Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, People ka Commissar: Kawaihae, hoʻolilo 'ia', kiʻi

Litvinov i ka People ka Commissar no ko na Aina e no ka USSR i 1930-1939 makahiki. I loko o kēia wā, ke Soviet Union ua i kekahi iaia hope o ka holoʻokoʻa.

i kakahiaka nui makahiki

I ka wā e hiki mai People ka Commissar Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich i hānauʻia ma ka la 17 o Iulai, 1876 a hiki i ka Iudaio ohana. Education keiki loaʻa i loko o kekahi kula maoli o Bialystok. Kēia Ua hahai ka elima makahiki o ka hana i loko o ke kaua. Native i Litvinov lilo i ka 17th Haole infantry regiment hoʻonohoʻia ma ka Baku.

I ka 1898, ua hahai aku ma ka demobilization. A laila, Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich hui RSDLP. Hiki ana ma Kiev, lilo iho la oia i kekahi lala o ka kūloko aoao kōmike. An nui loa o ka hana i kūkulu i Litvinov ua puka pai hale, i paiia kai eʻe lako. Leaflets a me nā palapala manao no ka mea i nā lawehana a me kauwa.

Ke hopu a me ka pakele mai Rusia

I ka 1901, i ka tsarist huna makai pūʻolo Kiev Socialists e hauhoa pai ana i 'ino ai mea. Ukali ma ka hopu 'ana. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich ua i loko o ka hale paʻahao. Akā, ma ka hope, i ka 1902,ʻo ia, pu me kekahi 10 hoa i pakele mai ka halepaahao. Once noa, hoʻokahuli aupuni, emigrated i mamao Kuikilana, a ma laila, ua lilo iho la i ka hale i na alakai o ka aoao. Aia Litvinov hoʻoili i loko o commonplace. He lilo kekahi o na ki nā kālepa o ka Nupepa "Iskra" i loko o Rusia.

I ka 1903 ua ka kaulana II Party Ahaolelo, ma i ka aoao Wāwahi i loko o nāʻaoʻao - ka Bolshevik a me Menshevik. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich hui Lenin a me kona mau kākoʻo. I ka Ia manawa, ua mālama nā pānaʻi aloha a me ka camaraderie me kekahi Mensheviks, a me ka Vera Zasulich, Leon Trotsky, D. Yuliem Martovym, a no laila, ma luna o.

Ka mua kipi

Soon ka lōʻihi-kakali Lūkini kipi. I ka 1905, ua hoʻokumu 'o Hiro i ka Bolsheviks ma ka lilo ana o na dala o ka lako hou i ka mea kaua proletarian aʻe ka hoʻonohonoho kū'ē i ka luna i loko o Rusia. Kēia hana alakaʻi i ke komo pu Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Pōkole Kawaihae aoao functionary i ka manawa i ka hana o ke kanaka hana i loko o ka hailona ana i okoa hoʻomalu chores.

Rich ka hoao ana i 'ae' Litvinov ma ka wā e hiki mai ia i loko o ka loa aeia no waiwai i alii iho la oia i ka Soviet moku'āina ma ka pono o ka "like mana". Hoʻouna i na mea kaua i Rusia i ka risky hana. Mau moku, no ka mea, i ka ipu like Litvinov, e ho'ōla ili ka moku, a ma mua e holo ai i ka awa.

Ma ka UK,

E like me ka aoao hoʻokuhikuhi Litvinov hana me Camo. Na Bolsheviks ma ka mua LūkiniʻOiʻenehana i kekahi kuleana no ka hoolako ana i na mea kaua. I ka wā i kaulana uprising ua ia i mea ole, Kamo i komo i loko o a kohu pono no ka iho 'ino ai pāʻoihana. He niuniu dala pāʻani ma muli o ke looting o ka moku'āina kulanui. No laila, i hoʻonohonoho Tiflis expropriation i ka 1907. Ua komo Koba - Stalin wā e hiki mai.

Litvinov, e like me nā hoa ma ka aoao a puni pepehi i ka looted kālā i loko o Lūkini mau kapa a pau. I ka makahiki 1908,ʻo ia i hopu ia ma Farani. Ke kumu no ka paehumu ua ka kidnapping o kekahi bila i ho'āʻo i ka hoʻololi 'ana i kekahi Bolshevik. France Ua kipaku Litvinov ma ka UK. Ka mea e hiki mai ana he umi makahiki, a hiki i ka kekahi kipi, Litvinov noho ma Lākana.

Ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka kalaiaina ha awina

Ma hope o ka Bolsheviks hele mai la i ka mana, i ka 'ē ma ka henua reacted i ka hou Lūkini aupuni. Beritania hoole i ka ike i ka Soviet? Eia. Naʻe, i kēia i i ole'āina ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ihe laʻelaʻe 'ia. Ma London Accredited lilo Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Komikina, mua poo o ka Soviet Aina Kuhina ma na 30s, hoomaka ae la oia i kona kalaiaina 'oihana i ka manawa.

Litvinov ua he Logical maikai loa. He ola no na makahiki ma London, i ike i ka olelo Beritania a me ka kūloko realities. Ke aupuni Beritania i ole e leka uila iā ia 'ana ma ka moku'āina kulanui, akā, e kau i ka malihini o ka Lūkini kūikawā kūhelu. Mai ma Europe i ke kaua ia nō e hele ma waena o ka'āina o ka Entente a me Hawaii, i na Aupuni e eʻoiaʻiʻo, e ike i mea e hele ana i loko o Petrograd a me Moscow.

Nānā 'Lockhart

Pü ana me Kuhina Nui Kuhina Arthur Balfour ma ka luna o ke kanaka, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov hoopii aku la lakou no Lenin, a me ka Party hoʻoholo. Ke diplomat ua ma ka limbo ku i ka mea i ka mea hou Soviet aupuni i olelo mua iaʻi ka māmā honua heluna kanaka, i ke ano o ka wehe 'i kekahi kuikahi hookaawale i na kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Akā, ma mua o ka heluia, o ka Bolsheviks ma Lādana i kona mau lā aloha.

Ma Ianuali 1918, Pelekane i hoouna aku ai i Rusia o kona hou ka Luna. Ka mea, lilo Robert Lockhart. Litvinov, hālāwai maila me ia i loko o London, haawi aku la ia i ka leo e hele pū ana i ka inoa o Trotsky, a olelo ikaika e pili ana i keiaʻelele. A mau mahina ma hope i hopu ka Briton, a kipaku mai i ka aina no ka waʻa. Kona hihia, a me ka ho'āʻo ma Lenin, ua ka pretext no ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka Red weliweli. Ke aupuni Beritania, ma muli o ka hopu ana i konaʻelele hopu Litvinov. He lilo 10 lā i loko o ka halepaahao, ma hope i kona i maluhia e like no Lockhart.

The People ka Commissariat no ko na Aina e

Back ma Rusia, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov hoomaka ae la e hana ana i loko o ka Commissariat o ko na Aina e. Kona aʻa Makehewa ua lōʻihi ia i ke poo o keia Oihana, Georgy Chicherin. Elele i komo ma lehulehu naʻe me ka Entente aina. He ho'āʻo e hookupaa aku ana i mau aina ma hope o ka Soviet aupuni i kakauinoaia kaawale Brest ka maluhia me ke Kaiser ka Germany. I kakahiaka nui withdrawal mai i ke kaua ma muli naʻe o Ally ke kuleana, no ka lōʻihi manawa i hōkaiʻia ai ka inoa maikaʻi o ka Bolsheviks i loko o ka maka o Western capitalist'āina.

I ka 1920, Lenin i kauoha mai ai i ka hou Soviet plenipotentiary 'elele ma Estonia. Ka mea, lilo Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. ua piha i nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o nā huakaʻi ke Kawaihae ana o keia kanaka. Baltic Hawaii ma hope o ke Kanawai Kaua ma Rusia, loaʻa kuokoa. Ano, ua pono e kūkulu Litvinov i kekahi o ia loa hou pilina, me ka nānā 'ole i ka imperial i hala.

hope Chicherina

I ka lā i kakahiaka nui o ka Soviet diplomacy i loko o kona ua kakaikahi na na pana pua aku makou me Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov. Hoʻokahuli aupuni, diplomat, he kanaka o ke akea ike - ka mea, ua ka "kahiko" Bolshevik a me keia manawa, nui paulele o ka aina o ka alakaʻi. Ia mea e kahaha ko oukou naau i ka 1921, ua hoonohoia oia i Deputy People ka Commissar no ko na Aina e.

Litvinov i paʻakikī ana me kona mau Luna Nui Chicherin. Ua he lālā o ka Politburo, a me ka luna Soviet alakaʻi halawai pinepine nema aku nā manaʻo hoʻoholo o kekahi i kekahi. kakau iho la kela a me keia functionary slanderous incriminating memo ma luna o kona hoa paio.

Kuokoa ana o ka legitimacy o ka Soviet Union

I ka 1922, i ka Western aina, pu me ka RSFSR paa ka Genoaʻaha kūkā, a hoomaka ae la i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaopopo pono a me ka hoʻohui 'ia o ka Soviet ke aupuni i loko o lahui kālai'āina. Kekahi o na hoa o ka'aheʻelele mai Moscow ua Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Pōkole Kawaihae o keia kanaka i ka hana ana o kekahi kükohu Soviet diplomat au 20-30th.

Ma hope o ka hālāwai kūkā ma Genoa Hope commissar i ka Luna hoomalu o ka Moscow hālāwai kūkā ma Disarmament ma hope o ka hoouka kaua ana o ke ao nei, a i mālamaʻia e ka poeikohoia o ka kokoke'āina - Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia a me Latvia. Podnatorevshy Litvinov ma keia mea, ma ka hou, hoomaka ae la e hana i loko o ka 'Âlapa o Nations. I ka wā o ka Soviet Union i hope ike e ka holoʻokoʻa, Litvinov, hoomaka ae la kaʻaoʻao Soviet e alakaʻi i ka International Komisina ma Disarmament ma keia nui kino - ka un ka hoʻokomo.

stalin ka Commissar

I ka 1930 Ua hoʻokuʻu Chicherin, mai ke kia o Kuhina o ko na Aina e no ka USSR. Kēia wahi i noho e kona hope Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. The People ka Commissar Stalin au ho'āʻo e alualu i ka manao o ka detente me ke Komohana. Ua i huli mai e like me ka loihi me Stalin i hoʻoholo ka mea, ua manawa e neʻe pili i Hitler.

Stalin ma ke kakahiaka nui 30s anei pono ai i ka uʻi diplomat, Litvinov Maxim. Photo Commissar mau loaʻa i loko o Western nūpepa i kona pinepine huakaʻi wale aku no. He mau huakaʻi hele i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, e imi ana i Hawaii ka iaia o ka legitimacy o ka Soviet Union. Eia hoi ma ka makahiki 1933, i ke aloha ana i na hana o ka commissar na kanaka ka, i ka hoonohoia'na o ka kūhelu Soviet-American hoahanau.

Mea kākau a me ka kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa

He aha hou aʻe ke hana e like me ke poo o ka diplomacy Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? Books i People ka Commissar i loko o ka hailonaʻana no ke kākau 'ana i loko o na 30s, olelo mai la lakou ia ia i ua he inā pilikia ka haumāna theorist. He ua i ka mea kākau o ka pepelu lehulehu a me ka 'atikala.

Litvinov kakau iho la i wale ia ia iho, akā, i ka mana o ka lehulehu ākea o kekahi resonance. I ka 1931, ka wā o nā Kepani pepehi China, i ka People ka Commissar "paa" i loko o ka "News" Anati-militarist poem Demian ilihune. Kēia Initiative i ole makemake Stalin, ka poe i ike i ole pehea e lawe ka lanakila o ka he pilikia i loko o ka Hōʻole akula Hikina. Ma hope iho o kēia Episode, ka Politburo hoahewa i ka olelo hooholo, i ka naau, i Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Mau hana ua kakauia na inoa i kona inoa ma hope o ka hana 'ia, ua paʻi ma hope e pili ana i ka manao o ka alihi kaua wale.

sacking

Ua Ua holo mai ana ke kaua, a ma ka manawa, Stalin o ke kahua he nui, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i loko o ka lani kiekie loa moku'āina alakaʻi. Aneane pau ke aupuni mau luna * i somehow hopuia, a hooko aku la i. Litvinov ua laki - kona ola, poho wale kona mau lāʻau kū. I ka 1939, ua kue me Vyacheslav Molotov - Peresidena o ke Aupuni, a me Stalin ka lima'ākau. A hiki aku i ka la mahope hoʻokuʻu Litvinov, kona wahi ua Molotov, nana koke kakauinoa i ka pili-aggression pact me Nazi Germany.

Iloko o ka Nui Patriotic War, e like me ka elele a hiki i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia a me Cuba ua Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. The People ka Commissariat a me kona diplomats hana me ka US ka wā āna i hui i ke kaua e ku e ia Germany. Kekahi noiʻi ua kaulana ia mea, hoomaka ae la ka poe e kue ana Hitler, Litvinov hoola mai ka hopu a me ka hooko. Ke NKVD a me ka hana i kona mea, akā, ka mea i ole, ua laweia mai a hiki i ka hopena.

Litvinov a me ka weliweli

Ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka mea e hana me ka Stalinist ka weliweli iho Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? "Family" o ka Bolsheviks Wāwahi ma na 20s, a laila, kākoʻo i ka wā e hiki mai Commissar Stalin, a pela ua hiki ke piʻi i ka hui kālepa hulili.

A, no ka laʻana, ka wā i loko o makahiki 1934 Stalin banned i ke kala ana o ka aina i hele mai, mai ka UK nä känaka 'epekema Petra Kapitsu, palapala hou aku la Litvinov palapala i Kamepelika, hoapono ana i kona hooponopono pāʻoihana. People ka Commissar ua molowa ole hooponopono ana o ka makemake o ka luna, e like me kā lākou hoʻomoana a me ka mana.

Ke diplomat papani iho la iʻeleu hana i ka MH 1946,ʻo ia i kuuia mai la. Au i noho ai ma Moscow. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, Ka hoʻolilo 'ia a loaʻa i ka Papa Hanohano o Lenin, a me ka Papa Hanohano o ke Banner Red o na Hana Lima, ua he hoʻomaha Union waiwai. He make December 31, 1951 o ka naau hoouka.