Kestler Artur: Kawaihae a me na hana

Ma Kepakemapa 1905 i loko o ke kapikala o Hungary, Pukapeka, hanau Kestler Artur, i ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo, he punahele no Soviet dissidents, he koena o Hawaii, a lanakila naue like.

ohana

Ka makua kāne o ka mea kākau moʻolelo Henrik Koestler ua he mamo o nā meaʻeʻe moku mai Rusia, he holomua pāʻoihana, akā,ʻaʻole loa hoʻi holomua kanaka noiʻi. He invented a hoʻomano kuai kopa ua noʻonoʻo curative, a ua piha ka radioactive waiwai. Ma hope o ka pepehi hoʻomāinoino 'ia i make i ka 1937 mai ka maʻi' aʻai. Kana keiki, Kestler Artur, paha, keia kopa ua i hoʻohana 'ia, akā, loa he iki, no ka mea, i noho ai no ka lōʻihi manawa, ma naʻe o ka luhi a me ka kaua, akā, make o ka leukemia.

ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka makuahine i hele mai, mai ka ohana o'Aukekulia bourgeoisie Hune akā, haʻaheo. Ua Ua nui paakiki e hele ana ma stagnation ma Pukapeka, keia imperial backwater. Paha ma ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi o kona ohana i ka 1918, ua hoʻoneʻe iā Vienna, ma kahi o kana kane ka kalepa emi mai. A hiki i ka Nazis hiki i ka mana, a ua make kana kane, ua haʻalele ia me ka pilikia nui ma i ka ino-ola me ka make'āinapuniʻole, a neʻe akula a hiki i Enelani. He mai ia ia, a Kestler Artur "iho mailoko o" me ke aloha a hiki i keia mokupuni lahuikanaka.

opiopio haku mele

Mau nō këia ma ka Hunakalia kula, ke keiki hoao ia e ka 'ike a me ka akamai, loaa ia makou kekahi aptitude nui no ka' epekema. Oluolu, ua palapala mai poetry, mai ka wanaʻao elemakule. Mai ke kula ua Hunakalia, a me ka poho o kona'āina hema, a kukakuka iho.

pono o ka 'ohana i ka 1922ʻae nō hoʻi i ole alohi, akā, me kaʻumikumamāhiku Kestler Artur ua hiki ke komo i ka Vienna oaoieei-kula, a haawi ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe, me he kulanui you. Ma kona mau haʻawina, oia hui ka bipolar kumuhana elua: makemakika a me kaʻike manaʻo. A, o ka papa, hele aku la ia ia i ka palapala, eia nae,ʻaʻole i loko o rhyme. ʻEhā mau makahiki ma hope, i ke kanaka opiopio la ia mea ma Europe me he kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa.

huakaʻi

Mai 1926, i ka makahiki Arthur Koestler, kona Kawaihae ua ua kauohaʻia apuepue e hoohalikeia ai i kona hana kemika me Kauai avid kaʻahele me paʻi Ulshtayna correspondent kipa nui Middle hikina aina, hana i loko o Kelemania, Austria, Spain a me Palani. ole i kona mau moʻolelo a pau pono o ka hoihoi ana i ka heluhelu lehulehu - ka mea, e kali la no, imi, ua maheleia lakou.

Loa koke ka opiopio kaulana Koestler loaa i ka hou "e like ai" - ia i lilo kaulana. He pomaikai i loko o kona mau pepa (essay), hoike, a hiki i ka liilii loa nā leka i hoolilo aku ai i ka mea heluhelu i ka mea nui a me ka loa hana hoihoi. ka mea, o ka olelo, a papa, kope a he virtuoso. I ka North Pole i ka 1931 oia i kono e lele i ka hookahi kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa. Ka mea, ua Arthur Koestler, kona puke laila ai i ka hailona o ua hoano e, lele ma luna o ka mea kaulana German airship i kapaʻia ka "Graf Zeppelin".

hoʻokolohua

Kaʻohiʻana i nā puke no kāna hana i loko o Spain, hoʻopuni maila lākou i ka kivila kaua, Koestler i pio ma Malaga Franco a me ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make no ka espionage. Five mahina loa oia i kakali i kela lā, e noho ana i loko o mehameha hoopaaia, ka wā e hele mai ana i ona lā, a, e alakai i ka make. ʻaneʻane ka hapa o ka makahiki kali ole a pau ke ku. E kali oe no ka o kona make ana, hoʻolohe ana i nā kapuwaʻi i loko o ka lumi papa - aʻaneʻi hou ma?

Ia manawa, i ka holoʻokoʻa loa, haole diplomats i na mea a pau e hiki ke hoopaa i ka kala o na kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa kaulana. Paakiki loa ke kanaka huli mai e ia Kestler Artur. Photos o kēlā mau makahiki maopopo ÷ ike i kēia. Ma ka hopena, i ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka wahine i ua panai aku no ka Franco koa ke kahu moku.

creed

A hailona o akamai kanaka , mai kekahi mau aina i loko o ka ke kanakolu o ka hope kenekulia i manaolana e lanakila i ka Soviet hoʻokolohua, no ka mea, ua he mana koho no ka lanakila hele ana o ka fascism maʻEulopa. Arthur Koestler hui i ka poʻe kaua o ka Communist Party i ka 1931, ma ka waena o kaʻumi makahiki āna i aneane he makahiki hele i ka Soviet Union, a me na mea he nui o na hoa i loko o Central Asia ma mua. Kona mua buke, e like me pili novels vividly noonoo i kēia wā o kona olaʻana.

Ma ka hopena o ke kanakolu o ka hope kenekulia Koestler razochatovalsya i loko o ka Communist'ōnaehana, a haʻalele i ka 'aoʻao i ka wā i kona aʻo e pili ana i ka hookolokolo o Bukharin, a me ka poe ana i ike, a oia ma ke aloha. Ka puke, a i hoolilo ai i kēia mau hanana Arthur Koestler - "ka pouli ma ke awakea" mua apo he okoa ka inoa. Mea kākau ihola hoʻomaʻemaʻe 1937-1938-ies like me ka ee-hoʻokahuli aupuni degeneration o ka Soviet aina. I ka 1940, ua paʻi i kona hou puke ma Arthur Koestler. "Pouli ma ke awakea" ma London, paʻiʻia ia me ka inoa "pouli i ke awakea" - ma English unuhi mai ke Kelemānia, a me ka mea mua i confiscated i ka huli a me ka irretrievably nalowale. Ma ke komohana, ua halawai Anati-Soviet puke, loa kōkua aloha, a hiki i ka puu o ke kākau moʻolelo e like me Orwell.

Hawaii

Iloko o ka Apana World War, Koestler i mālama ai ma o ka French Haole Legeona, a laila, i evacuated me ia i Aferika, kahi ana kina. Via Likepona lele iʻEnelani, malaila i hanau hou kana a i ka mahina, a me ka hapalua i loko o ka hale paʻahao. 'Aʻole no ka mahuka, a no ka puka e komo aku ai i ka UK. Ua hookuu ia ia like wale no ke kōkua '. Pela hou, Koestler lilo i hana manawaleʻa. A me Minesweeper, akā, ma ka mea āna i hana ma ka Radio propagandist, i kākau leaflets no na koa o ke Wehrmacht, haʻi'ōlelo no totalitarianism. A me ka mea i ae ia ma ka hana i ka manawa o ka bombing. No ka mea, uaʻike nō pehea e kipaku aku i kekahi kaʻa,ʻo ia i waihoia mai me ka ambulance.

I ka 1942, i ma ka hoʻolilo o ke Kuhina o Information, palapala iho la oia moʻolelo keaka, a pepelu, a ua hana ma ka Radio BBC. A pau ke kaua i pau ai, Koestler hōʻalo no ka iniiaiie noho i Farani, kahi ana i hoolilo kokoke i kona akamai publicist paio e ku ei ka Communist? Eia. Kona kuhi hewa ua, no ka ikaika i ka mea hana ino, a i ole kekahi, a mau loa aku. I hoʻonohonoho 'Anati-Communist congresses, dala ma kākoʻo o ka' imi naʻauao ku okoa ana, malia na Berliners ma na aoao a elua o ka pa. 'Aʻole me ka hana maikai: ma kona waihona kālā mālama i anao? Aou i ke kala no ka iapaau ana o Ivan Bunin.

kilo

Mai makahiki 1954, i ka makahiki o ka mea kākau moʻolelo noho i loko o London, kahi āna i Pelekāne kupa. A me ka haʻi'ōlelo ma kulanui a me ka 'epekema hana ma Steenforde hou o ka buke, he dystopia. Artur Kestler "Ka Makahiki o ke kuko" kekahi, palapala iho la ua hōʻike hewa: Ua koi 'ia nā mea heluhelu, e waiho i ka piha weliweli o ka hiki ana mai i ka mana o ka Communist Party o Farani. Ma ka ia kumuhana paʻi i ka puke hope loa i loko o kaʻumi makahiki - ", ke ala o ka dinosaur" 'atikala a me ka pōkole moʻolelo Ma ke kanalima o ka hope kenekulia Koestler ua manao e pili ana i imi naʻauao ku okoa ana ma lalo o ka malu o ka Fish ao. Naʻe, i ka hoolohe ana i makemake ai e hooweliweli Communist me ka nukelea pōkā pahū i ka makaukau, me he mea poina, o kona mau lima i ka lukuia Hiroshima a me Nagasaki.

Akā, ua he "anu kaua", akā, no ka mea, Koestler puke i loa mahalo kuaiia. I ka makahiki 1967, ua koho no ka Nobel uku, a ma ka makahiki 1968 ua lanakila Zonninga. Ma ka seventies o ka hope kenekulia hele mai dvadtsatitomnik mea kākau moʻolelo o ka ohi ia hana. Beritania, pū, mahalo i nā hana Koestler - i ka Papa Hanohano o ke Beritania aupuni a pau i kumu kāki no ka mea kākau moʻolelo i loko o ka makahiki 1972, a me nā makahiki ma hope, ua lilo i ka Naita o ka moʻokalaleo - he kahiko honorary inoa o ka Royal Society o Moʻolelo.

nā makahiki

Ka mea kākau moʻolelo ua mau koi no ka legalization o ka naau mai ka make (euthanasia), i lilo hope-peresidena o ka hui, ka poe i kaua aku no ka mea pono i ka make me ka hanohano. A i loko o ke kakahiaka nui 1980s, oia ua hiki ke hooiaio ma ka laʻana e kū'ē'ē mai hilinaʻi. Mai ka makahiki i ia iho, i manao ai me Parkinson ka maʻi, a hoʻomaka koke ka ulu 'leukemia (Daddy kopa!), Ka wā e hiki mai Wānana hoʻi ka loa ola o ka ia'na. Ke kolu ma March 1983 o ka mea kākau moʻolelo Arthur Koestler a me kana wahine Cynthia i ia e hiamoe ana huaale, oi hana maʻalahi me ke ola.

A pau lākou kulana i hoʻoili ai i ke ao o paranormalʻike manaʻo, ma muli o ia i i hoʻonohonoho 'ia ma ke Kulanui o Edinburgh noiʻi kime parapsychology Koestler Parapsychology Mokuna. Ke Lūkini kākau moʻolelo ka inoa Koestler Ua hoʻomaopopoʻia wale nō ma ke hoʻololi,ʻoiai i ka 1937, "Young e kiai aku ia" i paʻi i kona "ano kūkaʻi 'luahi" - o ka puke e pili ana i ka Franco a fascist atrocities ma ka hoʻomaka o ke kipi. Eia hou, keia theme like ua hoʻolaʻa iā ia, a me ka mea'ē aʻe Anati-fascist puke paʻiʻia ma London - "Spanish kauoha," e pili ana i ka poʻe heluhelu e hoʻomaopopo 'o ka puke pai "Haole me Moʻolelo" (ma ka manawa, "International me Moʻolelo"). Mai ke kala ana o ka puke e pili ana i ka hoomaau ana o kekahi i loko o Rusia ua i hoʻomanaʻo o Koestler.

fiction

I ka 1951 ike aku la au i ke kala ana o ka 'epekema fiction puke - na kanaka a pau ma mua, auwe. Artur Kestler "Ka Makahiki o ke kuko" kekahi palapala aku e pili ana i ka Soviet hoʻoweliweli 'ana i ka maluhia: o ka hana ana o ka mea kokoke wā e hiki mai, France mea e pili ana, e hele io lākou lā i ka Lūkini lākou poʻe kaua e e hoomakaukau ana e ku helu i ka papa kuhikuhiE meʻe o ka puke, akā, ke ao nei e ho'āʻo ana e hoola i Amelika, i mea no ka mea kākau o ka makemake iho la i loko o ke aloha me keia mea nui kauoha malu.

A hailona no novels, pōkole nā moʻolelo, a ua hiki ole ka hana keaka Koestler kākau i loko o kēia 'ano moʻokalaleo Ke. Loa emiʻikeʻia no kāna mau pepa (essay) i loko o ka philosophical alanui. "Somnabuly", "Act o Creation", "ka hihia o ka pale keiki toads" - a pau o kēia mau hana a kekahi aoao a me kekahi e pili ana me ka worldview o ka mea kākau moʻolelo, a me kona Anati-Communist wale. Artur Kestler "uhane i loko o ka mīkini" (a "Hemolele i loko o ka Maker") kekahi reacted i ka 'ano moʻokalaleo o ka (essay). He ua kekahi o nā kākoʻo koʻikoʻi loa, o ka manaʻo o Ashkenazi poe Iudaio, ka poe allegedly i i hele mai, mai Palesetina, akā, mai Turkic Khazars mai ka Volga aaeuoa. Nō hoʻi,ʻo ua hoihoi i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka 'epekema manaʻo. Mau muli o kona kulana hoihoi 'Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo E, pu me'ē aʻe, a piha kokoke i ka lehulehu (essay) kākau moʻolelo.

"Anatomia o snobbery"

Arthur Koestler mea he nui ana i hoomaka ai ma hope o ka lōʻihi-makahiki kilo o ka hula, hoʻokahi wale nō English palupalu. Ka mea kākau i kākau e pili ana i na mea a pau ana i ike ai, a poko ia, me ka Humor, nae ka mea, ua i hoopalupaluia, akā, ma ka mea ku ole - malamalama hoike symptoms o ka maʻi o ka noho maikai ana i mau, a me ka Pelekania ke kaiāulu kanaka, i loko o 'ana, ka pohupani hale o ka moʻomeheu a me ka pilina Hawaiʻi, philosophical meaʻole. "Anatomia o snobbery", ma naʻe o ka pepelu, huli mea nui, hoomaikai ka palapala, ai hana hana.

ka Khazars

"ʻumikumamākolu ohana" Arthur Koestler kākau hou e pili ana i ka Khazars, mai kona wahi mai o Hawaii - o ka poe Iudaio. I loko nō o ka mea i ka puke i loa voluminous, uaʻaʻole maopopo uhiia he palahalaha kumuhana. Ka mea mua loa iienuaaaony i ka moku'āina o ka Khazars like me neia, a me ka lua o ka ua Kīwala'ō ma ka hoike ana i keia olelo hoopomaikai. Eia hou, e like me ka mea kākau, ua lawe Europa aina a pau wale ka Iudaio o Khazar kumu. Aʻu i heluhelu i kēia puke loa oluolu, hoʻowahāwahā i ka nui mōʻaukala kūmole a me ka palena iki ike o ka poʻe heluhelu i kekahi pae e pili ana i ka Khazars lakou iho.

Iwi pīhoihoi e kiʻi hou ike, e hoʻonui i ka palena o ka 'ike i ka ua, ua loaa mua (Khazar Khanate a me ke kaua Ili Muromtsa -ʻaneʻi, paha, a me ka mea a pau ma mua heluhelu i kēia puke ua ma luna o ke kumuhana ike). Eia naʻe, au makemake e ike i kekahi oi kumu e hoʻokokoke i kaʻaoʻao pale o ka auhau'ōnaehana, o ka poe koa, i ka hooponopono 'ole, a he nui na mea e ae. Akā, ka mea, ke ole e lawe mai i ka mea kākau o ka kuleana. Popular scientific moʻokalaleo, he ano moʻokalaleo Ke i loaʻa i ka huina hoonui, ka mea, ua hoʻomanawanui.

ole indifferent i ka mōʻaukala

Ma kekahi hihia, i ka pane Koestler Anati-Semitism mea,ʻaʻole e maopopo, oia ua hoi originelen. Me ka haule ana o ka Khazars Khanate nā mea pakele e kapio ana ma Europe me ia mea i kēia lā, nā kānaka eʻe'āina, mai ka Middle East. Ke kumu nui kāna mau 'ōlelo o ka Khazars hookohukohu Iudaio, a ua ka no ia mau hopena o kekahi mau ale o ka poʻe Polenekia. Ethnically he hana ole Sema, nolaila, Anati-Semitism mea untenable me he au, wahi a Koestler.

Ma ka 'aoʻao o ka "ʻumikumamākolu ohana o ka" holo hāʻina o nā haʻawina o na mea he nui mua, këia' ole hoʻi e pili ana i ka ninau: o ka Byzantine kumu, maoli ¶ʻO'Araba kaʻahele, "nui no Bygone makahiki", hana o Toynbee, Artamonov, Vernadsky, a me nā ōlaʻi i o 'ē aʻe like loa-ikeia moʻolelo. Eia naʻe, he okoa a me ka ike i ke kahua, a me ka haule ana o ka moku'āina o ka Khazars Arthur Koestler.

"Gladiators"

Koestler i unusually donos i ka mea heluhelu i ka hihiʻo o ia i kekahi luawai-ike mōʻaukala hanana like ke kipi o Spartacus. Ua pono e mai la oia i ka aneane elima makahiki, ua aʻo i ka mea kākau moʻolelo, a ua kālailai i nā pono hana, akā, no ka mea, ua i ike pehea i nā koa i o kekahi mau kakini circus hula hiki ai koke hōʻike degere accomplices i loko o ka poe koa a pau, a noho ma ka hapalua o Italy. Ka mea kākau ike i ke kumu no ka pio ana o ka kipi spineless Spartacus, a i manao ia e ka hoʻomäinoino, ina ia i makemake e lanakila.