Lauana a me na rula o ka evolution. evolutionary kaʻina

Liluwelo evolution hoʻohuʻu he maoli evolution o meaola e ola ana, i ka pu ma ka loli ma ka aaiaoe haku mele 'ana o nā populations, e like me ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka adaptive waiwai, i keʻano o ka hou laha' a me ka ia'na o ka mea kahiko. A pau o kēia mau kumumea hoʻololi ma manawa nā kaiaola, a me ka biosphere me ka a pau.

Ke kumu o kumumanaʻo

Aia i kekahi mau theories wehewehe i nā maomeka ma a ka evolutionary kaʻina ua kūkuluʻia. Ka hapanui oʻepekema mea e hana ana i ka kemikala kumumanaʻo o ka evolution (Ste), ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻi pū o ka heluna kanaka aaiaoe? A Darwinism. Kemikala kumumanaʻo wehewehe i ka loulou ma waena o aaiaoe mutations,ʻo ia hoʻi, ka lako o ka evolution a me maoli koho (evolutionʻano papa hana). Ke evolutionary kaʻina hana i loko o ka? Aieao o kēia kumumanaʻo o ka alapine (frequency) loli kaʻina hana o nā alleles o okoa nā'ōewe ma populations o ka laha 'ma kekahi mau hanauna.

Lauana a me nā lula o ka evolution

Ke evolution mea he irreversible kaʻina. Kekahi meaola a, ma ka hoʻomāhuahua o maikaʻi mutations ke hakuloli i i ka hou keia, i ka wa hoi a hiki i ka mua meakino e e hou-hele ala ka hoʻololiʻana. A, i? Ueo hiki ole ke noho maopopo, Charles Darwin iho i kākau ai i hiki ina ka kaianoho koholā e ia i ka ia me ma mua, a laila, Hawaiʻi? Ueo mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻi i kona mua moku'āina. ʻo ia hoʻi, nā holoholona e e hiki i ke hakuloli i ka hoi ana mai o nā kūlana kahiko, akā, i ka "kahiko" ala.

Kēia hiki wale ke ike ia ma ka hihia a me na Dolphin. Na na 'ole o ko lākou mau haloʻole (a me ka palaoa) aua ai i na hoailona o mammalian lala. Mutations ma ka'ōewe wai auau o ka moʻolelo hanauna, no laila,ʻaʻole loa ia hai. I loko nō o ka mea i Dolphin a me nā'ō koholā ua loli ke kaianoho koholā, a me elima-manamana lima lala - i ka haloʻole, e nō ka mea, mammals. Just makemake mea kolo Hawaiʻi mai amphibians ma kekahi kahua, akā, a hiki hoʻi i loko o ka wā 'ia, ka mea hiki ole haawi ala i ka amphibians.

Kekahi kumu o keia rula o ka evolution: he evergreen laau uuku pūlumi. Ma kona kumu e alohilohi, nui a me ka manoanoa lau i mea maoli Hoʻololi 'lala ke aupuni'. Nā lau oiaio, ua unahiʻole, i-me, a i aia ma ka waenakonu o kēia mau "kumu." O ka sinus flakes kakahiaka wai pua akaka, mai i no hoi e hoʻomōhala ana i ka hua. Butcher ho'āpono pakele o ka lau i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution, like me ka hopena i Ua hiki ke hakuloli i ka wi, akā, laila hou-komo i loko o ka wai i hoʻolilo 'ia, akā, ma kahi o keia lau i Hoʻololi' anei i.

inhomogeneity

Terms o ka evolution e olelo aku i ke kaʻina hana ka loa heterogeneous, a ua i nānā 'ia e Astronomical manawa. No ka laʻana, ma laila nā holoholona i ola kŰlń haneri o ka miliona o ka makahiki. Ua crossopterygian iʻa, Tuatara a me sablehvost - ola fossils. Akā, e hana ia speciation a me ka oko ia lŘlŘ loa hikiwawe loa. Over ka 800 tausani makahiki hope ma ka Australia, a me ka 'âina Pilipino, eia hou laha' o rodents, a me Lake Baikal iloko o ka hope 20 miliona makahiki i ua waiwai e 240 laha 'o nā pāpaʻi, a i maheleia i 34 hou genera. Hanana a me ka hoʻololi i keʻano, aole ia e hilinaʻi ma ka manawa e like me ia, akā, ua nānā 'ana i ka nele o ka hola, a me ka helu o nā hanauna a pau. Ia mea, i ka hoʻomaka koke proliferating laha ', i ke kiekie o ka uku o ka evolution.

e haapau nei i ka'ōnaehana

Keʻano o ka hanaʻana e like me evolution, ma kona ano maoli koho a me ka mutation, ke holo nui wikiwiki. Kēia ka hana ina ka? Aneie keia i lolelua ka. Naʻe, i loko o ka hohonu moana, ana wai, mokupuni a me nā noho kaʻawale nā panalāʻau e o ka evolution, ma kona ano maoli koho a me ka speciation ana loa lohi. Kēia wehewehe i ka mea i na iʻa crossopterygian makahiki miliona noho ua hoʻololiʻia.

Kumumea i ke kaukaʻi ana o ka uku o ka evolution o maoli koho mea he mea insect. Ma ke kanakolu o ka hope kenekulia mai pests hoomaka ae la e hoʻohanaʻawahia ai ', akā, ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, he? Ueo mea i hakuloli ia ka waiʻona. Mau ano ua hana i ka Hoʻohakuʻoihana a koke palahalaha ae ma ka Honua.

No ka iapaau ana o ka maʻi he nui ua pinepine hoʻohana ikaika antibiotics - penicillin, streptomycin, gramicidin. ka evolution o na rula, e lawe hookoia: i loko o nā forties, ua hoʻomaopopo kānakaʻepekema i ka muli o microorganisms hoʻopale ai i mau ai '.

regularities

Aia i ekolu papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ka evolution, hoʻohui, divergence a me ka parallelism. I ka manawa o ka divergence i Ua he gradual divergence o intraspecific symptoms mea e ho'ōla alakai i hou hui o kanaka. E like me ka oko ao i loko o ka 'ole a me ka ano o ka ai? Iecaianoaaiiuo ua lilo hou haʻi, pūʻulu hoʻomaka e lūlū aku i nā wahi. Inā kekahi wahi, ua ae, i ka mea pono ma kaʻai, i ka manawa, i ka wa a ka hoolako ana i ka ai, e e emi, e loaa ia mea, e haʻalele i ka paena, a me ke hakuloli i okoa ana. Inā ma ka ia wahi, he mea laha 'me ka okoa e pono ai, ke Competition ma waena o ia mea nui uuku.

A luku mai laʻana o pehea ka evolutionary divergence o ke kaʻina - He 7 dia ioeo e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi: keia reindeer, kia, elk, kikokiko kia,ʻai dia, i hahaiia kia a me musk.

Laha 'me ka degere kiʻekiʻe o ka divergence, i ka manawa e haʻalele hou mamo, a me ka emi paʻi i kekahi i kekahi. I ka hoailona o ka divergence ua hoʻoikaika, o ka heluna kanaka ua maheleia i iiaciiie? Ueony, a, me ka hopena o maoli wae, e ho'ōla lilo i kaʻawale? Ueo.

kaiaulu

Hoʻohui i kapa evolution o ke ola nenoai, i kūpono i ka unrelated? Ueo ikeia, he pono ole hiʻona. An hoohalike o ka hoʻohui mea aʻo Kīwala'ō ma ke kino shape o Dolphin (mammals), mano (iʻa) a me ichthyosaurs (kolo). 'O kēia ka hopena o ke ola i loko o ka ia i hoʻolilo' ia a me ka hookahi ana o ke ola. Laza a chameleon agama nui i unrelated, akā, mea i like loa ma ka helehelena. Nā'ēheu i kekahi laʻana o ka hoʻohui pū. Opeapea a me nā manu e ana ma ka hoʻololi i nā forelegs, akā, me ka hahai i ka hana-i o ke kino. Hoʻohui mea nō a pau mawaena o ka laha '' ano o ka Honua.

parallelism

I ka manawa ua loko mai o ka olelo Helene, o "parallelos", a 'o ia hoʻi "e hele mai ana e hiki mai ana", a me keia unuhi mea he wehewehe maikai o kona manaʻo. Concurrency o ke kaʻina hana o ka kuokoa āpana o like mall hiʻona i waena o pili aaiaoe pūʻulu, 'ia ma muli o ia i ke alo o nā hiʻona, ili mai na kupuna. Kēiaʻano o ka evolution ua hoʻomano māhele ma ka ano. An hoohalike no ka mea, o keʻano o ka halo e like manao maalea i ka koʻana koko meakino i loko o i walruses otariids a me phocids i hanaʻia i loko o laua. Nō hoʻi i waena o ka nui eheu nā mea kolo, aia ua kekahi naeaeaa i loko o ka mua eheu elytra. I Crossopterygii eia na hoailona o amphibians a me ieaeiieoa?-E like moo, eia na hoailona o mammals. Ke alo aku o ka parallelism Hōʻike ole wale i ka hoʻohuiʻana o ke kumu o ka laha ', akā, i ke ola ana o ka like ana.