Ka mua puke. Ka mua Lūkini i paiia puke. Ka mea mua i paiia puke

I ka moʻolelo o ka puke o loa kupaianaha. Ia a pau hoi aku la i Mesopotamia, elima paha tausani makahiki aku nei. Ka puke mua i iki i loko o like me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia specimens. O lakou na papa lepo ma luna i i noi Babylonian cuneiform na hoailona ka hoʻohana 'ana heʻoiʻoi laau. Ka hapanui o ua mau mooolelo nei, he wahi lulu ma ke ano maoli, akā, archeologists ua laki e imi i ke ano o ka nui mōʻaukala hanana, kaʻao, kaao. Ko kākou mau kūpuna i kākau ai i kēlā me kēia mau papa elua a ekolu manawa, hoopuni holoiia mua kākauʻia. Ka mua puke ma Babulona, he ōlaʻi, a me kekahi manawa haneri o nā 'aoʻao o ka palapala lepo, waiho i loko o ka lāʻau pahu, i mālama ai i loko o nā lā kahiko ka paa.

Of mau panee mea he nui waihona o ke Asuria alii Ashurbanipal. Ua ua he wahi e hoahu na umi o na tausani o ka buke, a me ka 'ike ma luna o kekahi mau nāʻoihana. Eia naʻe, i ka i ola ole a pau hanana artifacts.

Aigupita HOU

Currently ia mea loa paakiki, e imi i kekahi e pāpā ikaika i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka mea i ike i moʻomeheu o kahikoʻAigupita. Ka hapa nui o mākou, e hoomanao koke mai Papyrus - pepa prototype. He Ua nui ma ka nui loa ma na kapakai o ka muliwai nui. Anei i ka mea kanu i oki i holehole mai ai, maloo a tuko i pu. Ma hope o nā mea a pau kēia mau manipulations papyrus ke akahele a me ka hao i na pohaku, e haawi aku ia smoothness.

O ka holo ana, i ka inika laila,ʻaʻohe i kekahi ike ke kumu i ka moʻolelo i kākau lima mua i hana ka hoʻohana 'ana nō hoʻi ka inika. Kind o ka peni i mālama ai i ka slenderʻohe. Makamua koʻAigupita wahi akomi kākau moʻo'ōlelo peni o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole mua. hoomaka paahana e ninini HW i loko o ka puha ohe, ina he ana kahawai o ka inika prototype.

No ka pono, Ua pili ka papyrus puke kekahiʻaoʻao o ka leki i ka lāʻau, a me ka mea i hooeha owili iho. Wood a ili hihia i intertwined.

Aigupita mea ole wale ...

Maoli ai, Ua hana o ka puke,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka'āina o ka o Paraʻo. Indians, no ka mea hoike, o ka buke mua ohi mai pama lau, a i laila; akeke pololei, a i loko iho i loko o ka paa o ka laau. Eia naʻe, no ka mea, o na ahi lehulehu a me ka maoli au i na ino, he hookahi kope o ia mau manawa i ole ola.

O ka poʻeʻEulopa haʻalele lākou mooolelo ma parchment. Kēia pepa hooku iho la ia i ka prototype o ka pelaʻia ili. Ka Pākē hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka pepa, e kākau ma luna o nā papa i kaʻohe lalo iho. E like me ka hiki i kekahi kuhiakau (i ua wale hapa 'ia' hōʻoia), e noho ana ano lani Mamao aku huapalapala ka hoʻohana knots nākiʻiʻia i loko o ke kupaianaha alanui. Naʻe, i kēia mana i kekahi lihi iki o unspecified hōʻike, no laila, manaʻo ia plausible, ua hiki ole nae.

Most kumu koi i ka pepa i hana - Cai Lun - noho i loko o Iapana e pili ana i ka haneri lima o ka makahiki BC. Over ka pili mau kenekulia ka beauty no i i i o ka pepa, o ka ikaika huna. No kona kaikoeke hooweliweli weliweli hoopai.

Ka mea, ua oi aku ia i loko o keia hihia a me na Arabia: na elele o na kanaka, i waena o ka mea mua, e kūkulu i kā lākou pepa lauana, reminiscent o ka loa kēia mana. holoi iho la i ke kumu o mea i hulu hipa. I ka tuko i kanaka a lahilahi loaa lōʻihi palapala (i ke kanalima mau mika).

Ma hope iho o ka hookamaia o Kristiano , a me ka hanaia'na o ka Slavic kākau 'ia i loko o Rusia, hoi, ua ike mua lima-i kākau puke.

Ke hoʻololi i ka mīkini

Ua invented He uuku ka paʻi palapala kaomi,ʻelua hahauʻana ma Kina, a ma Europe i loko o ka Middle Ages. Moʻolelo nō i hiki i kona manaʻo ma ia ana a me ka wā i paʻiʻia ka mua i paiia puke. E like me kekahi hoike, ua hana ka Pākē inventive mīkini i loko o 581 BC. E like me nā kumu, i kēia hiki mai ai ma waena o ka 936 la a me 993 ko ka makahiki. Ma keia hihia, o ka mua pai ia buke, hanaia'na mai lā, a ua hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi, Ua paʻiʻia i loko o 868. Ua ua he kope mau o ka Diamond Sutra Xylographic Buddha.

Na ka poʻeʻEulopa i kā lākou makua kāne pai. He Johann Guttenberg. He mea ka hoʻokumu o ka pai paʻi. Eia hou kekahi, Guttenberg invented Typewriter (nui hanana i wahi i ka 1440). Ka mea mua i paiia puke i no mea i like loa me ka puke, me kaʻano o ka wahi, koloka hoʻonaniʻia uhi, a me ka stylized Font. Initially paʻi puke, ua nui loa pipiʻi, no ka mea, e hana ia ua like paʻakikī e like me ka puke.

I ka lua o ka hapalua o kaʻumikumamālima kenekulia i kohoʻia i ka laha ana o ka paʻi palapala maʻEulopa. Pela, i ka 1465 ka mea, ua hookumuia oia he Workshop ma Italy. I ka 1468, ua hoʻokumu 'ia ka mea mua hoʻopuka puke hale ma Kuikilana, a ma 1470 - ma Farani. Ekolu makahiki ma hope - ma Poland, Hungary a me Pelekiuma, ekolu makahiki hope - i loko o ka UK, a me ka Lepupalika Czech. ma Kuekene, a i ka eha makahiki - - ma Portugal ka paʻi palapala Workshop ma Denmark a me Austria, i ka 1483 ia i wehe i ka 1482. Ma ka ho okumu i ka pai market, a me ka mea Competition no ka luna hoʻopuka malaila no elua makahiki.

Ka loa kaulana pai ana ka hale i ka manawa no ia Aldus Manutius - kaulana humanist mai Venice. Ma lalo o kona hoʻokuleana kope 'hana i paʻiʻia kākau nui e like me Aristotle, Herodotus, Plato, Plutarch, Demosthenes a me Thucydides.

E like me ka waiwai e lilo aku ana i mau buke ua hoʻemi me ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ke pai kaʻina. Kēia pū ka pilina i ka nuipa puʻunaue o ka pepa.

Ka mua puke

Aku la o Davida i ka Invincible - mathematician VI kenekulia - ka mua manawa i kekahi hōʻike aʻo i loko o i makemakika rula a me nā papakuhikuhi i hoʻopaʻa '. Currently, aia no he wahi kū hoʻokahi puke ma Matenadaran (depository o kahiko moʻolelo i kākau lima i loko o Yerevan).

Ka muli o ka birchbark palapala

Ka mua puke i loko o Rusia i ka palapala hoopaa birch kuina. Ua mea, ke'ōlelo mai i loko o ka XI-XV kenekulia, ko kākou mau kūpuna i āina 'ikepili i kākau. Archaeologists mua laki lawa e ike birch wauke i ka 1951 ma Novgorod. od Artsiholovsky poai puni i kaulana hulikoehana huakaʻi.

Palapala scratched ma ka wauke, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka nihinihi metala ole iwi maile (pisalom). Loa i loaʻa birchbark nā palapala i nā palapala. Ma kēia mau palapala poʻe he aha ka waiwai a me ka wahi lulu nīnūnē, e haawi mai na olelo, wehewehe i ke kaua. Kekahi o ia mau māmala'ōlelo i loko Humorous hāʻina o nā haʻawina kua'āina kue ku e feudal domination, papa o dute, i ka lono, mai kālai'āina, o ka makemake.

Mai 1951 a hiki i 1981, i ka makahiki ka mea i loaʻa ma kahi o eono haneri palapala (loa - i loko o Novgorod, lau nui - ma Vitebsk, Smolensk, Pskov a me Staraya Russa).

Hana ma Contemporary 'o Puʻohala

ka puke me ke kuleana "versification" i loko o ka Novosibirsk Institute o History. Ua Ua haawiia'ku ma i ka archaeologist Natalia Zolnikova. Ke kumu o ka puke lilo silky wauke loa ka hana nani. Naʻe, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole he kahiko artifact, a me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia hana. Book i hana mai i ka noho o ka Old manaoio hooponopono, Aia ma luna o ka Lower Yenisei. Ua huli mai ia i loko o kā mākou mau lā o ka wauke i hoʻohana ua like pepa.

I kākau i loko o Rusia

Ka mua Lūkini puke, e hele mai ana, mai ka peni o ka mea kahiko Slavs, i kapaia o "Glagolitic Kiev leaflets." Ua Ua ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka mea i hanaia no ka tausani makahiki aku nei. Ka mea kahiko i loaʻa Lūkini i kākau puke - "Ostrom Euanelio" - nā lā hoʻi i ke kenekulia umikumamakahi.

Ke Hekikai o ka paʻi palapala pōʻeleʻele loa

hoomaka ae la ke paiia mua puke e hōʻike ma Rusia ma hope o 1522 ua ma keia makahiki, hoomaka ae la ke hoʻohana i ka pai hale, ke aupuni 'o Vilnius. Ke initiator o kona loaʻa ua Frantsisk Skorina - ka kaʻao Hawaiian enlightener. Prior i ka mea, oia ua i ka hoao ana i loko o ka typography: ia i paʻi i ka "Halelu" i ke ono o August 1517. Ua ua i loko o Palaka, ma i ia manawa i ka alihi kaua nui i noho ai.

Ka mua Lūkini i paiia puke

I hana ia i ka Edition mua, i i kuu ma Rusia, ua kapaʻia ka "lunaolelo." Kēia ekalesia buke, a i hookuu ia ma ke kapikala i ka 1564. Kona mea nāna i hana - Ivan Fedorov. Eia hou, i ke kaʻina hana 'ole Peter Mstislavets (oiai ka mea, ua i kekahi haumāna no Fedorov). He mau kanaka i ka wa pau ole ma ka mōʻaukala me ka mea nāna i hana o ka mua Lūkini pai ia puke. Unique paiia oia o 268 a lahilahi ana 21h14 knm'Ōkuhi i ka manawa ua he kilakila -. A uuku elua tausani emi ma mua kope. Currently loaʻa 61 puke.

Ka mua heluhelu ana o ka puke - mea ia ua?

Ka mua Lūkini paiia puke, hoalohaloha aku ia i ko kākou mau kūpuna E ke Kumu heluhelu a me ke kākauʻana, no hoi, i kuu haku Ivanom Fedorovym. Eia kekahi oi ma mua o eha makahiki aku nei. Ua pihaʻi me ka walaʻauʻana rula o ka grammar, e like me instructive aphorisms, olelo naauao a me aʻo.

Ka muli o ka primer

I ka buke, mai i ka mea i hiki ai e loaaʻi ka ike, ua ka loa koʻi kaua i loko o Rusia. Kēia, a papa, pū, a me nā primers. Ka mea, he na me ka luna hoʻoponopono o ka Moscow pai Aha. Ka mua na keiki ka puke i paʻiʻia ma ka 1634. Kona inoa - "Primer Slavonic'ōlelo, i mea e olelo aku i ka hoʻomaka o detem aʻo hotyashe aʻo mau aku ai i ka heluhelu ana o ka palapala hemolele." Kākau o ka hana - Basil Burtsev-Protopopov.

Hanaia'na o ka mea mua Lūkini kahaki ii ka primer hana Carion Istomin - Monk, mea aʻo a me ka haku mele. He hana lākou momona: Ua ukali pū kēlā me kēia palapala ma ke kiʻi o ke kumuhana, e hoʻomaka ana me keia palapala. Ka puke e leie aku iā mākou i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina Polish, Roma a me Helene Hawaiʻi, a uaʻaneʻaneʻaʻohe hāʻina o nā haʻawina ma luna o kaʻoihana Halaman i loko o laila. Ke His ua i ka mea i ka puke ua manao ia no ka poʻe mamo a nā sexes ( "kauwa" a me ka "kaikamahine").

Ka muli o bookplates

Ka mua Russian pai ia buke me ka kūikawā hōʻailona e hoike ana wale nô o ka kekahi waihona, i ike ai i ka malamalama i loko o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia. I ka manawa, o ka nui loa puke hoiliili ole ke kaena hoa o Petero ka Nui, me Bruce J. a me D. Golitsyn. A pau paiia kope o lākou i hoiliili ole ai kāhikoʻia'āhihi A hehi ihola au, a Font mea i manao ai.

koho ieie

Ka inoa o ka mua pai puke pepa paia 6.5 e 7,5 kenimika - "Ka oe o i he kūoʻo i kamailio." Unique kope i paʻiʻia ma ka 1788. I ka 1885 Krylov ma na olelo lapuwale kēia mea kākau i ua paʻi i loko o ka puke i ka nui o ka hae Ka Uku Leka, hehi iho. E hoonoho i ke olonā i puka ma lalo o ka inoa Diamond i koho ia. Nei anei oe i ka mea a ka inoa o ka mua pai buke o ka'āhihi nui, paʻiʻia ma ka Soviet Union? Ka mea, ua i ke Kumukanawai o ka RSFSR. Ua Ua paʻiʻia ma 1921 ma Kineshma. Book nui - ekolu a me ka hapalua i elima mau kenimika.

Currently, aia nō ma luna o ka haneri'āhihi puke. Nui ohi - hana ma Pushkin - ia kanalima puke. Ma ka moolelo buke o poem haku mele 0,064 cubic ka leo. mm o. Kona Mea Hana i - he hoolaʻi artist M. Maslyuk mai Zhmerinka (Vinnitsa māhele 'āina, Ukraine.).

kanaka nunui specimens

Ka nui kahiko puke o ka moʻolelo i kākau i loko o Armenian noa i ka ' "Sermons Mushskogo hoailona." Ua hana no na makahiki elua i hala - mai ka 1200 a hiki i 1202-la. Book kaumaha He iwakalua-ehiku a me ka hapalua kilograms. Size Ua hoi kilakila - 55,5 e 70,5 knm hanana kekahi manawa he o eono mau a lahilahi, kela mea keia mea o ka i i hele hoʻokahi malama hoʻokahi bipi kāne ili .. I ka 1204 i ka puke i aihueia e ka Seljuks. oi aku mamua o eha tausani derama i ua ohi ia no ka hoolapanai ana o na mea he nui e noho ana o Armenian kauhale (e hoailona oukou: hoʻokahi drachma like paha i 4,65 g. o ke kala). More o ehiku kenekulia, ka puke i loko o ke kūlanakauhale hoailona o Mush, ma ka Western'Ararata. I ka 1915, ua neʻe i i ka vault Matenadaran ma Yerevan. A no ka mea, o ka mea Turkish luku mai ia, no ka mea, o ka mea a manuale hana hanana result hiki wale ke anaiia mai.

pōhaku Bible

Book i loko o ka hana hana hiki ke ike ma ka makaikai ana i ka State Museum o Art, ke aupuni 'o Hawaii. Once ma luna o kekahi manawa o ka haku i kālai iwakālua, e hoohuli mai i ka New a me Old Testaments i slabs o ka pōhaku. 'O kēia ka mea wale nō paha. Ke artifact i loaʻa i loko o ka Abkhazian Alpine kauhale Tsebelda.

Hawaii kūlana haʻahaʻa

Ma ka nineties o ka iwakālua kenekulia i loko o ka puke maoli malama hōʻeuʻeu hou '. Kēia i ukuia a hiki i ka lawe wahi i loko o ka Lūkini ka nohona, ka manaʻo politika a me ka hoʻokele waiwai loli. Pela, ke hoʻopuka puke hana i kekahi o na lala mua, a hoomaka ae la ke hoʻololi i ka market hoʻokele waiwai. Ka puke, ua manao like kekahi mea o entrepreneurial haʻawina. A no ke aha la i ai nui i ka manao o ka moku'āina protectionism i loko o ke kahua o ka moʻomeheu a me ka puke hana me ia mea he constituent.

Ma ka 1990s, ka lehulehu ākea a me ka hāʻawi 'ana o nā puke i ka waiwai pāʻoihana. Ke wehewehe Ua puni hoʻi: ka aina iʻike piʻi ka huʻi shortage o ia waiwai. Naʻe, i ole mau i kēia lōʻihi. Ma hope ma kahi o elima makahiki, i ke kuai i paʻa kūhohonu loa. hoomaka nā kānaka kūʻai mai e koho i nā puke me ka malama nui. Like lilo ka Competition increasingly nui i kūlana e pāʻani ano e like me huahana ka pono a me ka inoa maikaʻi o Manufacturers a me nā kālepa. Ka mea i hoakaka ia manawa ua wehewehe aku ma ka ulu ana o ke kaʻana like 'ana o ka unuhi pôhili. Pela, i ka 1993 haole i kākau i ka puke Ua kokoke he kanalima pakeneka o nā hana hoʻopuka puke huahana.

I kēia lā, he mea inconstancy heluhelu 'pono. Inā ma ka Soviet wā, i ka hana a kekahi mea kākau, ua mahalo no ka lōʻihi manawa, ia mea manawa he papa inoa o ka maikai-kūʻai ua hoʻololi i breakneck holo. Kēia ka pilina ka pua i piha pua 'ano o nā manaʻo, pono a me nā koho o nā makaainana.