Ka nui mathematician Eyler Leonard: e piʻi like me ka makemakika, kekahi hana hoihoi kūʻiʻo, he manawa pōkole Kawaihae

Leonhard Euler - Hawaiian mathematician a me ka physicist, kekahi o na Mamua o ka maemae makemakika. He ole wale i ka pono kīvila kanaka, a formative nā haʻawina i ka anahonua, calculus, mechanics a me ke kumumanaʻo o ka helu, akā, i 'epekema no ka hoʻoponopono pilikia o observational kilohōkū, a noi aku la makemakika ma ka' enekinia, a me na hana aupuni.

Euler (mathematician): He pōkole Kawaihae

Leonhard Euler Ua hanau April 15, 1707 Ua ua i ka mua-hanau Paulo Euler a me Margaret Brooker. Ka makuakane hele mai ana, mai ka haahaaʻano o ke kahuna hana, a me nā kūpuna o Margaret Brooker i ka helu o ka maikaʻi-ikeiaʻepekema. Paulo Euler mālama aku i ia manawa vicar i loko o ka Ekalesia o St. Jakob. E like me ka theologian, Leonard ka makua kāne ua hoihoi i ka makemakika, a ma na nā makahiki mua o ke kuka nei lakou i ke kulanui hele i ka papa o ka mea kaulana Yakoba Bernulli. Hope ana o ka makahiki, a me ka hapalua ma hope o ka hanau ana o ko lākou mau keiki, neʻe i Riehen, Basel suburb ka ohana kahi Paulo Euler lilo i ke kahu o ka kūloko County. Aiaʻo ia, a ma ka pono kā malama ia a hiki i kona make ana.

Ka ohana i noho ai i loko o cramped rula, o ka oi aku ma hope o ka hanau ana o kana keiki lua, Anna-Maria, i ka 1708. Ka hui e e elua hou mau keiki - Maria Magdalena a me Johann Heinrich.

Ka mua haʻawina ma ka makemakika, Leonard i loaa ma ka hale mai o kona makua kāne. Puni ka makahiki o ewalu la oia i hoouna mai ai i ke kula he Roma ma Basel, kahi āna i noho ai i loko o ka hale o kona maternal kupunawahine. E compensate no ka poe ilihune ma Hawaiʻi o ke kula hoʻonaʻauao 'ana i ia manawa, koʻu makua kāne hoolimalima i kekahi kula aʻoʻia, he opiopio theologian, o Johannes Burckhardt, he passionate launa kino mamua o ka makemakika.

I ka 'Okakopa 1720 i ka makahiki o ka 13 makahiki, Leonard komo i ke Kulanui o Basel ma ka'āuna kumu o akeakamai (i na hanana i ka manawa), kahi ia i hele i ka introductory papa ma kula haʻahaʻaa makemakika Ioganna Bernulli, ke kaikaina kaikaina o ka mea i make i ka manawa o Iakoba.

Young Euler no laila, hu mai i i kona haʻawina, a koke o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o ke kumu, ka mea i hoʻoikaika iā ia ia, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina hou luna 'buke, o kona iho, a hiki i kaumaha aku ai, e kōkua i loko o kā lākou mau haʻawina ma Saturdays. I ka 1723, Leonard pau i kona hoʻonaʻauao me ka papahelu o ka haku, a haawi aku la i ka lehulehu haʻi'ōlelo ma Roma, i a Descartes hoohalikeia ka'ōnaehana a me ke akeakamai maoli o Newton.

Ma hope o ka makemake o kona mau makua,ʻo ia i helu i ka Theological'āuna kumu, i hoʻolaʻaʻia lā, naʻe, ka hapanui o ka makemakika o ka manawa. E ho'ōla, paha ma ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi o Ioganna Bernulli makua la oia i no ka haawi i kana keiki i ka hana 'epekema manao,ʻaʻole he theological' oihana.

I ka 19 makahiki, i ka mathematician Euler i makau ole e paʻi me ka lunaʻepekema o ka manawa, e lawe 'ana i loko o ka Competition no ka pāʻoihana o ke Paris Academy o Sciences ma luna o ka mea e pono ai i hoʻokomo' o ka moku kia. Ma ia wahi a pau loa i loko o koʻu ola 'ike i ka moku, ua i loaa i ka makana mua, akā, lanakila' o ia i ka 'ihiʻihi lua wahi. I kekahi makahiki i ka wa i kekahi hakahaka ma ke Keʻena o ke kālaikūlohea ma ke Kulanui o Basel, Leonard, a me ke kākoʻo o kona mentor Ioganna Bernulli, ua hoʻoholo iho e kaua aku i kekahi wahi, akā, lilo no ka mea, o ko lākou mau makahiki a me ka nele o ka kilakila papa inoa o ka lehulehu ākea. Ma ka hoohalike ana i ua laki, no ka mea, ua hiki i kaʻae i ke kono ana o ka St. Petersburg Academy o Sciences, hoʻokumu i kekahi mau makahiki mua ma Tsar Peter I, ma ka Euler loaʻa i oi i olelo mua iaʻi ke kahua, a hoʻohana 'ia e hoʻomōhala i ke aʻo. O ka hana ka papa kuhikuhiE Ua pâʻani 'o ia e Bernoulli a me kāna mau keiki kāne, Daniel Nicklaus II a me au, ka poe i' Imi hana ma laila.

St. Petersburg (1727-1741): he meteoric e hoea

Euler malaila i ka hooilo o 1726 ma Basel, këia'anatomia a me ka physiology i hoomakaukau ia no ka hooko ana i ko lakou mau manao hana ma ke kula kēia. I kona hōʻeaʻana i loko o St. Petersburg, a hana i ka ÷ ino, e lilo ka nohoaliʻi i ka mea, e hoʻolaʻaʻia lā iā ia iho i ka makemakika sciences. Eia hou, ma Euler i koi 'ia e komo i loko o ka olelo hooholo-me kŰia ma ka Cadet mau pūʻali, a me ke kuhikuhi i ke Aupuni ma kela iao? Iiaie oaoieei nīnūnē.

Leonard hoopuni hakuloli i hou i hoʻohalahala olelo o ke ola ma ka akau oʻEulopa. Haʻalele loa haole lālā 'ē aʻe o ke kula kēia,ʻo ia hoomaka koke e noiʻi i ka Lūkini' ōlelo a ke Kumu e hele koke aku, a ma ka palapala a me ka moʻolelo 'ano apau loa. No kekahi manawa, ua noho iho la me Daniel Bernoulli, a ua mau hoa me Christian Goldbach, mālama 'Kakauolelo o ka Academy, i keia la i ikeia no kona nō,ʻaʻole ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia, e like me a kekahi i helu mai ka 4, hiki e na poe ma ka huina o nā primes. Ka nui palapala ma waena o ia mea nui i kumu no ka mōʻaukala o ka 'epekema ma ka XVIII kenekulia.

Leonhard Euler, e piʻi like me ka makemakika a koke lawe mai ia i nā hualoaʻa a kaulana, a ua hoala hou mai i kona kūlana, paʻa i loko o ka Academy o ko lākou mau loa lākou huahana makahiki.

Ma Ianuali 1734, oia mare Katarine Gzel, i ke kaikamahine o ka Hawaiian artist, ka poe i ao aku me Euler, a me ka mea, neʻe aku i loko o ko lākou mau wahi. Ka maleʻana i hele mai i ka malamalama 13 keiki, a i, akā naʻe, elima wale i adulthood. Makahiapo, Johann Albrecht, hoi ka i lilo i mathematician, a ma hope kokua mai i kona makua kāne i loko o kāna hana.

Euler ia i hookoe mai i kekahi popilikia. I ka 1735, ua lilo seriously maʻi a me kaʻaneʻane make. I ke kokua nui o nā mea a pau,ʻo ia ola ia, akā, ma hope o ekolu makahiki hoʻi maʻi. I keia manawa, i ka maʻi i loaʻa iā ia i kona maka akau, i mea maopopo hiki ma luna o nā kiʻi o nā kānakaʻepekema, mai ia manawa.

Pili aupuni instability ma Rusia, i mai ai ma hope o ka makeʻana o ka Mō'īwahine Anna Ivanovna, Euler puʻe wale akula kēlā e haʻalele St. Petersburg. No ka mea, mai ka mea, i kono mai i ka Prussian King Friedrich II e hele mai i Pelelina, a, e kōkua hana i ka Academy o Sciences ma laila.

Ma June 1741, Leonard a me kana wahine Katarina, 6-makahiki-kahiko Johann Albrecht a me ka makahiki-kahiko Carl i kipaku mai St. Petersburg a hiki i Pelelina.

Jobs ma Pelelina (1741-1766)

Ka oihana kai eʻe ma Silesia Frederick II uaʻula a manao no ka hoʻokumu o ke kula kēia. A wale nō i loko o 1746 ia i hope hana. He lilo i kohoia pelekikena Pierre-Lui Moro de Ka Maupertuis a me Euler ka luna hoʻokele o ka Balanced Oihana. Akā, ma mua ia, oia i noho palaualelo. kakau iho la Leonard ma kahi o 20 'epekema' atikala, 5 nui hoonoho, a i oi aku mamua o 200 palapala.

I loko nō o ka mea i Euler hana nui dute - kuleana no ka pele, a me ka Kāhua Ulu'lāʻau kihapai, ke hoʻoponopono i nā limahana a me nā kālā nīnūnē 'ole i loko o ke kuai ana o ka Alemanaka, aha i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka uku o ka Academy,ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka kelaʻanoʻenehana a me ka hana' enekinia, nā papahana, kona makemakika hana ua i loli.

No hoi, ka mea, uaʻaʻole pū distracted ma ke Temepela o ke primacy o ka loaʻa o ka loina o ka liʻiliʻi loa hana, i puka mai ai i loko o ke kakahiaka nui 1750s, koi ma Maupertuis mea e konane me ka Hawaiian nä känaka 'epekema a me ka lānai hou koho academician Johann Samuel Koenig, kamailio e pili ana i kona hai ana mai Leibniz kakau iho la oia i ka mathematician Iakoba Hermann. Koenig ua kokoke e Maupertuis 'āhewa' ana o ka plagiarism. A hiki aku la oia i noi i ka paka i ka palapala,ʻaʻole ia i hiki ke hana ia, a me Euler i häʻawi mai ai iä noiʻi ana i ka hihia. Ka ole walohia no ke akeakamai o Leibniz, oia mńlualua me ka pelekikena a me ka hoohewa ana König o ka epa. Ua hiki aku i ka baila aʻela i wahi ia Voltaire, ka poe i kaʻaoʻao o Koenig i kākau disparaging satire, lampooned Maupertuis a me Euler i aloha mai. Ka pelekikena ua ai naʻau i ia haʻalele Pelelina koke, Euler, a ua i ka hana,ʻo facto poai puni i ke kula kēia.

ohana nä känaka 'epekema

Leonard lilo ai waiwai i ka mea i kuai i ka waiwai i loko o Charlottenburg, Pelelina ka komohana wahi e pili ana, nui kupono e hōʻoia i kaʻoluʻolu noho kona wahine kāne make ka makuahine, ka mea i lawe mai ai i Pelelina i ka 1750, hapa-kaikuahine, a pau kana mau keiki.

I ka 1754, na kāna hiapo Johann Albrecht ma ka hoike o Maupertuis ma ka makahiki o ka 20 makahiki, a ua koho balota 'ia ka Pelelina Academy. I ka 1762, i kona hana ma perturbations o na orbits o comets huki o ka Honua ma ka i i hookoia ai ka lua o ka St. Petersburg Academy, i kona pili ana me Alexis-Klod Klero. Euler ka lua o ke keiki, Carl, aʻo lāʻau lapaʻau ma Halle, a me ke kolu, Christoph, lilo ae la i luna. Kona kaikamahine Charlotte mare i ka Hōlani aristocrat a me kona kaikuahine Helena i ka 1777 - ka Lūkini luna.

King hana malu a

Pilina nä känaka 'epekema Frederick II he ole maʻalahi. ʻO kekahi kumu conditional ma luna o ka nuiʻana ma loko o ka pilikino a me ka philosophical 'ano kökua Frederick - he haaheo, pakiko-ikaika, a me ka leo hone'ōleloʻano conversationalist, he sympathizer o ka Palani mālamalama; mathematician Euler - he uku, noonoo, a he lepo a me ka haipule Kalawina. Kekahi, paha hou nui kumu i ka kāʻeoʻeo o Leonard mea aole oia i mohai aku ai i ke kia o ka Pelekikena o ka Pelelina Academy. Kēia kāʻeoʻeo i wale ulu ma hope o ka hele o ka Maupertuis a me Euler ka hoʻoikaikaʻana, e malama i ke kula Lani, ka wā Frederick ho'āʻo e hoihoi i ke koho pelekikena noho Jean d'Alembert Leron. Ka la mahope, i ka mea, i hele mai i Pelelina, akā, wale, e hai aku i ke alii no kona disinterest a me Share Leonard. Friedrich ECIIeOEOO ole wale i ka'ōlelo aʻo a D'Alembert, akā, pointedly hai aku ia ia iho i ke poo o ke kula kēia. Kēia, a me ka nui no hoi na hoʻolako 'ole' ana o ka Moi, ma ka hopena, alakai aku ai i ka mea i ka Kawaihae o mathematician Euler i ka ho'āʻo 'ana e hoʻi.

I ka 1766, ma naʻe o nā nā pilikia ma ka aoao o ka Mō'ī, ia i haʻalele Pelelina. Leonard Ua oluolu i ke kono a Ana II, e hoʻi ai i St. Petersburg, kahi āna i kauoha aku hoʻokipa hoʻi.

Hou, St. Petersburg (1766-1783)

Koʻi kaua, a hoʻomana i ke kula kēia ma ke alo o Ana i ka nui mathematician Euler hana like 'ihiʻihi moʻomanaʻo, a ua influential ma i oia i hoole no pela lōʻihi ma Pelelina. I ka mea, hoʻokaniʻo ia i ke kūlana o ka uhane alakaʻi, ināʻaʻole i ke poo o ke kula kēia. Eia naʻe, nae, hele aku la no laila, pono i ke ola kino,ʻaʻole ia i na mea a pau. cataract o ka maka hema, a hoomaka ae la e bother iā ia i loko o Pelelina i lilo hou kaumaha, a me ka 1771 Euler hoʻoholo ihola ma luna oʻoki kino. Kona no i ke kahua o ka abscess, i aneane loa luku i ka hihio.

Hope i keia makahiki, iloko o ke ahi nui i loko o St. Petersburg, me kona mau laau hale wawahi iho, a ua aneane makapo Euler hiki ole ke wela ola wale mililani aku i ka'ōlohe wiwo hoʻopakeleʻana o Peter Grimm, he artisan mai Basel. E alleviate ka poino, ka Empress ua anao? Aou haawina no ka hana o ka hou i ka hale.

Kekahi kaumaha loa a kūkulu aʻela Euler i ka 1773 i kana wahine, make iho la ia. Ma hope o 3 makahiki,ʻaʻole e hilinai ma luna o kā lākou poʻe keiki, āna i lawe ai i ka lua o ka manawa ma luna o kona hapa kaikaina, Salome Abigail Gsell, (1723-1794).

Waho aʻeo kēia mau ona e hanana a pau, i laʻa ka mathematician Leonhard Euler i ka 'epekema. Ua, e pili ana i ka hapalua o kana hana i paʻiʻia ai i hānau i loko o St. Petersburg. Iwaena o lakou, he mau o kona "bestseller" - ". Hōʻailona helu" "palapala i ka German Princess" a me ka Maoli ai,ʻo ia hiki ole ke hana me ke kakauolelo maikai a me ka ia kūkaʻi 'ana ia i hoomakaukau ai, mawaena o na mea a pau, Nicklaus Fuss, he compatriot o Basel, a me ka wā e hiki mai kane o ka moʻopuna a Euler. ʻeleu loa i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka lawe ana i kana keiki Johann Albrecht. Ka hope hoʻi i hana like me ka stenographer Academy kau ma a kekahi nä känaka 'epekema, me he lālā piha o ka mua, ua e hoomalu.

make

Ka nui mathematician Leonhard Euler make o ka hahauʻana 18 September 1783 oiai pāʻani me kana moopuna ia. Ma ka lā o ka make ana o kona nui mau slates i loaʻa nā papakuhikuhi e wehewehe i ka hoʻonui holo, i ka hemolele June 5, 1783 ma Paris, ke Montgolfier hoahānau. Ua manaʻo? Ac? A hoomakaukauia no ka paʻi ma Johann ke keiki. Ka mea, ua ka mea hope e lilo i nä känaka 'epekema, paʻiʻia ma ka 1784 Memoires buke. Leonhard Euler a me kona mau haʻawina i makemakika ua ai nui i ka pele o ka 'atikala kali lākou huli i loko o nā puke, ua paʻiʻia no ka 50 makahiki ma hope o ka make ana o ke nä känaka' epekema.

ʻepekema ha awina ma Basel

I loko o ka pōkole wā o Basel Euler na makana i ka makemakika ua oluolu no isochronous a me ka manao lokahi curves, e like me ka hana ma luna o Competition lua o ka Paris Academy. Akā, i ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia ma keia kahua i ka Dissertatio Physica de Ka sono, i waiho ia ma kākoʻo o kona koho ana i ka noho ana o ke kālaikūlohea ma ke Kulanui o Basel, ma ke 'ano a me ka hāʻawi o ke kani, i loko o' ana, i ka mämä holo, a o ke kani o ka hanauna o ka mea kani.

Ka mua St. Petersburg manawa

I loko nō o ka ola kino pilikia ua hoano e ia e Euler, E hana 'ia i loko o makemakika, ke nä känaka' epekema hiki ole akā, i mea hou. Iloko o keia manawa, ma ka hou ana i ke kumu o na hana ma mechanics, i ka kumumanaʻo o ka mele, e like meʻoihana moku kuhikuhipuʻuone, oia ua palapala 70 'atikala ma kekahi mau kumuhana apau loa mai ka makemakika Ka Ikepili a me ka helu pähola' ana i kekahi pilikia ma ke kālaikūlohea, mechanics a me kilohōkū.

Mau puke o "Mechanics" i ka hoʻomaka o ka mamao-hiki kumumanao o ka hulina ka loiloi 'ia o nā mea a pau, ao ke ano o mechanics, a me na mechanics o ka paa,'ōlewa a me ka laholio kino, e like me ka pono me ke kinowai a me ka lani mechanics.

I hiki ke ike mai i ka leo-buke Euler, nō i loko o Basel, alaila, manao ae i ka puu e pili ana i mele a me ka wahine haku mele 'ana, a Ua hoʻolala e kākau i ka puke. Mau mea kuka Uaʻoihana kaua ma St. Petersburg, a haawi ala i ka hana Tentamen, paʻi i ka 1739. Ke huahana hoʻomaka me ke kūkākūkā o ke ano o ke kani like kuekueni o ka lewa (particles), a me kona hoi o ka makana, a me ka physiology auditory pokole o ke kani hanauna ma ke kui a me ka makani kani.

Na kāna mau 'ōlelo o ka hana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka oluolu, kena ae la ma ke mele i Euler hana e hoonoho iho i ka wā mawaena nanahe, chords a me ke kaʻina, o laulā cia, o ka nui o ka aha "pleasantness" o ka wahine' ole: i ka lalo o ka 'ilikai, ka mea i oi aku ka makemake. I ka hana a ua hana i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka punahele mea kākau diatonic chromatic temperament, akā, i haawi aku i ka piha makemakika pähola 'o temperaments (nā kahiko a me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia). Euler ua i ka mea wale kekahi i ho'āʻo i ka huli mele i loko o ka hua'ōlelo 'epekema: Descartes, Mersenne, a ua hana i ka ia ia ia ia, e like me D'Alembert, a he nui'ē aʻe ma hope ona.

Ka mau-buke Scientia Navalis - i ka lua o ka kahua o ka ulu ana o ka naauao mechanics. Ka puke outlines kumu a me ka hoʻomōhala ana i hydrostatic equilibrium pähola 'ana o kuekueni a me ekolu-dimensional kino i e bapetizo ana ma ka wai. Hana kekahi i ka lā mua mechanics o ka puaʻa hiwa, i hope crystallizes i loko o ka puke Theoria Motus corporum solidorum seu rigidorum, kolu nui hoonoho ma mechanics. pili i ka lua o ka leo o ka pähola 'ana i na moku, a me ka shipbuilding hoʻokele.

Incredibly, Leonhard Euler, e piʻi like me ka makemakika i loko o kēia wā i Ua kilakila, i ka manawa a me ka hoʻi nâ mea e kākau i ka 300-ʻaoʻao hana ma kula haʻahaʻaa makemakika no ka hoʻohana ma St. Petersburg kiʻekiʻe kula. Pehea Pomaikai ua poe keiki, ka poe i ao mai ai i ka haumana nui!

Pelelina hana

Ma waho aʻeo ia ka 280 'atikala, he nui no a he mea nui loa i loko o kēia wā o ka mathematician Leonard Euler i hana mai i ka moʻo o ka hiʻona'āina-iao? Hoonoho.

Ka pilikia o ka brachistochrone - loaʻa aoao a wahi nuipa a neʻe aku i ka umekaumaha mai kekahiʻoi i loko o ka vertical plane i kekahi i loko o ka shortest manawa - i kakahiaka nui mamuli o ka pilikia i hana ia e Johann Bernoulli huli kuleana pili i (a hālawa), i optimizes ka analytic olelo, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka kuleana pili i. Ma-ka m 1744, laila, i loko o ka m-1766 Euler nui kupono i kēia pilikia ma ka pili ana i ka pau hou lala o ka makemakika - "calculus o likeʻole".

Mau puu uuku hoonoho ma na trajectories o a me ka Honua ma ka comets a me optics, ikea mai la ma kahi o 1744 a me 1746 makahiki. I ka hope o ka mōʻaukala hoihoi, no ka mea, hoomaka ae la ke kūkākūkā ma ka Newtonian (particles), a me ka nalu kumumanaʻo o ka malamalama Euler.

Ma o Conerade i kona haku hana, King Frederick II, Leonard huli i ka hana nui ma ballistics Pelekāne Beniamina Robin, keʻole paha ia unfairly nema aku i kona "Mechanics" i ka 1736 He hou, nae, no laila, he nui loa, wehewehe memo a me nā mākaʻi kiaʻi, e like me ka hopena o puke "mea kaua" (1745) ma ka buke o 5 mau manawa ma luna ma mua o ka mea mua.

Ka elua-ka leo "Introduction i infinitesimal Ka Ikepili" (1748), mathematician Euler hoʻonohoʻia Ka Ikepili me he kuokoa ka hoʻopaʻi, hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo no ka i kona nui discoveries i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke aloha pauʻole, puke, mana loa huahana, a hoomau iho la oia mahele. Ua hoʻomōhala ana i ka nuʻukia mōakāka hana ana i ka makemake a me ka luna 'nā loina a me ka Pono nń ke kumu kūlana ma ka Ikepili o ka helu E, exponential a me ka pālākiō hana. Ka lua o ka leo ua hoʻolaʻa i ka mākau anahonua: pähola 'o ka algebraic curves a me surfaces.

"Palena pau calculus" i he a mau loa, ka mea mua o ka i ua hoolilo i ka i ka ho omaulia ana o oko a me differentials, a me ka lua - ka kumumanaʻo o ka mana puke summation haʻilula, a me ka helu nui o examples. Here, incidentally, iloko o ka mua i paiia Fourier moʻo.

Ka ekolu-ka leo "integral calculus" mathematician Euler e noonoo pono quadrature (m. E. pau ole iteration) kula haʻahaʻaa oihana a me ka 'ike loea hou, e lawe mai ia laina palena pau nā helu kaulike, he piha ano o ka kumumanaʻo o ka laina palena pau nā helu kaulike o ka lua o ka papa.

Mawaena o na makahiki ma Pelelina, a ma hope Leonard aʻo geometrical optics. Kona mau 'atikala a me nā puke ma luna o ke kumuhana, a me ka monumental ekolu-ka leo "Dioptrics" ua like me ehiku puke o Opera Omnia. Ke kikowaena theme like ana o keia hana ua e hoʻoikaika 'i ka'ōnohi mea hana e like me telescopes a me microscopes, pehea e hoʻoponopono i ka chromatic a me ka spherical aberration ma o ka luna' ano o nā aniani kaulona, a hoʻopiha fluids.

Euler (mathematician): Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi o ka lua o ka St. Petersburg manawa

Ka mea, ua ka loa hoʻomāhuahua ai manawa, oiai i ka nä känaka 'epekema i paʻiʻia aku ma mua o 400 mau pepa ma kumuhana ua oleloia, like hoʻi me anahonua, pahiki kumumanaʻo a me ka' ikepili helu, kŰia ha, a i hoomau kālā no nā wāhine kāne make a me ka mahiai. O ia hiki ke maheleia i ekolu hoonoho ma ka hōʻailona helu, ka pähola 'ana o ka Moon a me ka moana' epekema, e like me ia ma ka kumumanaʻo o ka helu, ma kona ano maoli kālaiʻike a me dioptrics.

Eia hele mai kekahi o kona "bestseller" - "hōʻailona helu." Name mathematician Euler decorate keia 500-ʻaoʻao hana, i ua palapala me ka manao o ka hahau mea e ao aku i ka loa mea hoʻomaka. He dictated i ka buke a hiki i ka'ōpio apprentice, ka mea i lawe mai ai me ia, mai Pelelina, a me ka wā i pau ai ka hana, a ua hoʻomaopopo ihola nā mea a pau ma, a ua hiki ke loa hiki wawe ka hoʻoponopono i posed ia ia algebraic pilikia.

"Ka lua o ka pähola 'ana o na moku" Ua kekahi papahana no kanaka, ka poe i ike ole i ka makemakika,ʻo ia - na luina. Ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i ka hana i ua loa holomua hoomaikai i ka kekahi didactic akamai pū nō hoʻi o ka mea kākau. Kuhina o ka Moana a me ka Palani Waiwai Anne-Robert Turgot manao i ka ke alii Louis XVI , e kauoha nā haumāna o ka meaola a me ka mea kaua kula e noiʻi i Euler ka hoonoho. He loa paha i kekahi o na haumana huli mai i ka Hoikehonua. Ke alii, a hiki uku 1,000 rubles makemakika no ka pono o republishing i ka hana, a me ka Empress Ana II,ʻaʻole makemake i ka haawi aku i loko i ke aliʻi, a ua maalahi loa ke dala, a me ka nui mathematician Leonhard Euler aiiieieoaeuii loaa 2000 rubles!