua lawe mai Buddhist hāʻina o nā haʻawina a me nā mea o ka hoomana. ka mea, ua lawe mai Chinese Alii he nui Buddha kiʻi, a ua noʻonoʻo i ka papa kuhikuhiE kea laa, o Tibet. Tradition mahaloia he mau wāhineʻelua, me ka incarnation o Tara - omaomao, a keʻokeʻo.

Ma ka waena o ka 8th kenekulia,ʻo ia i kono, e hai aku Shantarakshita kaulana poe akeakamai, ka mea i koke hoʻokumu i ka mua Buddhist monasteries.