Omaka ka paʻi palapala ma Europe

Omaka ka paʻi palapala ma Europe i kuhikuhi manawa i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka pepa ma Kina. Ma ka manawa o ka muli o ke paʻi i emi malalo o elua-hapakolu o ka moʻolelo i kākau lima i ma ka pepa o kekahi la, kela waina o ka loli iki ana kona mea e like hanaiaʻi o laua.

Ka mua 'ike e pili ana i ka oaoieei-lāliʻi o ka hoʻopuka puke lā hoʻi 2. BC. e ka. Ka mea i loaʻa i loko o loaʻa ma archaeologists ma Helene (Kerete) Festistkogo pā hōkū. He Ua i mai o ka lepo. Ua hoonoho iho la hehi iho ai imprinted palapala. hahi hana i hoopomaikai io ia i ka East.

pai ana i hiki nei i kekahi mau manawa ma kekahi 'ano apau loa. Na Pākēʻoihana aliʻi 'oe e' imi 'ike e pili ana i ka hana nona ka inoaʻo Pi Sheng. He ua ma waena o 1041 a me ka 1048 e i ka lepo palapala. No ka mea e like me chronicle lāliʻi hana invented a me ka typesetting cashier, kahi palapala i mālama. Naʻe, i ka lehulehu ākea mai i ka manawa aole hiki.

Unuhi aku la ia i archival a me ka iau hoike, moʻolelo paipai i ka hoʻomaka o ka paʻi palapala ma Europe hiki ke waiho i loko oʻAigupita, a Byzantium. Ka pilikia mea wale nō i loko o ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo o ke kumumanaʻo, i paʻiʻia i ka manawa, eiaʻaʻohe puke.

Omaka ka paʻi palapala ma Europe ua pili i na inoa. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka moʻolelo, he mea hoike, o ka kekahi Procope Valdfogele. He he 48 palapala a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea paahana. Naʻe, i ka puke paʻiʻia e ia i ole ola.

Mawaena o ka mea 'ē aʻe paha i loko o ka mōʻaukala me Jean Brito, a me ke kauka Pamepulia Kastadi. About courtly nā mīkini paʻi ' ke alii o Farani Nikola Zhansone, puke paʻiʻia ma Venice, a Paris, e olelo mau kumu.

Pili loa i ka hoʻomaka o ke pai ana ma 'Eulopa, a me ka ekalesia kuahu keiki mai ka Netherlands. Kona inoa ua Lawrence Yanszon Koster. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i ka huna o ke pai ia i ma, mai ka hikina Armenian nā mea pakele. Ma kahi o ka makahiki Koster ua i no kana mau moopuna moveable palapala, a paʻiʻia kekahi mau puke. Kēia puke Ua hookoeia mai ai, akā, no ka 'ike i ka hua mai la i ka mea, Koster, no ka ia ma laila.

Ma Europa kulanakauhale he nui i kia hoʻomanaʻo i ke kanaka i ka loli iki ana degere pili i ka typography. Eia naʻe, kā lākou makakoho i loko o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka 'ike loea hou pai ua i maopopo ma ka mōʻaukala. I ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu ākea ua hiki ke hoʻomaopopo aku pono ma ka waena o ka 15th kenekulia.

E like me ia he nuiʻepekema, ka makaʻu o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole, ka lehulehu ākea o ka puke ma ka akau ia i ka Gutenberg. He me keia inoa ua pili i ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka paʻi palapala maʻEulopa. Ka lā, i ka loaʻa o kona mua typographic ho okolohua - 1440. I kēia manawa i loko o Strasbourg, ua aʻo Roma grammar paiia Donat, ka astrological lā 'alemanaka mai o papal indulgences. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, hoi aku la oia i kona hānau kulanakauhale o Mainz, Gutenberg hoomaka hana ma ka puke o ka piha Bible.

42-laina Bible ma Roma, i paʻiʻia ma ka 1453-1454 makahiki. Pages o ka puke (o 1282) na 42 laina, hoonohonoho i mau kolamu. Ua lawe mai mea hoʻonani oihana mua a paʻi hana lima.

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Gutenberg i ka 1468 pai ana i hoomau aku ma kona mau haumana. Ka mea, Hohola ae la oia i ka lono e pili ana i ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka paʻi haku 'enehana ka ma Kelemania, a lailaʻEulopa. Guttenberg i hana ole wale ka mua pai ipu, akā, i invented i ke ano o ka hana a me ka Font foundry shape. Eia hou, ka mea e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka e pili ana i ka kūikawā oka haku mele 'ana no ka hoʻomaka ke kai make palapala.

I ka moolelo o ka paʻi palapala ma Rusia, hoomaka ae la ia me ka hapalua like-16th kenekulia. I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ke pai ana hana i loko o ka Muscovite moku'āina ua Ivan Fedorov. Ka puke mua (i hana ia) - "The lunaolelo" - Ua hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o 1564 Moscow pai ana i ka hale. He hana ma luna o kona ulu Fyodorov, a me kona mau kānaka kōkua ma Peter Mstislavets. Ma ka 17th kenekulia, ua mau ka paʻi palapala hale i loko o Rusia. Naʻe, a hiki i ka hopena o ka 18th kenekulia pai 'ana i kūpono i ole hoʻololi nui. Peter 1 loli wale ka Font - ua hoʻolauna i ke kanawai kahi o Old Slavonic palapala.