Ka kŰia o ka refraction o ka malamalama - ia ... ke kānāwai o ka refraction o ka malamalama

Ke kŰia o ka refraction o ka malamalama - mea he maoli kŰia ia ia lŘlŘ kēlā manawa o ka hawewe, mai kekahi mea i kekahi, ai kona māmā holo loli aʻe. Visually, eia kahi mea akaka e hoʻololi i ka olelo o ka propagation.

Ke kālaikūlohea: refraction o ka malamalama

Inā ka hana 'laau hahau ka mau' ma waena o nā Media elua ma ka huina o 90 °, laila, i kekahi mea hana, ka mea mau i ka neʻeʻana i loko o ka e like me mamua ma ka huina akau a hiki i ka mau '. Inā i ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai okoa mai 90 °, refractive kŰia ia lŘlŘ. He kumu produces kupanaha 'ole e like me ka maopopo fracture mea hapa' ia 'bapetizo i loko o ka wai a me ka Kealialia liu ike i loko o ka wela wao one.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Ma ka mea mua kenekulia BC. e ka. Greek geographer a me ka astronomer Ptolemy ho'āʻo e mathematically wehewehe i ka refraction, akā, ma hope huli mai i manaoia e ia, i ke kānāwai, e e unreliable. Ma ka XVII kenekulia. Hōlani mathematician Heiloo SNELLIUS hoʻomohala i ke kānāwai, a hoʻoholo i ke dala i pili i ka lākiō o ka hana 'ia, a refracted pana pua, a i hope ka inoa o ka' inideka o refraction mea. I mea, o ka nui o ka waiwai mea hiki ke refract malamalama, ka mea kiekie oia ka uku. Penikala ma loko o ka wai "uhai aku" no ka mea, na kukuna e hele mai ana, mai ka mea, hoʻololi i kou ala ma ka lewa-wai mau 'ma mua e holo ai i ka maka. I ke poho, a Snell, oia ua i kauoha aku e imi i ke kumu o keia kanawai.

I ka 1678, kekahi Hōlani nä känaka 'epekema Christiaan Huygens nui ka makemakika pilina e wehewehe i nā loina Snell, a? Aaeaaaaony i ka kŰia o ka refraction o ka malamalama - o ka hopena o ka loli iki ana i ka mämä holo i i ka mea nana i ulana hele ma nā hana kūpono elua. Huygens hoʻoholo i ka heluia, e pana pua o ka malamalama i hele aku ai nā mea a me kekahi mau indices o ka refraction pono e like me ka lākiō o kona māmā holo i loko o kēlā me kēia mea. Pela, ka mea, ua postulated ia i loko o ka meakino me ka oi aku refractive inideka, ka malamalama höʻike hou lohi. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama ma ka mea o inversely hapaʻauhau i ka refractive inideka. ʻOiai ke kānāwai i a laila hoopaaia experimentally, no ka mea, he nui nā kānakaʻimi noiʻi i ka manawa ka mea, ua i maopopo, 'ole. To. No loea kumu o ana i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama. Epekema, manao iho la ia ia, aole ia e hilinaʻi ma ka mämä holo o ka mea. Ua ana wale 150 makahiki ma hope o Huygens 'ka mämä holo o ka malamalama make me ka lawa pololei, hoakaka aku la ia ia ka pono.

Loa Index o refraction

Loa refractive inideka iloko o ka aniani moakaka mea 'ole ka mea ua hoakaka like me ka pili māmā ma i malamalama a hele therethrough pili ana i ka māmā holo ma ka vacuo: N = pela aku / V, kahi e - māmā holo o ka malamalama i ka holo, a V - i loko o ka mea.

ʻae nō hoʻi, i ka refraction o ka malamalama i loko o ka holo, devoid o kekahi waiwai i kahi'ē, a laila mea i piha huahelu 1. No nā aniani moakaka pono keia nui, ua oi aku ma mua o 1. refraction o ka malamalama i loko o ka lewa hiki ke hoʻohana 'e hoʻomaulia i ka ike ole kiko'î pono hana (1.0003).

Snell ka kānāwai

Mākou mai i kekahi mau wehewehena i:

• i ka hana 'ia mea ulana lole - he laau i mea kokoke i ke kaawale meakino;
• papa wahi - ke kaawale wahi ma i ka mea hina;
• ka refracted Ray e waiho ana i ke kaʻawaleʻana Media;
• maʻamau - ka laina e holo ana ÷ haku i ke kaawale ana ma ka wahi o ka mea hiki wale mai;
• huina o ka mea hiki wale mai - ka huina ma waena o ka mea maʻamau a me ka hana 'Ray;
• ho oholo i ka refractive huina hiki e like ka huina ma waena o ka refracted Ray a me ka mea maʻamau.

E like me na kanawai o ka refraction:

1. Ke hana 'ia, ka refracted Ray a me ka mea maʻamau i loko o ka hookahi pelane.
2. Ka lākiō o sines o ka pana pua o ka mea hiki wale mai a me ka refraction o ka lākiō o ka refraction coefficients o ka mua a me ka lua o ka meakino: hewa au / hewa R = N R / N i.

ka pilina ma waena o na pana pua o ka naluʻelua a me indices o refraction o ka Media mau ke kānāwai o ka refraction o ka malamalama (Snell) wehewehe. I ka wā o ka nalu hele mai i ka emi refractive meakino (e laʻa me ea) ma ka refractive (e laʻa me, ka wai), kona māmā holo kulu. Conversely, i ka wa a ka malamalama hele mai i ka wai i loko o ka lewa, i ka mämä holo, piʻi pū. I ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai i ka mea mua meakino pili i ka maʻamau huina o refraction a me ka lua o ka E oko a hapaʻauhau i ke koena unuhi i loko o refractive inideka ma waena o nā nā pono hana. Inā hele i ka nalu, mai ka meakino me ka haʻahaʻa kaʻi lau waiwai o ka meakino me ka oi aku, ka mea Halala i maʻamau. A ina ma ka mea ku ole, ka mea e e wehe.

Ke pili refractive Index

Light refraction kānāwai hōʻike i ka lākiō o ka sine o ka hana 'ia, a refracted pana pua like i ka ikaika i ka mea o ka lākiō o ka velocities o ka malamalama ma ka Media, elua.

_{hewa au / hewa R = N R} / N? i = (c / V R) / (c / V 'olelo) = V? i / V R

Pilina N _R / N _au ua kapaia he pili Index o refraction no kēia mau waiwai.

A helu o nāʻike manaʻo a nō i ka hopena o ka refraction pinepine ike i ka maʻamau o ke ola. Ke kanawai o ka penikala "uhaʻi" - kekahi o ka loa, he pono ole. Mau maka a me ka lolo e hahai i nā kukuna hoʻi i loko o ka wai me he mea la i ole refracted, a me ka hiki ana mai o ka mea ma ka pololei o ka laina, e pili ana i kaʻike kamepiula kiʻi e 'ōili mai ma ka uuku hohonu.

lakou hoopuehu

Manao ana hōʻike i ka refraction o ka malamalama ke kōā ea puka 'ole ke kala i ka ole nui. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, he waiwai he nui kona refractive inideka a e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane me ka loli o ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ke kōā.

Oia ka loli paa wahi i loko o nā mea a pau aniani moakaka me Media, a ua kapaia lakou hoopuehu. Ke degere o ka lakou hoopuehu ana i ka mau mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o pehea ka refractive inideka loli aʻe me ke kōā. Me ka hoʻoulu ke kōā i emi haʻi kŰia o ka refraction o ka malamalama. Keia ua hookupaa iho la ia ma ka mea i kapa ula refract oi ma mua oʻulaʻula, no ka mea, ka ke kōā mea pōkole. Ma muli o ka lakou hoopuehu i loko o ka mau aniani ia lŘlŘ i ike splitting malamalama i loko o kona eiiiiiaiou.

? anoe o ka malamalama

I ka pau ana o ka XVII kenekulia, Sir Isaak Nyuton lawelawe 'ia i ka moʻo o ka ho okolohua e alakai aku ai i kona loaʻa o ka mea i nanaia pae, a ua hoike ia keʻokeʻo malamalama ninoieo o ka kauoha e kaua ana o'ōniʻoniʻo HEN, mai kapa ula ma uliuli, omaomao, he lenalena, alani a me ka ula o ka hoopau ana. E hana ana i loko o ka pouli loa no ka lumi, Newton hoonoho iho la i ka aniani prism i loko o kekahi wahi paiki lole komo iloko ma ka puka ma ka puka shutters. I ka maalo ae la oia ma ka prism mea refracted malamalama - ke aniani e Papahana ia ma luna o kekahi pale ma ka kauoha pae.

Newton manao i keʻokeʻo malamalama o ka läÿau, he okoa'ōniʻoniʻo, a me ka mea o ka prism ", oia ke lu" ka malamalama keʻokeʻo, refracting kēlā me kēia ano, mai ka okoa huina. Newton hiki ole kaʻana'ōniʻoniʻo ma ka hele ia ma ka lua o prism. Akā, i ka wa a waiho akulaʻo ia i ka lua o ka prism mea kokoke loa i ka mea mua, no laila, e nā waihoʻoluʻu a pau hoopuehuia, a hele aku la i loko o ka lua o ka prism, ka noiʻi i loaʻa i ka mea, recombined hou i nā waihoʻoluʻu e lilo keʻokeʻo malamalama. Kēia loaʻa convincingly hoao iho la ia i ka spectral haku mele 'ana o ka malamalama i hiki ke hoopuni puunaueia a me ka pili ana.

lakou hoopuehu kŰia Radio he ki kūlana i loko o ka helu nui o kekahiʻike manaʻo. Rainbow o ka hopena o ka refraction o ka malamalama ma na kulu o ka ua, e ka kilakila maka o ka spectral decomposition, like i ka mea a ia lŘlŘ ma ka prism.

Ka pilikia huina a me ka huina na noʻonoʻo

I ka maalo ae la oia ma kekahi meakino me ka 'inideka oi aku o ka refraction i loko o ka meakino me ka haʻahaʻa ana ala o na ale ho'ākāka' ia ma ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai me ka mahalo i ke kaawale ana o na mau pono hana. Inā i ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai aku i ka kekahi waiwai (ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'inideka o refraction o ka mau pono hana), ka mea hiki i kekahi wahi kahi ua ole refracted i loko o ka meakino me ka haʻahaʻa' inideka malamalama.

Pilikia ( 'ole kali) ka huina hoakakaia like me ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai, kūpono ai i loko o ka huina o ka refraction o 90 °. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, like me ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai emi ma mua o ka pilikia refraction i, a me ka wā e mea like me ia, i ka refracted kaola no hele ma ka makahiki hookaawale ana i ka mau pono hana. Inā i ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai aku i ka pilikia, hoʻi hou i ka malamalama. O kŰia ua ike like huina maloko noʻonoʻo. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kona hoʻohana - diamonds a me ka'ōnohi olona. Ke oki daimana paipai 'ia ka huina maloko noʻonoʻo. Ka hapa nui o na kukuna komo ma ka luna o ke daimana, e e lewa a ka mea, hiki aku i ka luna ili. Kēia ka mea i hāʻawi mai diamonds lākou glitter. Ke'ōnohi puluniu mea he aniani "lauoho", mea a lahilahi i ka wā mālamalama komo i ka kekahi hopena, ka mea hiki ole e pakele. A wale nō, i ka wa o ka laau i kekahi hopena kīnā,ʻo ia nō e hiki ke haʻalele i ka puluniu.

Maopopo a me ka mālama i

'ōnohi manaʻo, HEN, mai microscopes a me telescopes i Panel, wikiō projectors, a hiki i ke kanaka maka ke hilinai aku maluna o ka mea e malamalama hiki e hoʻomōhala, refracted a me ka lewa.

Refraction produces he ākea huahelu o kaʻike manaʻo, a me Kealialia liu, na anuenue,'ōnohi illusions. Aie i ka refraction o ka manoanoa-paʻa aniani o ka pia pono e e oi ana, a me ka napoo ai ka la no kekahi mau minuke ma hope ma mua o ka mea nae mea. Miliona o ka poʻe hoʻohana refractive mana e hooponopono hihio mā me ke kōkua o nā makaaniani a me ka leo nā aniani kaulona. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo mau waiwai o ka malamalama a me ka hooponopono, ua hiki ke ike lāliʻiʻike makaʻole i ka maka kapa ole, ka nānā 'ana paha ka mea, e ma luna o ka microscope kiʻiaka paha i loko o ka mamao Wiliau Hōkū.