Ka 'ole o nā chromosomes - he wela kumuhana o ka noiʻi no ka makahiki e hiki mai ana.

I ka lā, i ka aaiaoe ano o ka meaola i ke kumuhana o ka noiʻi o biologists-ʻepekema i loko o ke ao nei, oo ka mea,ʻaʻole? Anoee. O na lā hou a me ka hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo. Me ka enehana? Ienoai aa, mākau kāu kiʻina hana a me ke kālā no pono, na nä känaka 'epekema a pau komo malalo iho i loko o ka mea pohihihi o ka chromosomal'ōnaehana, këia kona hakakino a me ka supramolecular' ole.

I kēia lā, akā naʻe, na kanaka i loaʻa i ka hailonaʻana i loko o ke ao ana o aaiaoe? A me ka microbiology. Kēlā me kēia kānaka kanaka, oaka ae la i ka puke, ke hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o ka 'ole o ka chromosomes, kā lākou' ole a me ka hana i loko o vivo. About mea, a me ka olelo ana. By ano o ka 'ole o ka chromosome e māheleʻia i loko o:

• telotsentrichnye,
• akrotsentrichnye,
• submetacentic,
• metatsentrichnye.

Telotsentrichnye i kookoo-hoʻokino, a iloko o kekahi centromere, a originate mai nā pae. Akrotsentrichnye no hoi i ke kookoo-e like 'ole, akā, hoʻokahi "kahiko" o ko lākou liʻiliʻi, aneane imperceptible. (Poohiwi - i kekahi hapa o ka chromosome, i hele mai i loko o kekahiʻaoʻao o ka centromere). Submetatsenrichnoe 'ole mea he chromosome me ka lōʻihi a pōkole i na mea kaua. A ke metatsentrichnomu 'ole type i V-hoʻokino chromosomes, a nō ka mea, oia no ka lōʻihi o ka poohiwi.

Chromosomes bezyadernyh meaola, me nā mea hoʻomaʻi a me koʻohune
Nā chromosomes o kēlā me kēia meaola hoʻokahi wale nō kanaka. Ka 'ole o ka chromosomes o koʻohune, nā mea hoʻomaʻi, a me kekahi mau laha' ana o ka līoho o ka poe noonoo ole loa. Ka mea koʻohune chromosome Ua haku o ke kapa ole waʻa-ili DNA lātomaʻano a i e laina paha annular. Ka 'ole o ka chromosome i hoʻomākaukauʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻi okoa mai ka mea koʻohune DNA nā lātoma. No ka laʻana, ka lōʻihi o ka DNA lātoma o ka mea hoʻomaʻi loli aʻe mai kekahi i kekahi haneri micrometers, he DNA lātoma koʻohune hiki i ka lōʻihi o nā tausani micrometers. Mahae, oa ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā lātoma o ka hui ma lalo (replication) o nā mea hoʻomaʻi o chromosomes hoʻomaka mai kekahi ho omaka, a hele ma kona lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa, a ma ka koʻohune mea komo i loko o nāʻaoʻao mai o ka ho omaka, ma na o io mau Wāwahi DNA hana. Chromosome mea hoʻomaʻi i loaʻa ka RNA mea he hookahi lātoma o RNA i loko o ka palapala o ka pae, nae mawaena o lakou kekahi poe i dvuhnitchatye lātoma. Ma o ka nui o ka chromosome mea nui uuku ma mua o ka poʻe i loaʻa ka DNA.

Chromosomes nukelea meaola
Ka 'ole o ka chromosomes o ka eukaryotic aeea me ka nucleus, ua manaoia kekahi o ka loa pilikia. Ua Ua nānā ana ma ka laina DNA lātoma mea o ka nui loa, a hiki e mai i ka 5 knm! O ia nui Hiki ke loaʻa ma o ka 'ole o ke kanaka chromosomes. Ma waho o ka DNA lātoma hoʻohui pū chromosome hana kūikawā nā polokina - histones. Aia heʻelima: H1, H2A, H3, H4 - nō i ka papa kuhikuhiE nā polokina. Ma waho ia lātoma maupaʻa negistonnye nā polokina. Ka 'ole o ka eukaryotic chromosomes ka loa paʻakikī, a lawe i ke kino o ka lei.

He nui na ano o ka chromosomes, i mea emi, he pono ole. O nā kanaka nunui chromosome polytene chromosome a me ka chromosome lampbrush.

• Kanaka nunui chromosomes oko ma nunui nui like 'ole. Ka mea, hiki ke loaʻa ma kekahi kuʻina o ka halepaahao kalapona - i ka wā o ke ola ma waena o aeea moku. Ka mea i loaʻa i loko o na keena o kekahi insect larvae, like hoʻi me vertebrates a me invertebrates.

• Polytene chromosomes i mau keiki pae e ana mai o ka makua i loko o ka dala nui, akā, ka mea, ua i maluhia iho la ia i loko o ka chaotic ano, a ua hui i loko o ka hoʻokahiʻoni iho. Ka mea, i na i loko o na keena o ka mea na nā loko o ola meaola, no ka mea hoike, ma ka intestinal keena o ka momona kino, salivary glands, trachea. i hiki ke loaʻa Polytene chromosomes i loko o nā ipu o ka larvae o elua-'ēheu nā mea kolo.

• Chromosomes lampbrush - he kanaka nunui chromosomes, hou ma mua o polytene, a i loaʻa i loko o oocytes (hua aeee) o vertebrates. 'Ole lampbrush chromosomes hiʻona he nui helu ana o kekahi nui a me ka lōʻihi o kaʻaoʻao nā māhele, ma i RNA hoʻololi kemikala ia lŘlŘ.

E like me 'oe ke ike, he hailona o ke ano o chromosomes. A i loko o nā meaola iʻokoʻa. A me ka loa hana hoihoi mea mea i ua no ole? Anoee keʻano papa hana o keia hakakino'ōnaehana a hiki i ka hopena. Ka 'ole o ka chromosomes, ka helu,' ole a me kona 'aʻe' hiki aku ai i ka mutation o meaola - a pau keia mea he hamama kumuhana geneticist.